What are the main viewpoints about management psychology in China's ancient management thought?

First, China's traditional management thought is divided into macro management and micro management. Governing the country meets the needs of centralized feudal countries, including fiscal and taxation management, population and farmland management, market management, currency management, water transport and postal management, and state administration. On the basis of production development and economic operation, the knowledge of managing students is gradually accumulated through the practice of the government and the people, including knowledge of agriculture and sideline, handicrafts, transportation, construction engineering, market management and so on. These two aspects of knowledge are extremely vast. As the guiding ideology and main principles of management, it can be summarized as follows.

1. By the way. "Tao" has many meanings in the history of China. It belongs to the subjective category, which refers to the theory of governing the country, while it belongs to the objective category, which refers to the objective economic law, also known as "then" and "often". The latter meaning is used here, which means that management should conform to objective laws.

Guanzi holds that both nature and society have their own laws of motion. "Tianheng, the land is not easy, and it is more festive in spring, summer, autumn and winter." ("pipe? Situation) Social activities, such as agricultural production, personnel, financial use, currency, rural and urban governance, all have "tracks" to follow. " It is impossible to become a country without the number of tracks. "("pipe? If people want to succeed in their own behavior, they must follow the trajectory of everything, and everything runs on their own trajectory, showing no mercy to people. "Everything is selfless to people, far and near." If you follow it, it will help you and your career will be successful, even though it is small. On the contrary, if you do the opposite, it will do the opposite. You will be "fierce", "although you succeed, you will fail" and "cannot be resurrected" ("tube? Situation ").

Sima Qian regarded social and economic activities as a natural process for individuals to satisfy their own desires. In the social commodity exchange, the change of price is naturally tested by objective laws. He wrote that "what is cheap is expensive, and what is expensive is cheap". People seek their own interests, "get what they want" and "let them be open and do their best". "Let everyone convince his career and enjoy his appearance. If the water is flowing, people will come around the clock without being called, but people will come out on their own initiative. Isn't it a symbol of Tao, not a test of natural evil? " For social spontaneous economic activities, he believes that the state should let nature take its course, with little intervention, and "act accordingly", which conforms to objective laws and its "Tao". This is the good governance of the state (historical records? Biography of Huo Zhi ").

"Let nature take its course", "follow the rules", "follow the rules" and "follow the rules" are the important guiding ideology of China's traditional management activities.

2. People-oriented. "Attaching importance to people" is a major element of China's traditional management, which includes two aspects: one is attaching importance to people's hearts, and the other is attaching importance to the departure of talents. In order to win the world, govern the country and achieve the cause, people are the first, so our country has always paid attention to the way of employing people.

Winning the hearts of the people is the foundation of governing the country. If you want to win the hearts of the people, you must first make profits for the people. Pre-Qin Confucianism advocated "benevolent governance" and "benefits for the benefit of the people" (The Analects of Confucius? Yao Yue ")," self-study virtue "("The Analects of Confucius? Ji), so that "the people of the world return to their hearts", "those who are near are happy, and those who are far away come" ("The Analects of Confucius? Yao Yue), "The world is so happy, it will be yours." ("Mencius? Li Lou ")" Guanzi "said:" The prosperity of politics is in line with the people's hearts; Abolishing government is against the people's hearts. The national mind must "conform to the people's will" and "do what the people want, except what the people hate", which is a "political treasure" ("tube? Herdsmen "). Jia Yi of the Western Han Dynasty said: "People are people-oriented. The country thinks so, the monarch thinks so, and officials think so. " "National security is decided by the people; The power, ignorance and strength of the monarch are tied to the people; Whether officials are noble, virtuous and unworthy can be distinguished from the people; The victory or defeat of the war also depends on whether we can win the power of the people. " ("New book? These thoughts have existed throughout the ages and have gradually become the guidelines for governing the country.

Getting talents is the core of getting people. If you want to get talents, you must win the hearts of the people first, and the hearts of the people will return and gather talents. Therefore, Guanzi regards engaging in reform, paying attention to economic construction and doing practical things for the people as the premise of gathering outstanding talents, which is called "combining virtue with people" and "making people use virtue" (Guanzi? Five auxiliary and pivot articles).

