About "Ansai Waist Drum"

Firstly, the Ansai waist drum is introduced, and secondly, the characters of Ansai waist drum are introduced.

Ansai waist drum is a unique folk large-scale dance art form with a history of more than 2,000 years. The unique charm of Ansai waist drum image soars in the yellow land, which shows the simple and bold character of farmers in the northwest loess plateau and their unique artistic personality.

In Beijing, Hongkong and China, the capitals of China, it has displayed its elegant demeanor and attracted the attention of the whole world. Bold and rough movements and vigorous dancing fully reflect the simple, brave and powerful character of the people in the northern Shaanxi Plateau.

As early as 1986, Ansai Waist Drum won the highest honor-the first China Folk Dance Competition. In recent years, he has performed in 1 1 Asian Games opening ceremony, celebrating the return of Hong Kong and other large-scale activities, and went to Japan to perform. Ansai waist drum performance can be performed by several people or thousands of people. Magnificent, delicate and intoxicating, it is called the first drum in the world.

Ansai waist drum

Ansai waist drum has a long history. It was originally used by the ancient army to improve the morale of the army and transmit information. It is used here to express the cheers of victory and the joy of harvest. Quite dense drums, strong pace, changing battle positions and magnificent shouts all show the masculine beauty of men and are very famous internationally. ...

Waist drum is a unique large-scale folk dance art form with a history of more than 2,000 years. The unique charm of Ansai waist drum image soars in the yellow land, which shows the simple and bold character of farmers in the northwest loess plateau and their unique artistic personality. In Beijing, Hongkong and China, the capitals of China, it has displayed its elegant demeanor and attracted the attention of the whole world. Bold and rough movements and vigorous dancing fully reflect the simple, brave and powerful character of the people in the northern Shaanxi Plateau. As early as 1986, Ansai Waist Drum won the highest honor award in the first China Folk Dance Competition. In recent years, he has performed in 1 1 Asian Games opening ceremony, celebrating the return of Hong Kong and other large-scale activities, and went to Japan to perform. Ansai waist drum performance can be performed by several people or thousands of people. Magnificent, delicate and intoxicating, it is called "the first drum in the world". 1996, Ansai county was named "the hometown of waist and drum in China" by the Ministry of Culture.

Ansai waist drum

Waist drum is a popular form of folk encouragement in northern Shaanxi, especially in Ansai County, Yan 'an, Hengshan Mountain, Mizhi and Yulin, and it is one of the most influential folk dances in Shaanxi.

The waist drum in northern Shaanxi has a broad mass base and a long history of development. In some major areas, almost every village has a drum team and every family has a drummer. And handed down from generation to generation, enduring. It is precisely because of its long spread, wide range and large number of participants that the basic form and dynamic rhythm of dance are basically the same, but in different regions, different performance styles and customs have been formed. Ansai waist drum is one of the representatives.

Ansai waist drum mostly adopts the form of collective performance, and drummers (called "drums" or "kicking drums") range from dozens to hundreds. The team consists of actress, umbrella head, savage woman, savage man and other roles, as well as various small programs such as "Running Donkey" and "Water Boat", forming a huge folk dance team. The performance emphasizes the overall effect, requiring uniform movements and standardized formation changes. The masculine beauty of men living on the Loess Plateau is fully demonstrated by the drummer's bold and rough dance and powerful drumming skills.

