The evolution and role of production management mode in the mining and metallurgy industry

At the same time, or successively, the mining and metallurgical industry has adopted three modes of production management: the labor system, the recruitment system and the contract system. The change movements therein have had a very important impact on the development of the mining and metallurgical industry. This chapter discusses the characteristics and evolution of these three modes of operation.1. Weakening of the labor system production and prosperity of the hiring system production in the early Northern Song Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty. The typical feature of labor system production was the enslavement of laborers by the feudal state or the landlord class by means of super-economic coercion and the direct appropriation of the fruits of their surplus labor without compensation. This form of production prevailed in the early feudal period and began to weaken gradually after the reform of the two tax laws in the Middle Tang Dynasty. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, although it was no longer the practice of directly engaging in unpaid servitude to laborers, some practices in the form of servitude still occupied a certain position, mainly manifested in the following three aspects: first, the feudal state had stronger personal control over mining and metallurgical households, and could freely assign or send people to engage in mining and metallurgical production; second, the superior households sent people to serve as the chief official and yamen, and it was stipulated that the chief official and yamen had to pay a fixed number of shifts. Third, the production of slave van soldiers and miscellaneous criminals. This section describes only the first two aspects of the phenomenon; the third will be discussed later. Let us look at the first aspect: Song Taizong, after his accession to the throne, wanted to increase the amount of money for casting copper, but suffered from the lack of copper, so he entrusted the transit ambassador to deal with and develop the copper mines, and he knew the situation of copper production in the valleys of Rao, Xin, and Chu, that is to say, he sent his men to the Tingfu mines of the counties to mine them. Chunhua five years, due to Xinzhou copper goods boom, the court also set up Baofeng County, entrenching officials and working people, bent on mining minerals. In areas where there were few or no mines, some families had to pay annual fees to the state, thus placing a heavy burden on hard-working families. For example, there is no place for the Shaojin mining field, and there are no pits or wells. However, the government had more than 1,100 associate artisans who were supposed to buy more than 600 taels of gold, leading to the people's inability to pay and even committing suicide. Due to the lack of fees, many workers in the mines were often forced to sell their property or were detained and imprisoned. In the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, hundreds of silver mine workers in Jiangle County, Nanjian County were detained by the government because they had lost their payments. During the reign of Emperor Renzong Jian'an, Laiwu supervised iron smelting and paid the people of the United States of America cars to transport iron while the people of the country the United States Congress worked hard. There are eighteen iron smelters in Dengzhou who are unable to start iron smelting because they are poor. In the past year, they only sold their land and goods to buy iron officials, begging to stop paying iron law mpa adjunct professor He Qiao. To this end, a special investigation, and reported the situation to the court: I heard in the visit, the old state county produces the most iron, the family of close and distant family first begging smelting, and then meet their families, production and sales reduced, no iron prosperity. Officials do not recognize the poor, on the one hand, the original amount of iron, resulting in the destruction of their capital wealth, the children and grandchildren are inevitable. He pointed out: the result of this is not favorable to mineral exploitation. Not only the poor households can not start smelting, even the rich households are afraid of the consequences, not willing to re-enter the business, resulting in iron goods day by day, and the decline is prolonged. The above examples prove that in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Song government still took direct slavery to miners and smelters, and the phenomenon of slavery and exploitation was more serious. In addition to the direct production of mining and smelting households for personal constraints and exploitation, the government also stipulated that economically stronger advantageous households as official officials, responsible for paying a fixed amount of mineral resources to the state. Despite being a great official and a first-class emperor's son-in-law

Raozhou was an important gold-producing area. Song Renzong Tiansheng three years, the government foreign minister Liu Hong in his last speech mentioned the court in Raozhou to buy land). Gold, although tired, the evils are so deep that extravagant merchants exercise their rights and the poor are trapped by them. Although the poor people in front of my official door all want money to buy in bulk, but every time the food will be exhausted. The phenomenon of military iron smelting labor in Xiangli City was more serious. During the reign of King Jeongjong, the military and iron smelting industry of Richeng flourished, and the government paid 150,000 pounds of iron when they were two years old. After that the mountains were cut down and the cost of dipping was large and could be unacceptable. Although the first six people of Lixing were added, they were also unemployed one after another. So this state six counties in white there are 30 charging households, more unpopular, the people suffer, until Renzong and He Nian asked Han Qi when he knew the Elephant State, he did not want to play this civil servant. From the above two aspects can be seen, from the beginning of the Song Dynasty to the period of Renzong, the feudal state use - people's super-economic power to dominate - people, whether it is enslaving the working people mining and smelting, or send them to the Yamen to pay a fixed amount of instructions, the form of labor system was quite severe. As a result of this type of production and operation in many mines, the wealth of mining and smelting households was depleted, labor productivity was destroyed, and people either could not afford to open mines or fled from the war, so that the mineral resources were reduced year by year and the mines were deserted. Obviously, this kind of super-economic coercion hindered the development of the mining and metallurgical industry, and its drawbacks were more and more fully exposed. While the labor system increasingly hindered the development of the mining and metallurgical industry, another mode of management -, the recruitment system - flourished. The recruitment system in the Song dynasty referred to the recruitment of workers in government and private mines. Instead of being arbitrarily dispatched by the government, they had the freedom to choose their work and move around, and were paid according to the amount of labor they put in or the amount of product they sold. It is recorded that during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty, the copper mining field in Leadshan County, Xinzhou adopted the recruitment system. At that time, copper mining production was so prosperous that there was no calculation of copper production. More than 100,000 people went over to dig for copper. Later, as the supply of copper production exceeded the demand, some companies discussed lowering the price of copper, so the leaders of the digging mountains kind of sought other ways to make a living. Until the government set up a money casting supervisor in Chizhou and other places, the copper needed to cast 400,000 dollars a year was given by Lead Mountain Copper, which increased the demand for copper and regulated the conflict between supply and demand, so that the copper was no longer stagnant, and so the price went up. In addition to Xinzhou Lead Mountain copper field, another large official copper field ---- Shaozhou Cengshui field, later a similar phenomenon: Song Renzong period, Shaozhou Cengshui field copper mining development rapidly, Cengshui copper industry made big profits, the official city people only give a blank check, accumulating huge sums of money. The recipients paid for the copper, but did not. They couldn't get paid, so they couldn't make a living. So big events private casting, treacherous travel gatherings, in the face of fierce resistance from the workers, the court appointed Cai Kang as Guangnan East Road Transit Ambassador, catching thieves is very harsh, but Cai Kang believes that this countermeasure is not desirable. The government buys copper, it it is an official, but it it is not straight, and it is not privately owned, so it can get money for food and clothes. This is how they can be punished, bandits are the ones who break the law. Thus, Caikang took measures such as careful budgeting, refusal of excess spending, and immediate repayment of money to restore the situation where the people were not happy but private investment was abandoned. From the above two incidents, the copper mine field in Leadshan County, Xinzhou and the Cen Shui field in Shaozhou both arose from the conscription system. Between workers and employers, the sale of products has been the expression of their economic relationship. Coal miners did not