China is known as "thirst for talents", which shows that we attach importance to talents. Whether you can get the help of virtuous people is related to the rise and fall of the country and the success or failure of the cause. "A saint, the country is restless ...? Without a sage, the country is in danger "("Lv Chunqiu? Help "). Zhuge Liang summed up the historical experience of the Han Dynasty and said: "I am a virtuous minister, not a villain, and the reason why the Han Dynasty flourished before this;" Kissing a villain is far from being a virtuous minister, and the reason why the Han Dynasty has since declined "("Former Teacher "). Yan Zi Chun Qiu regards talents as "wise without knowing", "knowing without using" and "using without taking responsibility", which is harmful to the country.

In the research of governance, China also has a tradition of attaching importance to talents. Sima Qian advocated "getting rich skillfully". He said: "There are more capable people than poor people", "Those who are capable converge, while those who are not" (Historical Records? Biography of Huo Zhi "). Lu Zhi in the Tang Dynasty said, "A husband's wealth must be born of manpower. Diligence is rich, and embarrassment is empty. " (Lu collection? The first section "Finance and taxation show sympathy to the people"). Fu Xuan in the Western Jin Dynasty said, "If you cut a foot of silk, you will get a good job. "("Fu Zi? Those skilled craftsmen or people who have made great contributions in production and construction, such as Lu Ban, who invented wood as a tool in the Spring and Autumn Period, Li Bing, who built Dujiangyan in the Warring States Period, Zheng Guo, who built Zheng Guoqu, Zhao Guo, who invented two cows' joint tillage and three-legged cymbals in the Han Dynasty, and Du Fu and Han Ji, who invented and improved iron-making blowers (water rafts), have all made great contributions to the development of the textile industry. "Guanzi Population Census Outline" lists domestic production experts for special investigation, and establishes the "personnel rate" for commendation. Sima Qian's Biography of Huo Zhi records that the "slaves" of the State of Qi, that is, inferior people, are all despicable. Only a knife has a unique eye, appreciates the talents of these people, collects them for reuse, "tries its best", "makes them pursue Jia Zhi Li, and makes them rich".

3. People and peace. "Harmony" means adjusting interpersonal relationships, stressing unity, harmony from top to bottom and harmony from left to right. For governing the country, harmony can rejuvenate the country; For treating students, make money harmoniously. Therefore, China has always regarded climate, geographical location and human harmony as the three elements of success. Confucius said, "Harmony is the most important thing" (The Analects of Confucius). Learn and "). "Pipe" said: "If there is discord between the upper and lower levels, it will be dangerous" ("Pipe? Situation "). "Up and down with the same", "harmony but different" ("pipe? Five auxiliary "), is the key to career success. During the Warring States period, the generals and stories of Zhao were well known to women and children, and they were hailed as a model of the great unification proceeding from the overall situation.

The key to peace lies with those in power. Only when those in power are strict with themselves, have no sects, have no personal interests and are impartial can they unite the majority. Guanzi put forward that "selfless people tolerate the masses", demanding that the monarch should not have sectarian behaviors such as "going his own way", "self-denial" and "knotting", and should not "love others with his own dignity", and it is strictly forbidden to "people who agree with others" (five supplements to Guanzi Law and Discipline, etc.). Li Gou said that the rulers of a country must be "impartial", "respecting the public and excluding the private" and "the son of heaven is selfless", and eliminate those "evil officials" who are jealous of talents, profiteering, engaging in sectarianism and endangering people's livelihood from state institutions in order to improve the relationship between officials and the people. Emperor Taizong was a unified monarch. He values not only those who support him, but also those who oppose him. He saved Li Jing, who had opposed his father Li Yuan, and entrusted him with a heavy responsibility. Once urged to get rid of it. After the reign of Emperor Taizong, he still reused it, regardless of the previous gap. Usually, I can "listen to advice" and "love to listen to advice". I think too little and know my friends, so that ministers are willing to make suggestions and make new efforts to govern the country. It is precisely because Emperor Taizong United talents extensively and formed an efficient talent group structure that the rule of Zhenguan was guaranteed organizationally.