Ansai waist drum has a complete performance program and activity custom. In the past, most of them performed in festive festivals and temple fairs, and the Spring Festival to Lantern Festival was a concentrated activity time every year. Before the activity begins, the chairman of the temple fair (elected by each village) will organize a sacrificial activity called "worshipping the temple": the dance team, led by the umbrella head, beats gongs and drums, plays suona, and sometimes brings the whole pig, sheep and other offerings to the temple to burn incense to worship the gods, praying for the gods to bless the good weather, the country and the people. And played in the square of the temple for a while to entertain the gods. After the "temple worship", after the eighth day of the first month, the waist drum team began to pay New Year greetings from door to door, commonly known as "along the door". There is a local proverb: "gongs and drums suona ring straight, and the stick is pried under the ass!" " "The crowd sit still. At this time, the waist drum team walked around the village in turn and performed in front of the main courtyard and kiln for a while. According to the situation of each family, the umbrella head sang several auspicious yangko songs to express the meaning of the New Year. The main family thinks that the waist drum team can knock, jump and sing at home, which can eliminate disasters and take refuge, and can be safe all year round. This may be the legacy of the ancient custom of "villagers Nuo". Sometimes the waist drums of the two teams will meet on the way. Generally, umbrellas sing yangko to each other to celebrate the New Year and make way for each other. However, sometimes there will be situations where there is no compromise. At this moment, we must compete and compete. Two teams of gongs and drums are loud, suona sound and waist drum sound, like spring thunder rolling. Drummers beat and dance as much as they like, like crazy, until the climax, the drum music will take a break, and the umbrellas of both sides will duet, which is also an aspect of the competition skills. Until there is a team whose horns are confused first, whose movements are uneven, whose drums and formations are not uniform, or whose songs cannot be correctly aligned, even if they lose, they will take the initiative to give way and let the winner go first.

After the "Yanmenzi", the waist drum teams in neighboring villages will also exchange New Year greetings, exchange visits and exchange performances with each other, which, like the northern Shaanxi Yangko, is called "building colorful gates". On the fifteenth day of the first month, the village waist drum teams gathered in the square and began to compete with each other. Drummers from all walks of life show their skills and compete with each other, which becomes the climax of waist drum performance in a year. This not only enlivened the rural cultural activities during the Spring Festival, but also promoted the popularization and improvement of waist drum through mutual observation and learning skills. There will also be a "Lantern Turn" (also known as "Nine Turn") that night, and almost everyone will compete for a turn, and the whole family will turn together. At that time, drums will ring, lights will flash, waist drum team will lead in front, and then everyone will present a lively and extraordinary scene.

The activities of the waist drum team often last until the 17th and 18th of the first month, and the sacrifice to the land god ends. Since then, the villagers have set their minds at ease to prepare for spring ploughing production.

The performance forms of waist drum can be roughly divided into "road drum" and "field drum".

"Road Drum" is a performance form of waist drum team jumping while walking. There are two umbrella heads leading the dance in front, followed by a dance team consisting of a drum bearer and a flower puller. The drum behind the umbrella head is called the "head drum". He must be a skilled drummer, and the movement changes and rhythm of the whole team are slow, so he is responsible. Behind the parade, there are clowns dressed as barbarians and barbarians, as well as the Monkey King and Pig Bajie who are dressed as Tang Priest to learn from the scriptures, twisting and teasing at will to add festive atmosphere. Because the "road drum" is carried out on the road, the action is generally simple and the amplitude is small, and "cross step", "walk step" and "horse stance just look around the waist" are often used. Wait for action. Commonly used formations are "single crossing", "double crossing", "single dragon wagging its tail" and "double dragon wagging its tail".

"Field drum" refers to the performance form after the waist drum team arrives at the performance site and opens the venue. At first, the umbrella head waved an umbrella order, and immediately drums and music sounded, and dancers danced with the umbrella head. This section is called "stepping on a big field" and the performance rhythm is slow. The purpose is to open the venue, open the team and stabilize the audience's mood. In the second paragraph, singing and dancing, the performance rhythm is getting faster and faster, the movement range is bigger, and the formation changes greatly. Commonly used formations are "stupa", "ancient temple", "hanging gold medals in front of the gods", "wealth will never stop" and "monks swimming into the door". After drawing the "solar arc" pattern, the umbrella head stands in the center of the venue to lead the yangko, and the lyrics depend on the occasion and object. When "worshipping the temple", there are ceremonies to pay homage to the temple. Generally, performances include New Year greetings, celebrating the harvest and wishing good luck. When the umbrella head sings, the dancer slowly turns around on the sidelines and repeats the last sentence of each paragraph, commonly known as "the next sound". After singing, the umbrella head withdrew from the venue, drums and flowers were carried into the venue to perform, and various complex and changeable formations were stepped out. At this moment, regardless of the time limit, the dancers showed their unique skills incisively and vividly, and their emotions were warm and ups and downs, pushing the performance to a climax.

