The Basic Concept of Logistics —— Effective Measures of Transportation Rationalization

For a long time, the working people in our country have explored and created many rational transportation methods in production practice, and achieved results in a certain period and under certain conditions, which are summarized as follows:

1. Improve the actual loading rate of transportation. The actual load rate has two meanings: one is the ratio of the product of the actual load and distance of a bicycle to the product of the calibrated load and mileage, which is an important index to judge whether the loading is reasonable when arranging the transportation of a bicycle or a single ship; The second is the statistical index of vehicles and vessels, that is, the actual cargo turnover of vehicles and vessels (in tons and kilometers) in a certain period accounts for the percentage of the product of the tonnage of vehicles and vessels and the number of kilometers traveled. When calculating the mileage of vehicles and boats, it includes not only the goods driving, but also the empty car driving.

The significance of improving the actual load rate is to make full use of the rated capacity of the means of transport, reduce the time of empty and incomplete driving, and reduce waste, so as to realize the rationalization of transportation.

China once advocated "fully loaded super-axle" in railway transportation, among which; The meaning of "full load" is to make full use of the volume and load of freight cars, carry more goods and drive empty cars in order to achieve the purpose of rationalization. This practice played a positive role in promoting the development of transportation at that time. At present, one advantage of the "distribution" mode at home and abroad is to assemble a variety of goods needed by a family with a variety of goods needed by a family, so as to make full and reasonable use of the volume and load. Compared with the previous situation that most of the delivery trucks were empty, this is an improvement in transportation rationalization. In railway transportation, taking specific measures such as vehicle transportation, combined loading, vehicle unloading, and less-than-load vehicles are all effective measures to improve the actual load rate.

2. Take effective measures to reduce power input, improve transportation capacity and realize rationalization. The main points of this rationalization are: less input, more output and higher efficiency. The investment in transportation is mainly energy consumption and infrastructure construction. In the case that infrastructure construction has been finalized, minimizing energy input is the core of less input. Doing so can greatly save freight, reduce the transportation cost of unit goods and achieve the goal of rationalization.

Effective measures taken at home and abroad in this regard are:

(1) The "fully loaded axle" mentioned above refers to adding more trailer skins when the locomotive capacity is sufficient. When the domestic passenger transport is tight, we also adopt the way of lengthening and towing more trains to increase the traffic volume without increasing locomotives.

(2) Towing and water towing. The transportation of bamboo, wood and other materials, using the buoyancy of bamboo and wood itself, has no means of transport, and adopts towing mode to transport, which can save the power consumption of the means of transport itself and seek rationality; Organizing unpowered barges into a certain formation, usually a "row", and towing them with tugboats can have the advantage of greater transport capacity than ships and seek rationalization.

(3) incremental launching method. This is an effective method for inland waterway cargo transportation in China. Inland river barges are organized into a certain formation and propelled by motorboats. Its advantages are low navigation resistance, high propulsion, high speed and low transportation cost.

(4) car trailer. The principle of car trailer is basically the same as that of towing a ship and adding a trailer to a train, both of which increase the transport capacity on the basis of making full use of power capacity.

3. Develop a socialized transportation system. The significance of transportation socialization lies in giving full play to the huge production advantages of transportation and breaking the situation that one household has its own transportation system according to the actual division of labor.

One household's transportation scale is small, with its own vehicles and self-service, so it is impossible to form a scale, and one household's transportation demand is limited, so it is difficult to adjust itself. Therefore, it is often prone to waste phenomena such as empty car driving, improper selection of transport capacity (because of limited means of transport, narrow selection range) and inability to fully load, and the supporting collection and delivery facilities and loading and unloading facilities are also difficult to operate effectively, which is quite wasteful. Traffic socialization can unify the means of transportation according to the arrangement, avoid many unreasonable forms such as convection, backflow, idling and improper transportation capacity, and pursue both organizational benefits and scale benefits. Therefore, developing socialized transportation system is an important measure for traffic rationalization.

