Application of architectural elements in the design of Cantonese teahouse?

How are architectural elements applied in the design of Cantonese teahouse? What are the characteristics? Please read the article edited by Zhong Da Consulting Company.

In this paper, the representative Guangzhou teahouse is selected as the research object, and based on Guangfu cultural literature, the architectural elements of Guangfu and the present situation of teahouse are summarized and sorted out. By exploring the design and application of Guangfu elements in Cantonese teahouses, a unique regional symbol that distinguishes Cantonese teahouses from other teahouses is formed, which will bring enlightenment to the design practice of teahouses in the future.

Let me talk about Guangdong morning tea in ancient and modern times.

Guangzhou is the center of Lingnan culture and the transitional zone between China culture and foreign culture. People communicated with foreigners earlier and opened up the earliest Maritime Silk Road, which is the starting point of the tea road. The habit of drinking tea in Guangzhou has a long history. People say that "food is in Guangzhou", so there are five steps and one teahouse and ten steps and one restaurant. Drinking tea in Guangzhou has become an indispensable part of life. Cantonese morning tea, also known as "sigh tea", as a dining custom different from other tea rooms, has become a business card of Guangfu culture. There are morning tea, afternoon tea and evening tea, and you can sit there all day without spending much money. The business scope of the teahouse has developed from a simple tea market to a combination of tea, food and midnight snack, and the implementation of "three teas and two meals" and "one cup and two lamps" vividly shows the mood of Guangzhou people eating tea, and the teahouse has become a social place of "taking tea as a friend". Cantonese teahouse has become a catering building with Lingnan characteristics, which integrates culture, architecture and aesthetic taste, making its design innovation practice more meaningful and continuously excavated and refined.

Second, on the cultural elements of Guangfu

(1) Overview of Guangfu Architecture

Guangfu architecture is a branch of Lingnan architecture, which absorbs the essence of Chinese and western architectural culture, interprets the culture of the times in a unique form, shows an inclusive and Chinese-western architectural style, and embodies the open, inclusive and innovative Guangfu cultural spirit. The most typical ones are xiguan big house in Guangzhou, four famous gardens in Qing Dynasty in Guangdong and Kaiping Diaolou. The building structure pays attention to ventilation, moistureproof and sun protection. Architectural decoration has the characteristics of pluralism, inclusiveness, mercantilism and practicality. The main forms of residential buildings in Guangfu area are "three rooms and two corridors" house, "bamboo tube" house, "Ming" house, arcade, garden house and xiguan big house. The typical features of Guangfu residential buildings are light walls, tiles and white ground, which are divided into brick carving, gray carving, pottery carving, stone carving and wood carving. For example, the ear wall is decorated with a white grass dragon bas-relief pattern with a black background, which is called "Cigarette Cards Grass Sweep".

(B) arcade modeling

The arcade is a major feature of modern Lingnan architecture and a form of commercial buildings facing the street in Guangzhou. It is a combination of western architecture and Guangzhou characteristics, combined with the climate characteristics, commercial functions and living needs of the south. The arcade is a multi-storey building, with shops on the first floor and residential and office buildings on the second floor. There are independent stairs next to the building. Its characteristic is that there is no room on the first floor near the road for 3-5 meters. It is a winding corridor, a sidewalk, shops in the second half, and buildings above the second floor are opposite the winding corridor, so it is called "arcade". It not only expands the living area for the second floor and above, but also provides a place for the people shopping on the first floor to shelter from the sun and rain, and serves as a buffer space for shops and is connected with commercial streets. Teahouse architecture is a compromise between Chinese and western styles on the basis of arcade appearance. The elevation is high and wide, which is higher than the surrounding area as a whole, which is another major feature of Xiguan style.

(3) Building components

1. Iron pot ear wall Iron pot is an ancient cauldron, iron pot ear house. Its gables are shaped like a wok, which is the architectural feature of Lingnan dwellings. Hakka in northern Guangdong and other places is called' Yunbi' or' Teapot Circle'. Also like an official hat, it is a symbol of rich family; It also includes wealth, good luck and adequate food and clothing. The bell tower is functionally used for fire prevention and ventilation. Towering gables can block fire; The wind will be blocked in the roadway and flow into the house. Walking among the blue bricks and slates, savoring every old house, the most striking one is the bell-shaped house, and the lintel is decorated with gray carvings, wood carvings, story themes and poetry and calligraphy. As a representative of traditional houses in Lingnan, bell-shaped houses quietly radiate its unique light (as shown in figure 1). 2. Manchuria Window Manchuria window is a window composed of wooden frames inlaid with colored glass, which is expressed in five colors: white, yellow, green, blue and purple. The window frames are diverse, simple and beautiful. Guangzhou Manchu window can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty, when Guangzhou was a free trade port and stained glass was introduced here. Deeply favored by local people, they use these stained glass in their own window decoration, which can not only get good lighting, but also achieve beautiful and generous results. The Cantonese-style full window inherits the most prominent feature of the traditional full window, that is, "sparse beams and large lighting area", which meets the needs of the hot climate in Lingnan (Figure 2 and Figure 3). 3. The climate in Lingnan area is hot. In order to facilitate ventilation, ensure indoor privacy and theft prevention, a door structure with Lingnan characteristics has been formed. The door is an ancient "security door", with a dozen logs sandwiched in the middle of a big wooden frame, and the logs are singular. The gangway door consists of three doors. The first door is the screen door, which is half high and half light and easy to open and close. In order to block the sight of passers-by, the second door is a crossing door, and the third door is a high door (as shown in Figure 4).