In recent years, in order to highlight the skill of drum set, Ansai Waist Drum performed drum set alone in the venue when performing "venue drum". Drummers are in high spirits and dancing wildly under the command of Reuters Drum. At this time, I saw drumsticks waving, colored silks flying, drums thundering, shaking the earth, imposing and extremely infectious.

At the end of this period, other small-scale programs will be performed, such as "Running Donkeys", "Water Boat", "Walking on stilts", "Fighting between Two Ghosts" and "big-head monk dance Dance". The number of program forms depends on the talents and conditions of each village. After the mini-play, perform a big waist drum. At this moment, the gongs and drums are playing fast, the suona is blowing tightly, the drums are playing harder and the mood is more cheerful, which makes the whole performance end in a strong atmosphere and high mood.

Ansai waist drum is divided into Wen and Wu according to different styles and rhythms. "Wenyaogu" is relaxed and cheerful, chic and lively, with a small range of movements, similar to the style of Yangko; "Wu Yao Drum" is cheerful, fierce, rough and unrestrained, with great kicking, jumping and rotating movements, especially the drummer's leap skills, which gives people a sense of bravery and agitation. At present, Wen and Wu waist drums are gradually combined to form a new style, with Xihekou Township and Zhenwu Cave in Ansai being the most distinctive. They vividly reflect the simple temperament and personality characteristics of the local people. Especially in the performance, folk martial arts and yangko movements are organically combined, relaxed and lively without confusion, advancing and retreating in an orderly manner, magnificent and magnificent. The masses praised it as "generous in style and hard in size." The style characteristics of Ansai waist drum can be summarized as follows:

1. Express the dancer's inner passion through the change of dynamic rhythm. Dancers can't help shaking their heads and shoulders slightly when beating drums, so that inner feelings and external movements can be organically combined to achieve harmony and freedom.

2. Dancers waved mallets and beat drums violently. Throw away the gavel with both hands, whether it's hitting up, down or around the waist. However, although ruthless but not barbaric, it looks tall and straight, and there is still a delicate feeling in its fierce power;

3. When kicking, whether it is a big kick, a small kick or a kick, you must have a "pretty" strength. The rhythm is cheerful and difficult, which represents Ansai's rough, bold and vigorous style.

4. Drumming and turning around is the key to Ansai's waist drum performance. When doing squat kick in dance, there must be a turn, and this turn must be very fierce. Especially when doing a set of action combinations of jumping, landing, turning and starting at the same time, it is necessary to use fast and fierce power to complete the change and convergence of actions in a fixed beat;

5. The dynamic law is complex and the jumping range is large. With the acceleration of the performance rhythm, the dance steps began to kick and jump in a complicated way, and the range of body swinging from side to side increased. For example, when doing such actions as "looking up with a horse stance just look", "turning around" and "looking up with a horse stance just look", the dancer lunges backward twice, then strides forward with his left leg and forcefully pushes his right leg to the ground, showing a state of tenacious struggle.

The costume wearing drums is similar to that of a martial artist in China's traditional drama, wearing tight black clothes. Wearing a straw hat ring; Grow a beard, your face should be red, your eyebrows should be thick, and your beard should be spread out during the performance. With the changes of the times, dancers' costumes are also changing. In recent years, the waist drum clothing in Xihekou Township has been close to life, while the clothing of Zhenwudong waist drum team; It still retains the costume of an ancient warrior, wearing a hero scarf, a tunic skirt and red tassel shoes, quite like soldiers and generals who fought in the battlefield in ancient times.

Ansai waist drum is dominated by the dancers' own drum beat, accompanied by folk advocacy bands, including drums, cymbals and gongs. , and suona playing Qupai, commonly used (Soushan Order).

The formation and development of Ansai waist drum is closely related to the local historical and geographical environment and customs. Ansai is located in the north of Yan 'an area in Shaanxi Province, with vast territory and criss-crossing gullies. Yanhe River meanders through the territory, which is a typical loess plateau landform. Historically, it is a military town, known as "the throat of the upper county" and "the lock key of the north gate", and it is one of the frontier fortresses to resist foreign invasion. According to local legends, as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, waist drums were regarded as indispensable equipment as swords, guns, bows and arrows by garrison soldiers. In case of enemy raid, drum alarm and send messages; The two armies fought to cheer with drums; After the victory of the battle, the foot soldiers beat drums to celebrate. With the passage of time, the waist drum gradually developed from military use into a folk dance for local people to pray for gods, wish a bumper harvest and celebrate the Spring Festival, thus making the waist drum more mass. However, in the style and performance of drum music, the heroic spirit of some Qin and Han soldiers has been retained.

