Why did Tiananmen Square in Beijing build Zuo Zu You She and Palace Square in Ming Dynasty?

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, there were ancestral halls and social altars on the east and west sides of Tiananmen Square, which later became the Working People's Cultural Palace and Zhongshan Park. It was built in accordance with the traditional regulations of "left ancestors and right houses", the ancient feudal imperial capital of China.

The ancestral temple is the place where the emperor worships his ancestors, and the state represents the political power and land. They are located on both sides of Tiananmen Square, thus increasing the important position of Chengtianmen on the central axis of the imperial city.

The ancestral hall on the left side of Chengtianmen was built at 1420, which was the ancestral hall of Ming Dynasty and later Qing Dynasty. In the Ming dynasty, the system of joint worship of ancestral temples was changed to separate worship, and nine temples were set up to worship ancestors of past dynasties.

Eight of the last nine temples were burned down, leaving only Ruimiao. Since then, after the reconstruction of the new temple, the "same room" system has been restored. The back hall of the ancestral temple and the two temples have been continuously expanded.

The ancestral hall is rectangular in plane, covering an area of139,000 square meters, with a length of 475 meters from north to south and a width of 249 meters from east to west. The ancestral temple complex has triple walls, all of which are red walls and yellow glazed tiles. Between the first wall and the second wall are rich and ancient cypress trees.

To the west of the first fence, there are three primitive doors, the southernmost of which is called the Taimiao Street Gate, and five rooms lead to Tiananmen Square. The middle is called the ancestral hall with a door, also called the kitchen door, and there are three leading to the end door; The northernmost gate is called the northwest gate of the ancestral temple, which leads to the Que Zuo gate outside the noon gate. All three doors face east and west.

The main buildings of the temple are the front, middle and back halls. Every time the new emperor ascended the throne, took power, supervised the country, was regent, married, honored, emblem, longevity, conferment, triumph, and presented prisoners, the emperor and concubines came here to offer sacrifices.

Front hall 1 1 room width, 4 rooms depth. It is the owner of the three halls and the place where the emperor held big sacrifices. The two-story eaves above the Ming Dynasty were covered with wooden plaques, which read "ancestral hall" vertically in Chinese, and the beams and columns were outsourced by Daphne. All other components are made of golden elm, and the ground is paved with "bricks". The whole hall is built on white marble Sumitomo. The front hall is a place where ancestral tablets of the royal family are enshrined.

At the end of each year, when a big sacrifice is held at the end of the year, the main wooden sign of the Queen Dojo enshrined in the ancestral hall is moved to this hall to hold a "sacrifice". Each of the two temples has a temple, with the throne of the royal family in the east and the throne of the hero in the west.

The nave, also known as the "bedroom", is a place to worship the dead emperor on weekdays. There are temples on both sides to store sacrificial vessels. The back hall has its own yard, and there is a red wall in front, which is separated from the middle hall. It's called "Temple", and it's a place to worship the ancestors of the emperor. Later, in the Qing Dynasty, four former emperors, Zhao Zu, Xing Zu, Jing Zu and Xian Zu, were enshrined.

In addition, there are Jimen, Shenku, Shenchu, Regeneration Pavilion, Jingting and Bai Han Yuqiao. When the emperor offered sacrifices to the ancestral temple, he usually went in and out of the main entrance of the ancestral temple street from the meridian gate on the east side of Chengtianmen Imperial Road to Quezuomen. The emperor fasted in the fasting palace. On Memorial Day, the emperor wore ceremonial clothes and went out of the palace in a courtesy manner.

On the right side of Chengtianmen is the social altar, which is symmetrical with the ancestral hall. Originally the former site of xingguo temple in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Wanshou xingguo temple. 142 1 year, an altar was set up here according to the regulations of "Zuo Zu You She". During the Spring and Autumn Period, it was always a place for emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties to offer sacrifices to land gods and grain gods.

Shejitan is located in the center of Zhongshan Park, facing north. Shejitan is a three-story square platform made of white marble. Each floor is surrounded by white stone railings. According to Textual Research on Old News of the Sun, the social altar is in the right and north directions. The altar is square, 20% square, four feet high, five feet high, 20% square, five feet high and three feet high, all white stones, divided into four levels. Five-colored soil is built on the top, with yellow in the middle, blue in the east, red in the south, white in the west and black in the north.

The five-color soil on the altar symbolizes gold, wood, water, fire and earth respectively, which is the foundation of all things and means that "the world is the land of kings". The foundation of the altar is all white marble, and the altar is surrounded by walls covered with glazed tiles, the color of which is opposite to the earth color on the altar. In the past, there was a square stone pillar in the center of the altar, named Jiangshan Stone, which meant that Jiangshan was stable.

There is a white marble gate on each side of the altar, which looks solemn. There is a solemn and exquisite wooden hall in the north of the flower bed, called the worship hall. This hall was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, with a single-eaved yellow glazed tile, 5 rooms wide and 3 rooms deep, vermilion doors and windows, and a white stone platform, which was used to shelter the emperor from the wind and rain when offering sacrifices.

On the north side of the pilgrimage hall, there is a gate called Jimen, which has five depths. There are 72 iron halberds in the original gate, each of which is 1. 1, which is called "Golden Dragon halberd with Silver Emblem and Red Rod". In addition, there are sacrificial pavilions located on the south side of the west gate of the inner altar wall, as well as ancillary buildings such as the God Kitchen and God Library located on the southwest side outside the social altar.