Successful entrepreneurs in modern times also pay attention to the harmony between people. Rong Desheng, the great entrepreneur who founded the Shen Xin Cotton Mill, treats his subordinates with "great knowledge" and "moderate honesty", and he is lax in managing people and convincing them with virtue, which makes them unwilling to work and have accidents, and is independent and effective. He said that people should be sincere and realistic first? There are several successful examples. If you are mercenary, the villain is in the factory ... without thrift, extravagance and waste, improper employment means unemployment. (Rong Desheng: "Mr. Lennon's Self-determined Age Continuation") Liu Guojun established Dacheng Textile Printing and Dyeing Company with "loyalty and respect" as its factory motto. Song hung Confucius' famous saying "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" in the company as a factory motto. He said, "Treat others as you want them to treat you." All these reflect the management idea of realizing human harmony from self-management, so as to realize systematic management and jointly promote the cause.

4。 Keep your promise. We should be trustworthy in running a country and trustworthy in running an enterprise. You should keep your promise in all your undertakings. Reputation is the foundation of establishing stable relations between people in human society and the guarantee of national prosperity and career success.

Confucius said: "A gentleman believes and then serves the people" (The Analects of Confucius? Yao Yue "). He pays attention to the "four religions: literature, conduct, loyalty and faith" (The Analects of Confucius? And "). Governing the country, breaking promises, changing policies and breaking promises have always been taboos. Therefore, Guanzi attaches great importance to winning the trust of the people and puts forward an important principle that should be followed in governing the country: "No return. "People can only be cheated once, and they won't believe you the second time. Those who can't do it anymore, don't deceive their people. " If you can't say it, don't say it; Do what you can, what you can't. What you say can't be answered, what you do can't be repeated, and what you have is forbidden by the state "("Pipe? Situation "). 、? The same is true for students. Quality, price, delivery date, and even loan transactions should pay attention to the word "credit". China has always advocated the tradition of "hard work" and "honesty". Business without sincerity, a little carelessness, will eventually collapse. Most successful businessmen are people with high business reputation. Tang Qi, a Hui merchant in the Ming Dynasty, borrowed money from his father, but the other party lost the IOU, and Tang Qi paid his father's debts. Later, someone picked up the IOU and asked Tang Qi for a debt, and he paid it back. Others laughed at him for being stupid, and he said, "The former is true, and the latter is true" (Anhui Tongzhi Volume 196). Weng Sheng, another Huizhou businessman, won the trust of the society by being "smart but not a thief". "People are sincere and let nature take its course", "Although it is useless, Jia Dajin is rich" ("Collected Works of Wang Zunyan"? It can be seen that keeping promises is the way to get rich.

5. sharp weapon. Production needs tools, and war needs weapons. China has always had a tradition of sharp weapons. Confucius said: "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools" (The Analects of Confucius? Wei Linggong "). "Lu Chunqiu? Rendi said that using sharp tools can achieve the effect of "spending half a day and doubling the work". Four great inventions of ancient china (paper, printing, compass and gunpowder) and its popularity have greatly promoted the development of social economy, culture and world civilization, making "sharp weapon theory" an important content of China's management thought. Many important inventions in history, such as the water hammer, a new grain processing machine in the Western Han Dynasty, "frying in water is a hundred times more beneficial." A new type of ironmaking blower-water platoon appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, which greatly improved the quality of iron, thus improving the quality of tools and weapons. It was invented and popularized under the auspices of government officials at that time. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the advanced spinning wheel and spinning technology in Songjiang area was popularized in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and even in the whole country, and most of them were invited and presided over by local officials, indicating that the idea of sharp weapon had attracted the attention of the state management agencies at that time.

In modern times, the theory of rejuvenating the country by machines appeared again and again. For example, Zheng advocated that maintaining national independence depends on "commercial warfare", and commercial warfare depends on machines. Machine production is "labor-saving and cheap" and "exquisite", which can compete with foreign goods, so all kinds of machines must be made by themselves. Wei Yuan put forward the slogan of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". The core of Sun Yat-sen's industrial salvation is technological revolution and modernization, "making goods with machines, ... enriching the country" and striving to stay ahead of Britain, the United States and Japan. It can be seen that the "sharp weapon theory" runs through ancient times and has become an important thought of rejuvenating the country and establishing a career.