198 1 year, an ancient tomb was found on the hillside of Wangzhuang Village, Liangcun Township, Yan 'an City, adjacent to Ansai County. Among them, two waist drum portrait bricks with the same shape and characters were unearthed, both of which were fired after molding. Appraised by experts of cultural relics and archaeology in Yan 'an area, it was created for the Song Dynasty. The drummer shaped on the portrait brick has a thin waist, sideways, his head raised to the left and rear, his left foot touched the ground, his right leg stepped out, his hands were high and low, and he waved a mallet to beat the drum; The man on the left is a cymbal knocker. He jumps up with his feet, sucks his left leg, looks at the left, and puts his hands on his chest to play cymbals. Drummers, shirtless, wearing bloomers and ribbons around their waists, floated to the front and bottom. In particular, the action and image of the drummer are quite similar to the fourth beat of "standing kick" and the second beat of "forward" of Ansai waist drum today. Waist drum portrait brick has a clear picture and beautiful shape, which vividly shows the performance of waist drum in northern Shaanxi in Song Dynasty and provides precious and informative cultural relics for studying the historical origin and development of waist drum in northern Shaanxi.

From 65438 to 0942, the New Yangko Movement in Yan 'an and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region developed Ansai waist drum, an ancient folk art, and became a symbol for hundreds of millions of soldiers and civilians to celebrate victory and liberation. Also known as "Victory Waist Drum", it spread all over China and entered the glorious history of the revolutionary literature and art movement. 195 1 year, Ansai waist drum participated in the national folk music and dance performance, and folk artists such as Ai Xiushan from Fengjiaying Village in Ansai taught waist drum skills to China Youth Art Troupe. Ansai Waist Drum won a special prize after performing in Budapest's World Young Students' Day, which made it famous at home and abroad.

Ansai waist drum is a unique folk large-scale dance art form with a history of more than 2,000 years. The unique charm of Ansai waist drum image soars in the yellow land, which shows the simple and bold character of farmers in the northwest loess plateau and their unique artistic personality.

In Beijing, Hongkong and China, the capitals of China, it has displayed its elegant demeanor and attracted the attention of the whole world. Bold and rough movements and vigorous dancing fully reflect the simple, brave and powerful character of the people in the northern Shaanxi Plateau.

As early as 1986, Ansai Waist Drum won the highest honor-the first China Folk Dance Competition. In recent years, he has performed in 1 1 Asian Games opening ceremony, celebrating the return of Hong Kong and other large-scale activities, and went to Japan to perform. Ansai waist drum performance can be performed by several people or thousands of people. Magnificent, delicate and intoxicating, it is called the first drum in the world.

Ansai waist drum has a long history and unique style. It combines dance, song and martial arts, and has the characteristics of changeable formation, firmness and boldness. Nowadays, Ansai waist drum has stepped out of the Loess Plateau and spread all over the country with a rough and unconstrained image.

Ansai waist drum is a unique folk large-scale dance art form with a history of more than 2,000 years. The unique charm of Ansai waist drum image soars in the yellow land, which shows the simple and bold character of farmers in the northwest loess plateau and their unique artistic personality.

In Beijing, Hongkong and China, the capitals of China, it has displayed its elegant demeanor and attracted the attention of the whole world. Bold and rough movements and vigorous dancing fully reflect the simple, brave and powerful character of the people in the northern Shaanxi Plateau.

As early as 1986, Ansai Waist Drum won the highest honor-the first China Folk Dance Competition. In recent years, he has performed in 1 1 Asian Games opening ceremony, celebrating the return of Hong Kong and other large-scale activities, and went to Japan to perform. Ansai waist drum performance can be performed by several people or thousands of people. Magnificent, delicate and intoxicating, it is called the first drum in the world.

