The main reason for the relatively developed smallholder economy in ancient China?

I. The emergence of early agricultural production:

1. The origin of Chinese agriculture:

Time: the earliest can be traced back to about 10,000 years ago

Region: China's agrarian economy was first formed in the Yellow River basin and Yangtze River basin scale

Patterns: northern corn and southern rice

2. Primitive agriculture with slash and burn:

Primitive society's main production tools: bone, wood, stone farming tools (stone knives, stone axes, etc.)

Primitive society's main farming methods: slash-and-burn farming

3, the emergence of Leiyu and the development of agricultural production during the Shang and Zhou periods:

Farming tools during the Shang and Zhou periods: the emergence of bronze farming tools, but due to the more precious, rarely used in agricultural production; wooden Leiyu, stone hoe, stone plow are important tools.

The farming techniques of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties: people already knew how to open ditches and drain the soil, weed and cultivate the soil, compost fertilizers with weeds, and treat pests. The land could be continuously cultivated, and the utilization rate of the land was greatly improved.

Crops during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Crops were more abundant, with corn, rice, millet, jik, wheat, mulberry, hemp, etc., and most of the major crops of the later generations were already available.

4, the role of the early development of agricultural production: with the development of agricultural production, people's lives began to move from frequent migration to settlement. Chinese agriculture developed independently and formed its own system, laying the foundation of the ancient Chinese agricultural society.

The traditional agriculture of intensive cultivation:

1, the development of iron plows and oxen plowing: the use and promotion of iron farming tools and oxen plowing during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

couple plows and plow walls during the Western Han Dynasty

turning plows during the Sui and Tang Dynasties

2, the advancement of cultivation techniques: the monopoly method during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

the generation of fields during the Western Han Dynasty

The Chinese agricultural industry has become more sophisticated, and the Chinese agricultural industry is now more sophisticated, with the development of the traditional agriculture. p>

The plowing and harrowing technology and the plowing and harrowing technology during the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties period

One year of ripening during the Two Han Dynasty

After the Song Dynasty, two years of ripening and three years of ripening were practiced in the southern part of the Yangtze River

3, water conservancy and irrigation: Water conservancy projects: Dujiangyan, Caoyuan Canal, Baiquan Canal, and Longshou Canal

Tools of irrigation: overturning carts (Cao Wei Dynasty), barrel carts (Tang Dynasty), and high-turning barrel carts (Song Dynasty), wind-powered waterwheel (Ming Dynasty)

Three, men farming and weaving small peasant economy:

1, the Shang and Zhou period of land state ownership and collective labor

2, Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period, the formation of the small peasant economy of men and women weaving

3, the characteristics of the small peasant economy:

1) to the family as a unit of agriculture

2, men and women weaving, self-sufficiency

3) Combination of agriculture and handicrafts

4) Satisfaction of one's own needs as the basic purpose of production

5) Small scale of production, backward technology, difficult to expand reproduction, both fragile and tenacious

The subsistence farming economy was the main mode of production in ancient China, and was most characterized by men's plowing, women's weaving, and self-sufficiency.

4. Evaluating the homesteader economy (smallholder economy) in ancient China:

(1) Active: possessing certain means of production such as land, agricultural tools or farm animals, and being productive and active. Operating agriculture on a family basis and combining it with cottage industry; farmers worked hard to improve their farming techniques on their limited land, making an important contribution to the intensive cultivation of agriculture in China. In addition to salt and iron, daily necessities generally did not have to be sought externally, and could be self-sufficient, with less connection to the market;

(2) Limitations: small scale of production, simple division of labor, and difficulty in expanding reproduction; hindered the development of social development and the exchange economy, and later became an obstacle to the development of production; the small farmer was the main bearer of the state tax and corvée service, the small peasant economy was very fragile, and the ruler's over-exploitation and oppression were one of the reasons for the bankruptcy of the homesteaders.