What is the origin of the opera?

Appraisal Opera is the second largest opera genre in China, originally known as "Pingqiang Bangzi Opera", commonly known as "Tangshan Luzi" and "Bopping Opera". It originated more than 100 years ago and was formed in the Tangshan area of Hebei Province. The predecessor of the opera was the Lotus Flower Drop, commonly known as the Bouncing Opera. Lotus Flower Drop has a long history of this folk rap art, with a wide range of basins, north and south of the Yangtze River, inside and outside of the Great Wall. Lotus Flower Drop is the art of singing when the poor people are begging. Or rap words of good luck, or singing stories, Lotus Flower Drop as the art of begging, urgent fashion, from the folk songs, ballads, folk stories, rice-planting songs, shadows, drums and other forms of art absorbed a lot of nutrients. Lotus drop is a beggar to create the oral rap art, or rap history, folk tales, or beggars make up their own begging paragraph, the earliest sung by a person, accompanied by a bamboo board. Folk also play "ten not idle", a single person singing, pulling the wooden frame on the gongs and drums trekking accompaniment. This kind of one person singing by a single lotus flower, in the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Beijing East area of the set, the most common temple fair, usually there are also walking the countryside string of villages. Later, the "Single Lotus Flower" was gradually developed into the "Counterpart Lotus Flower" sung by two or three people. The so-called "Counterpart Lotus Flower Pipe" is performed by two people, one playing the role of a Dan actor and the other playing the role of a clown or a raw actor, accompanied by simple musical instruments. At this time, some people called the "Counterpart Lotus Flower Pipe" "Bun Bun". Cheng Zhaocai (stage name Donglaishun), Jin Juhua and others absorbed the useful parts of folk art such as rice-planting songs and integrated them into the Lotus Flower Festival, and in the case of plowing without land and business without capital, they started from their hobby to make a living, and pulled up a family class, a friend class, and a master and apprentice class along the village to sing the Lotus Flower Festival. They were ashamed to beg for food from big families, so they ganged up in groups of two or three and sang Lotus Flower Opera in the center of temple streets, wheat fields and other spacious places. With a mixture of narrative and speech lines, they sing about the entanglements between mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law, between aunts and sisters-in-law, and about the love of men and women, and about the filial piety of their children and grandchildren. Saying the words easy to understand, a strong flavor of life, very popular with the farmers, throwing down the copper plate system money, every down, the income earned early more than begging for food ten times. Counterpart Lotus Flower Pipe is more graphic than single Lotus Flower Pipe, and the content is coherent and rich. On the stage there are many dance components. At this time, the Lotus Flower Troupe actors were Ren Lianhui, Donglaishun (formerly known as Cheng Zhaocai), Liu Chunsheng, Jin Juhua (formerly known as Du Zhiqiu), Li Foolishness (formerly known as Li Chunwei), Dongfaliang (formerly known as Sun Fengming), Dongfalhong (formerly known as Sun Fenggang), Blossom Cannon (formerly known as Sun Fengling), Xiaojinlong (formerly known as Zhang Hualong), Xianxingxin (formerly known as Yao Jiwei), Foshanxingxin (formerly known as Zhang Yuchen), Shenxingxingxin (formerly known as Zhang Lai), Cabbagexin (formerly known as Bai Guangjie), etc. The actors in the Counterpoint Lotus Troupe had more images than the single-voiced one. (formerly known as Bai Guangjie), and others. Counterpart Lotus Flower Tree has narrative lines, mostly spoken in the third person, actors play multiple roles, simple costumes and props, perform many dance moves, not enough to live, singing has been enriched, but still monotonous, although eliminated the bamboo accompaniment, and gradually increased suona, Banhu, and so on, but still shows simplicity. Counterpart of the Lotus Tree has a great deal of theater factors, but not theater, they will be a long historical novels, folklore, myths, legends, performances in which part of the plot out of a small play, also quite popular with the local farmers' praise and welcome. This is the review of the theater from the "counterpart of the Lotus Flower Tree" into the "demolition" stage. It gave birth to the "Taking Out Lotus Flower Pipe". Taking out the Lotus Flower Tribe is also called Bopping Opera, and the food problem of the Lotus Flower Tribe artists was solved. However, in order to strive for more income, increase their value, and change the tradition of begging for food, it is necessary to develop and innovate the Lotus Flower