When the emperor came to the altar to offer sacrifices, he entered the northeast gate of the altar from Que right gate to the outside of the altar, got off the chariot and entered the right gate, followed the halberd gate to get off the sedan chair at the east step of the worship hall, and went to the altar to offer sacrifices to music and dance.

There are no tablets on the altar, Taishe is located on the right and Taiji is located on the left, all facing north. The reason why the emperor worships in person every year is to show that "unless the soil does not stand and the valley does not eat, the king values the soil and seeks happiness and reward for the world."

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, when planning and building Miyagi, there was a palace square in addition to the left ancestors and right houses to show the supremacy of imperial power. The Palace Square, built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, is the earliest Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

According to historical records, during the Liao and Jin Dynasties, there was a famous ancient temple xingguo temple in the northeast suburb of Yanjing City, which was located in the northwest corner of Tiananmen Square, and the court square of the Ming Dynasty was built on the site of xingguo temple.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Miyagi Square moved from Miyagi to the imperial city, never closed or semi-closed until it was completely closed. After the Ming dynasty, it inherited the provisions of the court square in the yuan dynasty.

After the completion of Chengtianmen, a large area in front of it is surrounded by red walls, forming a more closed T-shaped front yard, which is the palace square in the imperial city. At this point, the Palace Square became a forbidden area for emperors, royalty and officials.

The Palace Square in Ming Dynasty was originally surrounded by Daming Gate, Chang 'an Left Gate, Chang 'an Right Gate and Qian Qian Lang. To the south of Chengtianmen and to the north of Zhengyangmen, there used to be a Sanqie Daqingmen. There is a 1 10 east-west corridor on the north side, which is called the front corridor. Corridor 34 in the east and corridor 34 in the west are connected by eaves and ridges, with the left gate of Chang 'an in the east and the right gate of Chang 'an in the west. Facing north is Tianjie, and later Chang 'an Avenue, where the civil and military White House dismounted and walked.

In ancient times, the center of Beijing was the Forbidden City, and the scope of the Palace Square happened to be included in the center of the Forbidden City. Because of symmetry, in the building of Chengtianmen Gate Tower, we pay attention to "the left ancestors and the right houses"; In the layout of the Palace Square, we pay attention to "learning from the East and using the West", and state institutions are located on both sides of the square. Therefore, after the establishment of the Ritual Department in the Ming Dynasty, the five courtyards and six departments were concentrated on both sides of the Palace Square.

On the east side of Qianbrown is the Ritual Department in charge of state etiquette, sacrifice, banquet and tribute, and the official department in charge of election, assessment and award of state officials. In charge of the national household registration, land, taxation, fiscal revenue and expenditure, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Industry, crack hon temple and Qin, etc. , sit east to west.

On the west side of Qian Qian Lang, there are the governors' offices of the left, middle, right, front and back five armies, which are in charge of the Taichang Hall where rituals and music are sacrificed, the General Political Department which accepts complaints from the internal and external seals of subjects, and the Royal Guards who are in charge of guards, arrests and criminal prisons.

In the Ming Dynasty, officials were often selected by the official department and the Ministry of Military Affairs in Qianbulang, which is called "monthly election" and "official lottery". After the provincial examination, the Ministry of Ritual reviewed the papers and took the exam, which was called "grinding exploration". Former Brown in the west is the place where the punishments try prisoners, which is called "trial" and "autumn trial".

The layout of the whole palace square is rigorous, profound and mysterious, which has become the place where court etiquette is bound, and it is the concentrated embodiment of the feudal emperor's supremacy of imperial power.

At that time, due to the implementation of the scientific research system of the palace examination, scientific research was held in Kyoto every three years, and the time was in March of the lunar calendar in spring. Juren from other provinces can go to Beijing to take the exam.

However, the juren who went to Beijing to take the exam should first focus on Qianbulang on the east side of the Daqingmen. After the imperial court failed to pass the palace examination, those who passed the palace examination could be awarded the title of Jinshi by the emperor. Anyone who won the first prize in the Palace Examination and to be no.1 is collectively called "Climbing the Dragon Gate". Therefore, the people commonly call the left gate of Chang 'an "Longmen".

However, the front gallery and the right gate of Chang 'an in the west of Daqingmen are completely different from the front gallery and the left gate of Chang 'an in the east. The imperial court stipulated that every year before autumn, all provinces must report cases that are usually sentenced to death but not executed immediately to the penalty department of Kyoto imperial court.

The cases reported by the provinces should first focus on Qianbulang on the west side of the Qing Gate, which will be reviewed by the punishments department together with Dali Temple and the official department in charge of reviewing the cases, and then submitted to the emperor for a ruling.

Then, the court sent the emperor's ruling to the right gate of Chang 'an through Tiananmen Square and made it public. Known as the "Autumn Trial", repeat offenders who dare to violate the "King Law" will be escorted out of the right gate of Chang 'an to "correct the law". Obviously, once someone is put into this danger, it is difficult to survive. Therefore, people don't call the right gate of Chang 'an "Humen".

The left and right gates of Chang 'an are named Longhumen because of "East Qinglong, West White Tiger". Two doors away is the place where the imperial list is posted. The literary list is outside Longmen, and the military list is outside Humen. Because each door has three openings, it is also commonly known as "three doors".