6. Be realistic. Seeking truth from facts and proceeding from reality are the methods of thinking and codes of conduct. Confucianism put forward the principle of "keeping the right", that is, don't be extreme, don't overcorrect, and don't make up for it after it is too late. "Too much is too late" goes beyond the objective situation and makes a rash mistake. Not as good as the situation and miss the opportunity, become conservative. Both kinds of prejudice will do bad things and should be prevented.

Guanzi puts forward the principles of "acting according to one's ability" and "time and space". Do everything according to your ability, "do what you can, do what you can", "Nothing is impossible, nothing is impossible." To command a battle, you should know your own strength and the bearing capacity of equipment, "do what you can" and "don't do it if you don't know what to do." Never ignore the subjective conditions of "reckless behavior" and "aggressive behavior", "reckless behavior leads to group difficulties and aggressive behavior leads to sharp setbacks". ("Guanzi" herdsmen, hegemony, situation solution, etc. Employers should also pay attention to the use of materials to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. Don't seek perfection, "don't be with me, don't be strong."

The principle of "time control" is to pay attention to objective conditions such as time (opportunity) and place. "Things should be timely", "moving", "opening and closing" and "taking" must be based on the time, moving is the time, and static is the time "("Pipe? Zhou He). Governing the country and safeguarding the country, regardless of the change of time, using the old method, not paying attention to "according to time" ("pipe? GB), "Assess the situation and raise things" ("Management? Five auxiliary "), will inevitably lead to failure. Different policies and measures should be different in different spaces, and a set of measures cannot be universally applicable. Governance of the family, township (rural) and country (city) have their own particularities. "Take home as your hometown, and the countryside cannot do it; Taking the township as the country, the country can't do it; Taking the country as the world, the world can't do it "("Pipe? Herdsmen "). Han Fei said: "It is not uncommon for saints to unexpectedly repair the ancient times. Because they are prepared, they cannot discuss the affairs of the world." ....., things are different because of changes. " He used the story of waiting for the rabbit to warn the rulers not to "wait for the rabbit" and so on. "This is what all managers should take as a warning.

7. countermeasures. There is a famous saying in our country: "The decisive battle is thousands of miles away." ("Historical Records?" The History of Emperor Gaozu shows that in all competition and confrontation activities such as running the army, governing the country and managing politics, we should make overall plans, study countermeasures correctly and win by wisdom. There are two main research countermeasures: one is prediction, and the other is operation.

If you are prepared, you will succeed ahead of time, and if you don't plan ahead, all your efforts will be wasted. "Sun Tzu's Art of War" holds that: "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible; Know yourself and yourself, one wins and one loses; If you don't know each other and your friends don't know each other, every battle will be dangerous. " "Pipe" advocates "save for a rainy day" and "waste if you are not prepared" ("Pipe? Overlord "). Governing the country must have foresight and be prepared for invisibility. "Only Taoist priests can be prepared for invisibility" ("Tube? Herdsmen "). Fan Li believes that business should be predictable, and business is like war. We should be good at "timing" and "wisdom", such as predicting the changing law of a year, inferring the changing trend of grain supply and demand, and making timely purchase and sale decisions. He put forward the principle of "waiting for famine", that is, "drought is the source of ships and water is the source of cars" It is necessary to observe the changes of market prices, and adopt the purchase and sale decisions of "expensive as dirt" and "cheap as pearl jade" according to the law of "expensive is cheap, cheap is expensive". ("Historical Records? Biography of Huo Zhi)

There are many successful examples of system operation in ancient China. During the Warring States Period, Tian Ji and the King of Qi suffered from horse racing. Later, according to the planner's plan and the strength of horsepower, dismount, dismount, dismount, dismount, and turn defeat into victory. In the Song Dynasty, Ding Wei was ordered to repair the burnt-out imperial palace, and it was necessary to transport earth and building materials from a distance. He digs roads for earth, draws water into rivers and transports all kinds of building materials. After the palace was repaired, he filled the river with construction waste to repair the road. A correct decision combines earth borrowing, material transportation and garbage disposal, "killing three birds with one stone, saving hundreds of millions of dollars" (4 L pens, Volume 2). Militarily, through the operation of countermeasures, there are countless winners by strategy. Famous battles in history, such as Sun Quan, Liu Bei and Cao Cao's Battle of Red Cliffs in the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang's empty city plan, and Sun Bin's "reducing the stove and arrogant the enemy", are all examples of using strategic strategies to defeat the strong with the weak.