Tree, so that it can be an art in the world. Gradually, the audience was not satisfied with the narrative performance of rough singing, they demanded to see a more lyrical and delicate art. This promoted the development of counterpart Lotus Flower Tree towards the demolition of the theater. By 1908, there were many professional Lotus Flower Dance groups with an enlarged cast of actors, mostly performing small plays, which were welcomed by the peasants. The scripts and lines were changed from narratives to speeches (in the first person). Each small play has a key plot, a fixed role, fixed lines, with the old man, old Dan, Qingyi, small Dan and other lines. The number of people on stage, and gradually have standardized stage action, role make-up also pay attention to sketching the face. Singing appeared two or six boards, stomping boards and other boards (such as Jin Juhua created a small sad tone, big sad tone, 13 cough and other new cavity). Accompaniment in addition to the banhu, increase the three strings, large flute, etc., while borrowing some of the gongs and drums of the Hebei Opera to direct the stage performance, the martial arts field has been used in the large and small gongs, drums, etc.. At this time no longer run the ground, has set up a stage to sing. The repertoire of the opera is the richness and development of the single-port and counterpart Lotus Flower Tree, and most of the repertoire is transplanted or adapted by artists from other operas, with more than 80 repertoires. The Lotus Flower Opera has all the elements of a drama, and it is the budding period of the opera. The repertoires they performed during this period included Xiao Gu Xian, Si Fu, Hui Gu Ji, Huang Aiyu's Grave, Chopping Dou'e, Ding Xiang's Flesh Cutting, and Liu Gong Cases, etc. In the period when the Lotus Flower Opera was in full bloom, the artists transplanted or adapted it from other operas. When the Lotus Flower Tree was in full bloom, the upper echelon of the society and the ruling authority regarded it as a heresy and accused it of "hurting the wind and corrupting the morals of the people, despicable", and it was not allowed to enter into the city and solemn places. 1907, Yang Soil, the Governor of Zhili, expelled the Lotus Flower Tree Classes from Tianjin with the express words of "hurting the morals and corrupting the morals of the people, and forever forbidding the force of the people". In 1907, Yang Soil, the Governor of Zhili, expelled the Lotus Flower Tree Class from Tianjin with an explicit message that "it is offensive to public morals and is forbidden by Yonggan". However, they knew that Lotus Flower Tree had a solid mass base, which was popular among the poor people, and the artists loved the art they were engaged in. In order to survive and develop, in 1909, Cheng Zhaocai, Jin Juhua, Zhang Huawen, Zhang Hualong, Ren Lianhui, Ren Shanqing, Yu Yubo, Zhang Yuchen, Zhang Deli and others gathered in Luanzhou Wujiatuo (now belongs to Luan County), improve the demolition of the Lotus Flower Drops. Cheng Zhaocai believes that it is necessary to reform the play, should be written large-scale whole play, Cheng Zhaocai according to the "ancient wonders", "preaching pick up" as well as the clappers, shadows and other scripts adapted and transplanted the "suing the golden fan", "Ma widow store", "Qin Xuemei mourning", "ghost pulling your leg" and other large-scale scripts. On the basis of maintaining the traditional singing style of the counterpart opera, the opera absorbed the cadences and styles of Hebei Opera, shadow and Leiting Drum, and created and used the cadences and styles of Da'an Ban, Xiao'an Ban, Scattered Ban, Flowing Ban, Great Sadness Tune and Weeping Fanzi. In terms of performance, it absorbed the traditional opera programs of Beijing and Banggang, further standardized the stage movements, and made the actors' performances realistic and life-like. At the same time, the musical accompaniment was improved and the gongs and drums of the clappers were adopted. The drums and drums of the clappers were used to direct the rhythm of the play. Costume head, stage art, props also follow the Beijing opera. The actors and actresses are fully equipped one after another. The play's obscene words and pornographic performances were removed, and the absurdity and vulgarity of the play were eliminated as much as possible. The cast was expanded from a few people in small groups to dozens of people in large groups, just like an art group. Cheng Zhaocai created the "Qingchun class" in order to be able to fight for the government's recognition, but also to get the legal right to perform, so as to be able to enter the counties, towns and cities, the idea of borrowing the reputation of the big opera Hebei Bangkas, in order to cover up the ears of the government, the Lotus Flower Drops named "Pingqiang Bangkang Opera". Therefore, they named Lotus Flower Drop "Ping