An ancient legend, a distant history

Ansai waist drum has a long history, and its roots can be traced back to drums. According to Shan Hai Jing, drums were used in the war between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou. Huangdi is one of the ancestors of the Chinese nation, named Xuanyuan. Chiyou is a tribal leader who lived in the East in ancient times. Legend has it that they are descendants of Emperor Yan. Chiyou, with fierce nature and high martial arts, wanted to seize the throne of the Yellow Emperor and occupy the Central Plains. He led the tribe and the Yellow Emperor to launch an earth-shattering war in Zhuolu (now Zhuolu County, Hebei Province) in the north. At the beginning of the war, Chiyou's army was very strong and the Yellow Emperor was defeated. In addition, the generals of Chiyou are ferocious, fierce and iron-armed. At the same time, everyone has the ability to make strange sounds and confuse people. When the Yellow Emperor's army heard this sound, it lost its fighting capacity in a daze. How to reverse this situation? One day,

The Yellow Emperor found a beast "Kui" shaped like a cow on Liubo Mountain in the East China Sea. Whenever it goes in and out of the sea, it always screams with its mouth open, and its voice sounds like thunder. The wise yellow emperor thought that Chiyou's army was most afraid of hearing the sound of "beating drums" and "rumbling", and "thunder" could be used! So he grabbed it, skinned it, covered it on a wooden circular frame and named it "Drum". The drum lacks a mallet to beat. The Yellow Emperor thought of "Lei Shou" in Razer again. This "Lei Shou" often slaps his stomach to play, and every time he slaps his stomach, he will give out a thunder. So the Yellow Emperor ordered people to catch it, kill it, and pull out the biggest bone from it as a drumstick. The Yellow Emperor moved the drum to the battlefield and struck it nine times with a mallet. Sure enough, the sound was like thunder, the mountains echoed and the world changed color. The Yellow Emperor's military strength increased greatly, which scared Chiyou's soldiers out of their wits. The troops of the Yellow Emperor chased Chiyou in the deafening drums, captured Chiyou and won the war. The Biography of the Yellow Emperor reads: "The Yellow Emperor cut Chiyou, and Xuan Nv made a yak drum with 80 faces, which shook for 500 miles and even shook for 800 miles."

Shan Hai Jing: "There are six waves of mountains in the East China Sea, which flow seven thousand miles into the sea. There is a wild animal on it, which looks like a cow. It is pale and has no horns. When you step into and out of the water, there will be a storm. Its light is like the sun and the moon, and its sound is like thunder. The Yellow Emperor got it, with its skin as the drum and the bone of Lei Shou as the branch. It was heard that it was 500 miles and dominated the world. "

Since then, drums have been used to help wars, indicating the beginning, prosperity and end of wars. The dispute between Cao and Cao in Zuo Zhuan tells that in the early Spring and Autumn Period, under the pretext that Lu helped Gong Zijiu, who was competing with him for the throne, he sent troops to attack Lu. In the story of fighting with a long spoon, there are records of "the public will drum it", "the people will drum it three times" and "the drum will help the war". This shows the importance of drumming in the war, which not only indicates the beginning of the war, but also can cheer up the spirit, boost morale and deter the enemy. The war drum has become an indispensable equipment in war.

Drum is not only used in war, but also an indispensable percussion instrument in folk dance.

After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were more and more folk dances accompanied by drums, and even dances named after drums gradually appeared. The "Hundred Dramas" in Han paintings in Yinan, Shandong Province completely recorded the grand occasion of the performance of the "Hundred Dramas". Among them, the accompaniment instruments are percussion instruments such as bells, rocks and drums. Next to the magnificent sword drum, a man, wearing a wide robe and big sleeves, leaned sideways on the drum, holding his arms high, trying to beat the drum and dance healthily.