8. frugality. China's financial management and health care have always advocated increasing revenue and reducing expenditure, advocating frugality and extravagance, building the country through thrift, and managing the family through thrift. The idea of thrift originated from Confucius and Mozi. Confucius advocated "frugal love, so that people can keep pace with the times" (The Analects of Confucius? "and"). Mozi said: "If it is rich, it will survive, if it is self-supporting, it will be frugal, and if it is rich, it will govern the country." ("Mozi? Save money ") Gou Zi said:" When you are in office, you eat without swimming, and you save money without promise. " ("Gou Zi? If we strengthen capital (production) and economy, the sky can't be poor ... if we use it sparingly, the sky can't enrich it. ("Xunzi? Lu Zhi said, "Saving the world is not enough, and the soup is more than 70 Li, so it is used to make up for the shortage, but not in the ear. If you don't, you'll be exhausted. If you can save, you will be redundant. " ("Xuan Lu Official Documents Collection", Volume 22) Looking at history vertically, the country uses it properly, and being honest and honest will make the country prosperous and the people safe, without hurting the people. On the other hand, where the state spends a lot, spends a lot and extorts a lot, it will breed corrupt officials, endanger people's livelihood and lead to chaos in the world. This is a truth provided by China's national management history.

In business life, frugality is an essential factor for entrepreneurs to get rich. Sima Qian said: "Eat thin, endure hunger, save clothes", and "be thin and strong, and the right way to heal your life." ("Historical Records? Biographies of Huo Zhi) In the early Han Dynasty, the stone men engaged in agriculture rebelled against the ethos of "the rich strive for luxury" at that time, and implemented "household contract" and "frugality", making "the rich for generations" an example in the lottery and praised by people. ("Historical Records? Huo Zhi biography) Modern entrepreneurs in China also had the experience of running factories with diligence and thrift. Zhang Jian, who founded Nantong Sheng Da Cotton Mill, went to Shanghai to contact business when he set up the factory. He once sold words in the street to solve the problem of travelling expenses and saving money. Driven by him, the whole factory strives to be frugal. Zhang Jian said: "As we all know, the advantage of connecting factories is due to the terrain. However, the initial operation was difficult. Up and down Qi Xin worked together to save money, and the provinces opened also lacked Chinese and foreign factories. " (industrial paper money, vol. 1)

9. Rule of law. China's thought of rule of law originated from pre-Qin legalists and Guanzi, and then gradually evolved into a set of legal systems, including land legal system, fiscal and taxation legal system, military legal system, talent legal system, administrative management legal system, market legal system and so on. When demonstrating that the rule of law is superior to the rule of man, Han Fei cited the legendary Shun as an example. He personally solved the disputes over civil boundaries and fishery administration, and spent three years correcting three mistakes. Han Fei said that this method is not desirable. "All goes well, all ends well, all ends well." Few people stop to do everything well. "If laws and regulations are made public and offenders are corrected by law, it will be beneficial to governing the country. He also advocates that the law should be open and equal, that is, the principle of "knowing the law" and "knowing the law" means "focusing on the territory and sharing it with the people" so that it is known throughout the country. " One law ",that is, everyone must abide by the law and everyone is equal before the law. If you are punished, you will not avoid the minister, and you will not leave your husband. "Government officials at all levels can't escape the punishment of the law." Those who can get rid of private music, and rule by law, then the people are safe and the country is governed. "

Two-person principle

People-oriented quality management. Only by constantly improving people's quality can we continuously improve the quality of activities or processes, products, organizations, systems and their combinations. This is the people-oriented principle.

First of all, talent is the first element of quality management.