Cavity Bang Opera". Subsequently, the Qingchun class performed in Yongpingfu (Lulong County), which stirred up the city and was recognized by the authorities, opening the Yongpingfu forbidden land. Since then, the Pingqiang Bangkang Opera has been performed in all states and counties without any obstruction, and has won grand honors. In 1909, in Tangshan Yongsheng Tea Garden, Qingchun class premiered, "Old Mother Opened Her Mouth", "Ma Widow Opened Her Shop", "Flowers for Coal" after 3 plays, stirred up the whole of Tangshan, and was warmly appreciated by the majority of the workers and citizens of Tangshan. At the same time the size of the government officials, the old and the young, the gentleman and the big business, to and from the objective look after it is also for the favorite. So that the flat cavity bangkok opera finally mounted the hall of elegance. Qingchun class in the Yongsheng tea garden performance reputation, the actor amounted to more than 40 people. This is the origin of the Tangshan Rocker period. 1915, Cheng Zhaocai led the Qingchun class into Tianjin, with the "Old Mother Opened Her Mouth", "Ma Widow Opened Her Shop", "Flowers for Matchmaker", "Occupy the Flower Leader", "Du Shuniang", "Wang Shaoan Catch the Boat" and so on, more than 20 large-scale plays were staged, and won the audience's praise and the Pearly Gates' appreciation. Peking Opera actors Mei Lanfang and Liu Hongsheng said after watching the performances of Yue Mingzhu: "Tangshan Luzi has a promising future, and Yue Mingzhu is a promising actor". Yue Mingzhu's singing voice was popular in Tianjin and Tangshan, and became famous in the theater world. The business community jointly presented "Mingzhu's new clam, together with the flat cavity, overpowering the male and female music," congratulations Roach, Og Squire and all walks of life to send "wind and culture", "comment on the past and present", "Punish the evil and promote the good" and other words of praise. Jinmen snow shame, Tangshan drop ten times the price, said Pearland top quality for the future development laid the foundation. In 1917, Qingchun class was changed to "Jingdong Yongsheng Hopan", which traveled between Tianjin and Tangshan. 1918, the class was invited to perform at Xingye Tea Plantation in Shanhaiguan, which was warmly welcomed, and the performance was unprecedented. At that time, a famous gentleman, Kui Xudong, who was the tax commissioner of Fengtian, thought that the plays performed by the class had the new intention of "alerting the world and changing the customs", and suggested that "Yongwei Hopan" be renamed "Alerting the World Theater Society". and suggested to rename "Yongwei Hopan" as "Police World Theater Society". And presented "Tangshan first police world theater society" a plaque, reputation spread to the northeast cities. In the same year, "Police World Theater Society" out of the customs, to tour around the three northeastern provinces, by the local people's warm welcome and love, at this time, "Police World Theater Society" in the Northeast has entered its golden age. Actors have the first famous boy moon pearl. It performed plays such as: "The Widow Ma opens a store", "Du Shiniang", "Peach Blossom Nunnery", etc.; the second famous male actor Jin Kaifang, premiered the modern play "Yang Sanjie Sues" created by Cheng Zhaocai, playing Yang Sanjie. The Pingqiang Bangzi Opera was performed in Tangshan in 1909 and formed into Tangshan Luzi in 1918, with its own script, unique singing style and performance form, a set of appropriate musical accompaniment, a full lineup of outstanding actors, and a perfect management method, which has already formed a new big opera genre. In 1919, Tangshan first police world theater society out of the customs to Yingkou, to the local people brought a pleasing déjà vu Tangshan fell in, visited Changchun, Harbin. Zhang Zuolin for his mother-in-law birthday and organized disaster relief charity performances, specially invited Peking Opera master Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu and the Tangshan drop famous moon Mingzhu to Fengtian (Shenyang) on the same stage, won the military and political circles, the business community and the public's warm welcome and great appreciation. Police World Theater Society famous Fengtian, Changchun, Harbin and other cities, after the Police World Theater Society long-term activities in the northeastern provinces. Police World Theater Society into the Northeast, expanding the popularity of the opera region, at this time, such as springing up in Beijing, Tianjin, Jidong class society was born on the ground, and the emergence of a large number of young girls in the flower season of the opera artists. They are HuaLianFang, LiJinShun, hibiscus flower, LiuCuiXia, BaiYuShuang, XiaoGuiHua and so on. And their respective classes have been out of the customs to the northeast provinces around the performance. The period of the development of the opera was the stage of Tangshan Drops, which had been finalized. Subsequent development is, at this time, the appraisal of the opera has entered the "Fengtian drop son" period. The years when the Police World Theater Society was active in Northeast China were the period of perfection, improvement and maturity of the opera. Because it was rooted in the masses, it flourished. It had a broad market, and developed and spread very rapidly. 