What is China's painting and calligraphy?

Chinese painting is a traditional painting form in China, which mainly uses brush, soft pen or finger, and paints on silk or rice paper with the color and ink of Chinese painting. It is one of the four great arts of piano, chess, calligraphy and painting. Chinese painting is one of the traditional plastic arts in China. It has its own system in the field of world art. Can be roughly divided into; Figures, landscapes, boundary paintings, flowers, fruits, feathers, animals, insects, fish, etc. There are techniques such as meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork, sketching, color setting and ink painting, and color setting can be divided into resplendent, turquoise, boneless, splash color, light color and light crimson. Mainly use the changes of lines and ink color to describe the image and business place with hook, dot, dye, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, direction, back, virtual, real, sparse, dense and empty; View layout, wide field of vision, not limited to focus perspective. There are murals, screens, scrolls, picture albums, fans and other picture frames, supplemented by traditional mounting techniques. Figure painting gradually matured from the late Zhou Dynasty to the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Mountains and rivers, flowers, paintings of birds and animals, etc. It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that an independent painting discipline was formed. In the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, various schools of thought competed for each other, and ink painting became popular, and landscape painting became a major branch. Literati painting developed in the Song Dynasty, but reached its peak in the Yuan Dynasty, and the painting style tended to be freehand. Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times continued to develop, paying more and more attention to expressing ideas and smoothing the mind. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang Dynasty and Ming and Qing Dynasties were successively influenced by Buddhist art and western painting art.. Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes "the nature of foreign teachers is the source of China's heart", requires "meaning to save the pen first, and draw as best as possible", and emphasizes the integration of things and the creation of artistic conception, so as to achieve the purpose of describing the spirit with form, having both form and spirit and vivid charm. Because calligraphy and painting are of the same origin, they are closely related to the operation of bone and line, so the seal cutting of calligraphy and painting affects each other and forms a remarkable artistic feature. The tool materials for painting are pens, ink, paper, inkstone and silk specially made in China. Modern Chinese painting has made a breakthrough and development in inheriting tradition and absorbing foreign techniques. The earliest painting "Prayer Woman and Solanum nigrum" (also known as "Dragon and Phoenix Beauty Map") was unearthed in the tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the earliest and most complete existing work is "A Woman's Historical Map" by Gu Kaizhi in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Chinese painting has a long history. Painted on silk before the Song Dynasty, the materials were expensive. Therefore, the themes of China's traditional paintings are mostly portraits or life records of court nobles. It was not until the Song and Yuan Dynasties that the improvement and popularization of paper materials and the rise of literati painting made the themes and techniques of Chinese painting diversified, and the poems on paintings were the beginning of the homology of painting and calligraphy. After the Ming Dynasty, painting spread to the public and became a part of citizens' life, and genre painting came into being. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the west wind spread eastward, painting materials were diversified, and western painting elements were added, which developed in many aspects. There are many differences between China's traditional painting and western painting. They pay attention to the similarity of spirit rather than form, emphasize observation and summary rather than on-the-spot copying, use scattered perspective rather than focus perspective, and attach importance to artistic conception rather than scene. The development of modern Chinese painting has also begun to absorb some skills of western painting, such as the configuration of light and shadow, the accuracy of human anatomy and so on. Some painters also use the artistic conception of Chinese painting in their oil painting creation. The characteristics of Chinese painting Chinese painting has its own obvious characteristics. Chinese painting, according to the ancient paintings of Sheikh in the Southern Dynasties, comments: * Pay attention to "vivid charm", not stick to the appearance of objects, but emphasize the expression of the author's subjective interest. Chinese painting emphasizes "expressive form" and pursues a feeling that "beauty lies between similarity and dissimilarity". It pays attention to the charm of pen and ink, and the requirements for brushwork are: flat, round, staying, heavy and changeable. Ink method requires ink to be divided into five colors, thick, light, broken, splashed, dyed, burnt and lingering. * Pay attention to "using a pen with bones", not focusing on perspective, not emphasizing the influence of environment on the change of light color of objects * Pay attention to the layout of blank space and the "momentum" of objects. It can be said that western painting is an art of "reappearance" and Chinese painting is an art of "expression". Chinese painting is to express "verve" and "realm". The painting tool "pen, ink, paper and inkstone" is an indispensable tool for ancient literati in China, and it is called "Four Treasures of the Study". Its significance is not limited to words and paintings. China literati endowed it with profound cultural connotations and feelings, and there are countless stories about literati and ink and stone in past dynasties. The writing brush was created by China and influenced the traditional writing habits of Korean, Japanese and other Asian regions. Brushes are divided into bristles, soft bristles and double-sided brushes. Hard hair is represented by wolf hair (weasel tail), and soft hair is represented by wool (goatee). According to different kinds of paintings and personal habits, the pen is different. Sheep hair is soft, wolf hair is full of vitality, and double brushes are soft and strong. China's calligraphy and painting are inseparable from the use of brush. Especially Huzhou (now Shanlian, Zhejiang), Xuanzhou (now Jingxian, Anhui), Jinxian, Jiangxi and other places. Ink is divided into "oil smoke" and "pine smoke". Oil smoke ink is made of tung oil or burning smoke. Song Yanmo is made of burning pine branches. The ink produced in ancient Huizhou has always been loved by literati, and Huizhou ink has the reputation of not exchanging gold. There are two kinds of pigments, which will produce different effects when used. One kind is vegetables, such as cyanine, gamboge, rouge, peony red and so on. Its performance is transparent and delicate, but it will fade with age; The other is minerals, such as cinnabar, cinnabar, turquoise to tricolor, turquoise to tricolor, ochre, stone yellow, white powder and so on. , opaque, strong hiding power, long time does not fade. Paper is widely used in traditional Chinese painting, such as Xuan paper produced in Xuanzhou, leather paper in Sichuan, cloth paper in Yuxian, Henan and cotton paper in Laiyang, Hunan. By extension, not only paper, silk, silk and other fabrics are painting materials. However, Xuan paper has many kinds, high output and good quality, and its characteristics can give full play to the charm of pen and ink required by Chinese painting, and it is cheaper than silk, so now Xuan paper has almost become synonymous with China painting paper. Xuan paper can be divided into raw Xuan and cooked Xuan. Cooked propaganda is processed with alum water, and ink is not easy to penetrate. It can be painted neatly and carefully and painted repeatedly, which is suitable for meticulous painting like silk fabrics. The winning election is not processed by alum water, and the ink is easy to penetrate and cannot be changed. Moreover, infiltration can produce rich changes in pen and ink, so freehand brushwork is used to select the best. The inkstone is used to grind ink. It is required to be fine and moist, easy to ink, and the ink quality is fine and uniform without residue. She inkstone in Shexian county, Anhui province, Duan Xi inkstone in Guangdong province, Yan Tao inkstone in Gansu province and Cheng Ni inkstone in Shaanxi province are the most valuable inkstones, which are called the four famous inkstones. There are often ancient people who do not hesitate to pay anything for a famous inkstone. Besides Four Treasures of the Study, there are many related painting tools, such as seals, inkpad, pen container, pen washer, pen container and Wen Zhen. And Four Treasures of the Study in a broad sense also includes the items mentioned above. Chinese painting is suitable for hanging a huge calligraphy and painting on the middle wall of nave's living room, which is called "nave". Banners can be horizontal or straight, and the horizontal is similar to a plaque. Both calligraphy and Chinese painting can be designed as one banner, or as four or more banners. Common banners are spring, summer, autumn and winter. Draw flowers and birds or landscapes of the four seasons in groups of four. Sketch refers to exquisite calligraphy and painting. It can be horizontal or straight, and it is suitable for hanging thin walls or rooms after installation, which is very exquisite. The picture frame is made of wooden frame or metal, and glass or film is pressed on it, which becomes a mirror. This picture scroll is unique to Chinese painting. Calligraphy and painting are mounted into banners, with logs as the axis, and the word axis is off-axis. Fans can be mounted with inscriptions and paintings taken from the fan surface of folding fans or round fans, and can also be made into mirrors. Because the circular or fan-shaped form is more beautiful, some people cut the picture into a fan-shaped shape before painting, and then mount it, which has a unique style. Album pages bind calligraphy and painting into a book. The long scroll turns the picture frame into a long axis and a long scroll, mostly horizontal, and its picture is continuous. Dou Fang framed the sketch into a one-foot square calligraphy and painting, and became Dou Fang. Mirrors can be mounted flat. The screen has a single frame or a folding frame and sits on the ground as a screen. Classification of traditional Chinese painting is divided by content: * Flower-and-bird painting * Landscape painting * Figure painting is divided by technique: * Fine brushwork painting * Freehand painting o small freehand painting o big freehand painting * Heavy color painting * Ink painting * Sketch painting * Dunhuang mural history * Early Chinese painting * Tang painting o Figure painting * Song painting o Flower-and-bird painting * Yuan painting o North school green landscape o South school ink landscape * Paintings of Ming Dynasty o literati painting * Qing dynasty painting o Yangzhou Eight eccentrics. Modern Chinese painters in China