Talents refer to people who have certain professional knowledge and skills in social practice and make contributions to their own work, to understanding and transforming the world and to the progress of human society with their creative work.

As the saying goes, "seventy-two lines are the best." Quality talents refer to those who have expertise and skills in quality management and contribute to the revitalization and development of countries, industries, regions, enterprises, institutions or other organizations with their creative work in quality work practice. In quality management, quality talents are the first factor and play a decisive role in the development of quality management.

Judging from the development history of modern international quality management, one of the fundamental reasons for Japan's product quality, from inferior "Japanese goods" to product quality exceeding that of the United States and Europe, is that Japan attaches great importance to and has created a team of quality talents.

As we all know, modern quality management theory originated in the most economically developed United States. Because Americans shewhart and feigenbaum took the lead in studying and adopting the scientific methods of statistical quality control and total quality management, the quality of American products has been rapidly improved and stabilized, which has promoted the economic development of the United States. In 1950s, American-made cars occupied 80% of the international automobile market.

The quality of Japanese products is inferior. In the1940s, "Japanese goods" were regarded as "inferior products" by the world. However, after 1950s, Japan established the strategic policy of rejuvenating the country through quality and building the country through education. First, invite quality management experts such as Dr. Deming from the United States to teach, learn the theory and technology of statistical quality control from the United States with an open mind, and cultivate and bring up a number of outstanding quality talents such as Mizuno Mizuno, Noichi Taguchi and Kaoru Ishikawa. In 1960s, "shine on you is better than Blue", Japan creatively developed the theory and method of total quality management, and successively put forward new theories and methods such as "quality circle", "TQC", "CWQC" and "quality management of the whole society", and also trained a large number of quality talents at all levels. The quality of people determines the quality of products and national economy. The quality of a large number of products such as steel and cameras exceeds that of the United States and Europe, ranking among the top in the world. Japan has a large population, a small territory and poor resources, but it has become an economic power in the world today, and its per capita gross national product (GMP) has surpassed that of the United States in the late 1980s.

Israel is a small country with poor land and resources. It was founded in May of 1948, but its per capita national income reached 12700 USD in 1993. Its electronics, instruments, aviation and other industrial products enjoy a high international reputation and have become long-term users of the military industry in developed countries and many large companies. Although the agricultural population only accounts for 5% of the national population, the per capita annual output value is 420,000 US dollars, reaching the level of developed countries. Agricultural products not only meet domestic demand, but also are exported to Europe and America in large quantities. It relies on high-quality talents. At present, there are 135 scientists and engineers per 100 o residents in Israel, while there are only 70,650 in the United States, Japan, Germany and Britain. 48 and 28 people. 1987, the papers published by these scientists and engineers were twice that of the United States, Britain and Canada and four times that of Japan. Workers in Israeli factories or farms have high school diplomas and must receive vocational training before taking up their posts. It is high-quality Israelis who have revitalized Israel.

Theoretically, people are also the first element of quality management.

At present, people have three elements and five elements for quality management.

The theory of "three elements" means that the elements of quality management are people, technology and management. But among these three elements, people are in a dominant position, just like riding a bicycle. The two wheels of a bicycle are technical and management elements, and the rider's "human" element plays a leading role. Without people, bicycles can only stay where they are like dead things, and they can't play any role.

The theory of "five elements" means that quality management consists of people, machines, materials, law and environment, but among these five elements, people are in the central position and driving position. Just like a moving car, the four wheels of the car are four elements: machine, object, law and ring, and the driver is the main element.

The so-called "human proposal" and "human proposal". It is also men who want quality, and it is men who want to do well. As far as enterprise quality management is concerned, it is people-oriented. First, it is the quality of senior managers in enterprises. Secondly, the quality of managers at all levels, especially quality managers; The third is the quality (skills) of all employees in the enterprise. Their quality determines the quality of the enterprise, and also determines the quality of the enterprise products. If expressed by a functional relationship, it can be written as

Q=fTM

Where: Q-the quality of the enterprise or the quality of the employees' work;

F coefficient;

T- enterprise technical level or enterprise employee skill level;

M-the management level of the enterprise or the management ability and serious and responsible working attitude of the employees.