1923, the Police World Theater Society performed in Tianjin, and Lv Haihuan, a Taibao of the Sun Qing Dynasty, saw that the Pingqiang of the old days had already developed into a big opera, and suggested that the Pingqiang of the Pingqiang should be added with the character "言", and called it "Commentary Drama". The name of "Review Opera" was adopted by the Police Opera Society, and since then the name of "Review Opera" has been introduced and gradually recognized. At this time there were many famous actors and actresses, such as Liu Cui Xia, Bai Yushang, Xiao Gui Hua, Ai Lian Jun, Xi Cailian, Hibiscus Flower, Zhu Bao Xia, Yu Lingzhi, Hua Yuexian and so on. They traveled all over Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan, the three eastern provinces, Shanghai, Xi'an, Nanjing, Hankou, Changsha, Chongqing, Chengdu, Guiyang, Lanzhou, Xinjiang, etc., and wherever they went, they were welcomed by the audience, and spread the art of jingju opera all over the country. In 1949, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the theater showed unprecedented prosperity. The artisans of the opera were reborn politically; artistically, they were guided by the Party's "Two Hundred" square. The Party sent a large number of new literary and art workers (editors, directors, performers, sound and beauty) to join and enrich the team of the opera, carried out a lot of artistic reforms and creations, and processed and sorted out a lot of traditional operas, historical dramas, modern dramas, etc., so as to make it shine, and during this period, the representative person with outstanding achievements, Beijing has a small Bai Yushang, who improved the artistic development of the "Bai Pai" to a new level. "art development to a new stage; new Fengxia created a colorful "new school" singing art called a school; Tianjin has fresh Lingxia, she created a high-pitched exciting "fresh school" singing art; six-year-old red, she is a good inheritance and development of the traditional drama, historical drama, modern drama and so on, making it shine. Six-year-old Hong, who inherited and developed the art of "Liu School"; Lian Xiaojun, who inherited and developed the art of "Ai School"; Yang Lanfen, who created a unique colorful Dan line of art; Li Wenfang, Xiaoyufang, and Xiaohua Yulan, who also have their own artistic characteristics; and Hua Shulan, who created a wonderful and exciting singing style in the Northeast. In Northeast China, there is Hua Shulan, who has created the wonderful and exciting art of "Flower School"; Han Shaoyun has created the beautiful and charming art of Han School; Shin Junting has created the art of Shin School of Old Dan; and Xi Cailin, Xi Caijun, and so on, have also created their own unique singing styles. ....... Their performances in Little Son-in-Law, Liu Qiao'er, Qin Xianglian, Flower as Matchmaker, Bao Gong San Kan Butterfly Dream, Oil Seller Takes Over the Flower Leader, Southeast Peacock Flight, Lotus Flower Nunnery, Tea Bottle Tale, Pair of Flower Guns, and The Legend of the White Snake have had a great impact on the country. It had a great impact on the whole country. Especially from the 1950s, there appeared Wei Rongyuan, the pioneer and reformer of the male voice art, who lowered the male voice singing by 4 degrees and solved the problem of male and female voices singing together. He also filled the gap in the singing of the flower face of the opera. He raised the male voice to a new level, changing the subordinate status of male voice in the history of opera. Thus expanding the ability to perform modern life of the opera, the development of the opera to a new historical period, but also the heyday of the development of the art of the opera Since the 1980s, the new talent of the opera across the country in the cultivation of the party's nurturing and in the older generation of artists under the transmission, help, and bring up, thrive, so that many genres of the art of the successor. Famous artists of this period include: Gu Wenyue, Liu Ping, Li Xiuyun, Ma Shuhua, Cui Lianrun, Li Hongxia, Liu Xiurong, Wang Manling, Zheng Guifang and so on. The history of the opera has been more than a hundred years, and it has developed from a simple folk rap art to a large national opera, condensing the hard work of several generations of opera artists. It has become a wonderful flower in the garden of literature and art in China, and is loved by the masses.