The Han Dynasty portrait brick unearthed in Pengxian County, Sichuan Province has six boards on the ground with two drums between them. There is a woman in a long-sleeved and slender waist dance skirt. She stepped on the drum and made a "bow climbing" gesture. Her left hand is forward, her long sleeves are flying, her right hand is bent at her waist, her long sleeves are dragged back, and she dances gracefully. In the "architectural inspiration" in the stone relief of Han Li in Dongan, Qufu, Shandong Province, dancers wear long-sleeved clothes, and drumsticks protrude from the long sleeves. The two of them beat gongs and drums and danced with bows and arrows. (See Wang Kefen's History of Ancient Dances in China) Dances named after drums in the Han Dynasty were encouraged. It can be seen that drum has become an indispensable accompaniment instrument in folk dance. Since then, drums have been used more widely.

Waist drum and expelling plague waist drum and war

According to legend, during the Zhou Wenwang period of the Zhou Dynasty, the people were happy, but the plague could not conquer them. From the monarch and his subjects to the common people, they are all worried about it. People tried their best to subdue the plague and seek a way to survive.

Some people say that plague is a monster, afraid of vibration and red color. People think of using drums to drive away the plague. They made a small drum, hung it around their waist and named it waist drum. People are dressed in waist drums, red and green, dressed as various "monsters", accompanied by drums, beating and jumping, shouting and screaming, triggering activities to drive away the epidemic and deter demons.

Strangely, the plague has been out of fashion since the activity began. Therefore, people engage in such exorcism activities regardless of season and time. "Wanqiu" records: "Qi Qi Drum, Wanqiu Mountain, no winter and no summer, is worth its heron feathers." At the foot of Wanqiu Mountain, people danced with the drums, regardless of winter and summer. This is a true portrayal of the activities of exorcising epidemics and shaking demons.

The exorcism dance in Zhou and Warring States Period was "Qingyi". Fang Zeng "wore a bear skin with four eyes of gold and a mysterious coat with a Levin shield, so it was difficult to lead a hundred troops, so he used a cable room to exorcise evil spirits." ("Zhou Li Shimonoseki")

In fact, this anti-epidemic activity is a kind of psychotherapy. In the earth-shaking drums, people's evil thoughts about the "plague" were forgotten and depressed emotions were aroused. With spiritual support, confidence and determination to overcome the plague, the plague no longer exists.

The plague was banished and people lived a quiet life again. In order to prevent the plague from coming back, everyone spontaneously organized epidemic prevention activities. Replace that shouting with singing in words to express your feelings. This kind of singing is the prototype of the umbrella head later.

Since then, people have consciously divided their work. Some people are engaged in singing activities, others are engaged in agricultural production such as transplanting rice seedlings, so they got the word "yangko". The word "yangko" is a true reflection of people's activities of transplanting rice seedlings and singing at that time.

"In accordance with the festival weather in Qin dynasty, the activities in Han dynasty were more prosperous. In the second year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 59), the season of welcoming guests to the five suburbs was announced: on the day of beginning of spring, the Spring Festival was held in the eastern suburbs, where Di Qing's words were sacrificed, Qingyang's songs were sung and wings were danced. In summer, autumn and winter, there are songs of Xihao, Lindi and Xuanming, and songs and dances in Shang Jun are particularly prosperous. " (Biography of the White Tiger, Volume II, Rites and Music).

With the development of history, the use of waist drum has been expanding, which is not only the aid of war, but also the drive away of epidemic diseases and the shock of demons. This activity was very popular in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it was the most popular in Qin State.

Ansai is located in the northwest fortress, far away from the ancient Great Wall and the Mu Us Desert in Inner Mongolia, and close to the northern ethnic minorities. It is from north to south, leading to the throat of the Central Plains. Therefore, it is known as the "lock key in the north of Saibei" and "the throat of Shangjun", and it is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. Ancient and modern defense facilities, city walls, passes, beacon towers (piers), fortresses, villages, cliff kilns, trenches and civil air defense fortifications can be seen everywhere, and relics and sites still exist.

Since the Qin Dynasty, Ansai has been a battleground for military strategists. According to legend, watchmen regard waist drum as an indispensable war equipment in battle, just like swords and bows.

In case of sudden attack, call the police with drums and transmit information; The two armies confronted each other, drumming to help the war, and deterring the enemy; When the enemy is outnumbered, he loses the battle and calls for help; When the enemy is defeated, it is very interesting to beat drums to celebrate victory. With the development of history, the military use of waist drum has gradually disappeared, and it has become a prop and accompaniment for people to sing and dance, so as to adjust the boring life of "no music all the year round".