Third, the design and application of Cantonese tea house

(1) Types of Traditional Teahouses

There are four types of traditional Cantonese teahouses: garden-style teahouses, mostly converted from private courtyards or built in scenic spots. They combine indoor and outdoor garden buildings, enjoy tea and mountains, and pursue the realm of harmony between man and nature. They are of high grade and are mainly enjoyed by dignitaries, such as the "Four Garden Restaurants" in Gwangju-Nanyuan, Wen Yuan, Mohan and Xiyuan. Modern tea houses with folk style are famous, and most of them are built in commercial dense areas of streets and alleys. Due to the shortage of land in the business district, tea houses are mostly multi-storey arcade-style, with open entrances and upward development of indoor space. As a public space, the folk teahouse is full of open and inclusive folk flavor and humanistic feelings, conveying the original folk flavor, such as Lianxianglou and Taotaoju. Opera teahouse is not "tea", but "qu", which is a leisure cultural place mainly for enjoying Cantonese opera, and tea tasting is only an incidental function. As the space carrier of Cantonese opera art, people have higher requirements for the performance environment.

(B) the spatial characteristics of the teahouse

The typical layout of traditional teahouses in Guangzhou lies in the spatial division of "small, wide and deep". First, it reflected the popular values at that time. The price of tea on different floors of the teahouse is different. The higher the floor, the more expensive the tea. There is a folk saying in Guangzhou that "money goes upstairs, but no money goes upstairs". The public has the psychology of "going to a high building" to drink tea, which is considered as a symbol of the status of distinguished guests. In modern times, this difference gradually disappears. Secondly, it is the result of the teahouse building adapting to the environment. The traditional business district is short of land and high-rise buildings are dense, so there is no condition to build a large facade. In order to expand the storefront, we can only develop space upwards. Often the entrance space is not large, and the teahouse is located above the second floor. The higher the space, the more spacious the space, and the better the natural lighting and ventilation. The layout of the first floor of the arcade teahouse is mostly open, and the entrance of the building transitions from the gray space of the corridor, and the entrance directly faces the sidewalk, with smooth streamline and interesting scenery. In terms of functional layout, most of the space on the first floor is used as cake mania, storage, cake bait sales and other functions, including cake kitchen, meal preparation and storage, and facing the street for attracting customers and evacuating people. The space on the second floor and above is a public dining space, and the kitchen and auxiliary space above the first floor are separated from the dining space. The kitchen is equipped with stairs, which can go up and down by itself to form an independent transportation system. This "upstairs public space" is a typical arcade layout.

(3) the facade features of the teahouse

1. Facade modeling features In order to attract customers conspicuously, the entrance hall of the teahouse is higher than the ordinary arcade next to it, often two stories high, and the colonnade of the entrance hall is correspondingly high, some with signboards and some with luxurious lighting. There is a general rule of "three points" in the facade composition of Guangzhou-style arcade building, which is also an important aesthetic principle in western classical architecture. The facade modeling of the arcade-style teahouse also follows this rule. For example, Lianxianglou is "horizontal three sections" and Taotaoju is "vertical three sections", both of which show vigorous and upward movement. The elevation level of Lenovo Building is divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower, and the ratio is close to 1: 1: 1. The lower part is a tall hall, with thick European columns symmetrical on both sides, the middle part is shaped by lattice windows, partitions, railings, short columns and carved railings, and the upper part is shaped by European gables and domed hexagonal pavilions. The facade of Taotaoju is vertically divided into three parts: left, middle and right. The middle is wide and the two sides are narrow, and the ratio is 1:2: 1. Both sides are symmetrical. The roofs on both sides adopt a small slope with single eaves, with mountain flowers and double pavilions in the middle. The two sides are weakened and protrude from the middle, making the building quite large.

(D) the teahouse internal environment design

The interior environment of Guangzhou Teahouse is close to nature. Whether it is an arcade-style teahouse or a garden-style restaurant, setting up a small garden landscape combined with plant landscape has become a major symbol of its design. Landscape content mainly includes: water stone landscape, bamboo stone landscape, stone mountain, patio, indoor pavilion and so on. Some of them are located at the end of the wall of the main dining space, and some have patios on the first and second floors for customers to enjoy. The greening of courtyard space not only solves the problem of lighting and ventilation, but also brings a unique atmosphere to the indoor environment of teahouse. In the garden restaurant, Lingnan courtyard is combined with catering buildings, and the gardening techniques of private courtyard are used for reference, and the architectural layout around the courtyard is used to create a rich courtyard order. The first is the combination with plant planting. Even the arcade-style teahouse, such as Taotaoju, has a two-storey backyard on the third floor. As an indoor courtyard, plants absorb sunlight through the glass wall, and there is a leisure place in the dining space, and the vitality of plants is introduced indoors. Followed by the combination of mountains and rivers, the garden restaurant looks at the water by the mountain, and the arcade style creates a small landscape; Thirdly, it is combined with Lingnan cultural elements, such as setting up folk story deduction experience area and custom display experience area, adopting interesting links that are compatible with folk customs, and the scenes are interactive and unique.

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