during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi, Yang Zihua, Zhang Sengyou, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Wang Wei, Chen Hong, Han Gan, Han Sapporo, Yan, Zhang Xuan, Li Zhaodao, Wu Daozi, the Five Dynasties, Huang Quan, Smith, Gu Kan, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Zhao Gan, Zhou Wenju, Song * Northern Song Cui Jucaiwen Zhang Yuanji Ze Duan Fan Keming Goulong Shuang Guo Lixi Cheng Mifei Qiao Zhongchang Qu Ding Xu Daoning Yan Wengui Wang Ximeng * Southern Song Liang Boju Muxi Li Ma Su Hanchen Ma Yuan Li Tang Liu Songnian Miyou Xia Gui Xiao Zhao Chen Zhong Zhang Xianyuan Li Yini Zan Wang Meng Zhen Wu Fang Congyi Cao Zhibai Huang Gongwang Qian Xuan Wang Zhenpeng Wu Zhen Yan Hui Yang Weizhen Zhang W Zhao Yong Guan Sheng Gu Ansheng Mao Zhu Derun No Qian Qian Tang Yuan Zhao Mengqi Ming Dynasty Wang Shouqian Li Zeng in Zhaoyuan Lu Jibian Jin Wen Dai Xia Zhi Lu pheasant Zhu Duanzhang Lu Jiangsong Shen Zhou. Liu Du, Chen Hongshou, Cui Zizhong, Ding, Gu Tianzhi, Li Shida, Mi, Wen Congjian, Sun, Zheng Yuanxun, Chen Xian, Zhou Zhimian, Zhang Feng, Xu Wei, Qing Dynasty, Early Qing Dynasty * Early Qing Dynasty, Six Heavenly Kings Jian, Wang Yuan Pray for Wang Shigu, Wu Li, Fu Shouping * Four Monks, Bashan Man and Shi Taohongren. Literati painting school Zheng Banqiao Jin Nong Li Fangying Huang Shen Luo Pin Wang Shi Shen Gao Xiang Cai Jia Bian Shoumin Gao Feng Han Hua Yan Min Zhen * Palace painting school Zou Yigui Yu Jinting Biao Guan Huai Lengmu Jiao Bingzhen Jiang Tingxi Bangda Yu Shengyao Ding Guanpeng Qian Weicheng Late Qing Dynasty (modern times) * Maritime painting school Ren Xun Ren Yi Hu Gongshou Zhang Xiong Wu Changshuo Pu Hua Qian Hui An Shafu Gu Yuncheng Zhang Wu Qingyun Ni Tian Wu Guxiang Yu Yuan Yu Ming Wu Zongtai Xu Gu Zhao Zhiqian * Lingnan painting school lives in Julian, Gao, Xu Gu. Beijing-Tianjin School Qi Baishi Li Keran Yu Feian Xu Sunqifeng Zhao Jiang Wang Xuetao Guo Weixiao Chen Shi Zeng Jincheng * Sea School Pan Tianshou Lin Fengmian Huang Binhong Feng Zikai Lu Yanshao Zhang Daqian Xu Beihong Xie Zhiliu Cheng Shifa * Lingnan School Gao He Xiangning Chen Guanzhong Lai Shaoqi Zhang Shanyi Liu Jiyi Huang Shaoqiang Fang Ding Yang Shanshen * Changan School Shi Lu Zhao Wangyun Huang Zhou He Haixia Franciscan Xu Shuzhi Liu Wenxi Kang Shiyao * New Jinling School Fu Baoshi Qian Songyan Song Wenzhi Liu Haisu Yu Jigao * Liu Guo. Themes are mainly figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, and techniques can be divided into meticulous brushwork and freehand brushwork, which are full of traditional characteristics. Chinese painting can be divided into figure painting, landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting. 1, the historical process of figure painting: China's figure painting has a long history. According to records, there were murals in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty specializes in figure painting, and China's painting is the first one in the world to put forward the idea of "writing God with form". Yan was also good at figure painting in Tang Dynasty. And Wu Daozi, Han Wo and so on. He has made outstanding contributions to figure painting. After the Tang Dynasty, there were many painters who painted figure paintings, and there were all previous dynasties. (2) Painting method and expression method of figure painting: In order to draw a good figure painting, besides inheriting the tradition, we must also understand and study the basic shape, proportion, anatomical structure and the changing law of human movement, so as to accurately shape and express the shape and spirit of the figure. There are several ways to express characters, each with its own advantages, such as line drawing, cross filling, ink splashing, cross dyeing and so on. 2. The historical process of landscape painting (1): Landscape painting (commonly known as landscape painting, landscape painting or ink painting) is a specialized art discipline with a long history. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been famous painters in each period, who specialize in landscape painting. Although their life experiences, qualities, schools and methods are different; But everyone can use pen and ink, color, skill, flexible operation and detailed description. This is the beauty of natural scenery, jumping on paper with joy, buying the same, majestic and elegant. (2) Composition of landscape painting: The composition of landscape painting includes: mountains, water, rocks, trees, houses, terraces, vehicles and boats, bridges, wind, rain, overcast, sunny, snow, sun, clouds, fog, and climatic characteristics of spring, summer, autumn and winter. 3. Flower-and-bird painting (1) is a special subject of painting art in China along with landscape painting and figure painting. Flower-and-bird painting in a broad sense should include flowers and birds, animals, insects, fish and so on. (2) Painting method and theme of flower-and-bird painting: The painting method of flower-and-bird painting can be roughly divided into two categories: (1) meticulous flower-and-bird painting; (2) freehand brushwork of flowers and birds; Insects can also be divided into work and writing. The expression methods are: line drawing (also known as double hook), sketching, filling, deboning, splashing ink and so on. Like mountains and rivers, he has a long history. The learning steps of flower-and-bird painting are nothing more than copying, sketching and creating. Themes are: bamboo, orchid, plum, chrysanthemum, peony, lotus and so on. Birds are: chicken, goose, duck, crane, cuckoo, kingfisher, magpie and eagle; Insects include parrots, butterflies, phoenixes, dragonflies and cicadas, while miscellaneous insects include slugs, crickets, ants, snails and spiders.