Waist drum and entertainment

The Tang Dynasty was a glorious period of development in the history of China. Politics, economy, diplomacy, and culture and art have all entered their heyday.

Drum was widely used in dance in Tang Dynasty. Zuo Buji and Li Buji are two representative dances, among which the broken music is the most famous. Legend has it that it spread to Japan and became famous at home and abroad. It is accompanied by drums and reflects the strong life in the war. The accompaniment of "Zhezhi Dance" is mainly drums, with a lively and strong rhythm. Zhang Xiaobao's poem "Breaking Branches" in the Tang Dynasty: "Breaking Branches Begins to Drum ……" and Bai Juyi's poem "Breaking Branches Prostitutes": "Beating three times to draw a drum to urge …" all describe the appearance of a broken branch dancer in the drum.

Waist drums were widely used in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The explanation of waist drum in Ci Hai is: "The ancient waist drum, according to Chen Chang's Le Shu:' The big one is a tile, and the small one is a wood, with a broad head and a thin belly.' During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was used for music of Xiliang, Qiuci, Shule, Koryo and Gaochang. Hang it around your waist and pat it with your hands. "This shows that the waist drum was not only widely used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also its form, structure and use have developed and changed. The art of yangko is a twist formed in the Tang Dynasty, which is quite like a twist of yangko silk, but "singers don't dance, dancers don't sing".

Waist drum in song dynasty

Yangko and waist drum activities were very prosperous in the Song Dynasty, mostly mass activities. Yangko in Qing Dynasty is no exception. Yangge was popular not only in rural areas, but also in cities at that time. "The yangko team is noisy in spring", and the people watching yangko are packed. "If the ant tourists can't stop it, they will squeeze through the stadium." (Yuan Xu Qi's "Yanjing Zhi Zhu Ci") "The hub hits the shoulder and is overwhelmed." (Ke Yu's "Yanjing Zhi Zhu Ci") Yangko is constantly enriched in content and form, and its art is constantly maturing. According to ancient records: "Farmers, every spring, dozens of women and children transplant rice into the fields, play a Lao drum, and a group of songs compete for it, called yangko." The word "yangko" is widely used and has become a unified scientific name recognized by the whole country.

In the Song Dynasty, folk dances continued to develop despite the constant wars and great sufferings of people of all ethnic groups. There were many "tiles" in Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the Southern Song Dynasty, which were fixed places for performing various skills, including flower drums. The word "flower drum" has been passed down from generation to generation. The specific performance form is not recorded in detail. With the development of dance in Song Dynasty, a huge amateur dance team passed down from generation to generation appeared. In festivals, every village and society has its own folk dance team. "Every society will not be less than a few days." This kind of dance team is sometimes called "social fire". (Song Fan Chengda's "Thirty-two Rhymes of the Fifth Middle School Festival in Yuan Dynasty" Author's original note: Folk drum music is called "social fire". ) Fan Chengda's poem: "Song is frivolous, crazy club dance." An ancient tomb of the Song Dynasty was excavated in Xicha Township, Ganquan County, northern Shaanxi Province. There are some bricks on the grave. The man held a big round umbrella high, with a bulging back and a ribbon around his waist. He jumped forward, the ribbons danced, and the dance was vigorous and beautiful, strong and powerful, forming a left bow and arrow shape. (See Song Dynasty Waist Drum Portrait Brick) According to "Ansai County Records", "Qin set up Gaonu County, and its territory includes northern Ganquan, Yan 'an City, Ansai County and other places. "Xicha Township originally belonged to Ansai, and it was placed under the jurisdiction of Ganquan in June1935165438+10. An ancient tomb of the Song Dynasty was excavated in Yuezhongzhuang, Zhaoan Township, Ansai County. There are two portraits of drumming on the tomb brick. Appraised by the state, it is a work of the Song Dynasty. The image created by the relief is simple and vivid, and the costumes and props of the characters are basically similar to those of today's waist drum players, with vigorous and unrestrained dance, simple and elegant movements, and vigorous and powerful. (See Yue Zhongzhuang, Zhao 'an Township, Ansai County, Song Dynasty waist drum portrait brick. This further proves that the waist drum has been widely circulated in the Song Dynasty, forming a complete artistic system.

Hard waist drum

Dengaku in Yuan Dynasty is a kind of folk song and dance that expresses agricultural labor life, with strong local flavor. Fan Chengda, a poet in the Song Dynasty, vividly described the grand occasion of the Lantern Festival folk social fire performance: "Ye Li of Murata". It seems that when performing "Tian Le Cun", you should dress up as a farmer, put on hemp fiber and a straw hat and dance. "Tianle Village" changed in Qing Dynasty. Wu Xixi, a writer in A Qing, wrote a New Year's Miscellaneous Fu, which read: "Yangko is also Tianle Village in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are monks, sons, flower drums, floret, Tian Gong (village man), fishermen, hawkers and street lights, which make the audience laugh. " The female role in the yangko team is called "Lahua", which is also a dance form in yangko. It can be seen that many programs of folk dance teams in the Song Dynasty spread to the Qing Dynasty, but they were no longer called "dance teams" but "yangko teams". Yangko in Qing Dynasty was related to Dengaku Village in Song Dynasty. Because folk dance is closely related to people's production and life, it has a broad mass base and tenacious vitality, so Yangko can continue to spread and develop in the long-term turmoil. (Wang Kefen, History of Ancient Dance in China)

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, peasant uprisings surged, and the ruling class stepped up the destruction and strangulation of art in order to bind people's thoughts. At the end of feudal society, the seeds of capitalism were born, and the original art form could not meet the prosperous city life, which promoted the vigorous development of various arts.

As early as the Tang Dynasty, when the art of dance was very popular in Sheng Xing, the imperial court issued an order prohibiting folk music and dance. In the second year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 14), a ban was issued: "You should stop touring villages for fun." (Tang) After the tenth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 167 1 year), there were many decrees prohibiting yangko from swimming and singing. New Miscellaneous Copy: In the fifty-seventh year of Kangxi (A.D. 17 18), a decree prohibiting yangko and dragon lanterns was issued: "At that time, it is urgent to investigate the Lantern Festival, sing yangko, dance lanterns ... and his long lanterns." The prohibition of the feudal ruling class hindered the development of folk art. Nevertheless, because of its deep mass foundation, the art of yangko has been repeatedly banned and has become the main form for people to express their thoughts, feelings, wishes and interests, praise love, and celebrate victory and harvest.

Modern yangko

China is a feudal autocratic country with a history of several thousand years. Political changes, peasant uprisings, religious arts, folk activities, etc. All previous dynasties have always been branded with feudal superstition. In a sense, many valuable things and meaningful activities are full of the color of superstition, which lasts forever among the people who are superstitious. Ansai waist drum is no exception. Inspired by the war drums, it originated from epidemic prevention and evolved in epidemic prevention activities. It was born out of this and became an important song and dance form of folk entertainment.

Some places of "Yangko" are called "Yangko" and some places are called "Goya". In this regard, there are different explanations and statements.

"Yang" and "Yang" are homophonic. In the long-term spread process, people mistakenly wrote "Yang" as "Yang". So the word "yangko" appeared.

Secondly, there are essential differences and differences between "Yangko" and "Yangko". "Yangko" is a singing activity that people carry out from driving away epidemics to engaging in agricultural production. With the improvement of people's understanding of nature, Yangko believes that the sun plays an important role in human activities. Without the sun, there would be no bright world and no human beings.

The sun is a symbol of light and a better life for mankind. People should sing for the sun. So it's called "yangko". Therefore, people make a big umbrella out of round cloth in the shape of the sun to show their worship of the sun, so it is called "sunshine umbrella". The Song Dynasty portrait brick unearthed in Xicha Township of Ganquan is a powerful proof.

Third, the umbrella head symbolizes Jiang Ziya, holding the umbrella of the gods of the world, carrying its nine obsidian and twenty-eight stars, being deified by the gods, which is a great event, and the rolling pin taken by the two gods behind him is a whip to drive away the gods and avoid disaster for all the people in the world. So yangko is also called "tooth song".