At present, the socialized transportation system of train transportation has been relatively perfect, while in road transportation, small-scale production mode is very common, which is the focus of establishing socialized transportation system.

In the socialized transportation system, all kinds of intermodal transportation systems are of high level. The mode of combined transport makes full use of all kinds of transportation systems facing the society and carries out one-vote transportation through agreement, which effectively breaks the small production of one household and is welcomed.

China has created a "one-stop" freight mode when adopting the socialized transport system of combined transport. For products with stable production and sales, we signed agreements with social transportation departments such as railways and transportation in advance, stipulating special receiving and arrival, special air routes and transportation routes, and special ships and berths, which effectively ensured the stable transportation of many industrial products and made great achievements.

4. Diversion of short and medium-distance railways and highways, and "public transportation instead of iron". The main point of this measure is to make the best use of the highway within the economic mileage of highway transportation, or beyond the usual average economic mileage after demonstration. This rationalization of transportation is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, for the relatively tight railway transportation, it can be relieved to some extent after highway diversion, thus increasing the transportation capacity of this section; The second is to make full use of the high-speed and flexible advantages of road door-to-door and midway transportation to achieve the level that railway transportation services are difficult to achieve.

At present, China's "replacing iron with public" is more common in the transportation of groceries, daily necessities and coal, generally within 200 kilometers, sometimes up to 700? One thousand kilometers. After careful technical and economic demonstration, it is reasonable for Shanxi coal to be transported by railway to Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other places.

5. Try to develop direct transportation. Direct transportation is an important form of pursuing transportation rationalization. The main point of rationalization is to improve transportation speed, save loading and unloading costs and reduce transit cargo damage by reducing transit overload and load change. The advantages of direct transportation are the most prominent, especially when the first batch of transportation and the first demand of users reach a whole vehicle. In addition, in the transportation of means of production and means of subsistence, establishing a stable production and marketing relationship and transportation system through direct access is also conducive to improving the planning level of transportation, and considering the most effective technology to achieve this stable transportation, thus greatly improving transportation efficiency.

In particular, like other rationalization measures, the rationality of direct transportation will only be shown under certain conditions, and it cannot be absolutely considered that direct transportation is definitely better than transit transportation. This should be judged comprehensively from the overall logistics according to the requirements of users. From the point of view of users' demand, it is reasonable to directly access when the batch is large to a certain extent, and it is also reasonable to transfer when the batch is small.

6. stowage transportation. It is a mode of transportation that makes full use of the carrying capacity and volume of the means of transport, and reasonably arranges the loading of goods and the mode of transport, so as to achieve rationalization. Loading transportation is also an effective form to improve the actual loading rate of transportation tools.

Loading and transportation is usually a mixture of light goods and heavy goods. In the case of heavy cargo transportation, at the same time, it carries some light-bubble goods, such as sea mines, yellow sand, wood and bamboo. On the surface of the warehouse, farmers and by-products with light bubbles are transported by railway to heavy goods such as ore and steel. Under the condition of basically not increasing the input of transportation capacity and basically not reducing the transportation of heavy goods, the effect of solving the transportation of light bubble goods is remarkable. Source: www.examda.com.

7. "Four Up" Direct Pull Transportation. "Four-to-one" direct pull is a form of reducing transit transportation links and striving to complete transportation tasks with the least number of transit times. Generally, goods that arrive at stations or ports in batches must first enter the warehouses of distribution departments or wholesale departments, and then be distributed or sold to users according to procedures. Therefore, unreasonable transportation often occurs.

"Four Up" direct dialing, first of all, is planned by the management organization in advance, and then the goods are distributed to users in factories or stations (docks), warehouses and trains (ships) without having to be put into storage again.

8. Develop special transport technologies and means of transport. Relying on scientific and technological progress is an important way to rationalize transportation. For example, special bulk and tank trucks solve the problems of large transportation loss and poor safety of powder and liquid; Kangaroo wagons and large semi-trailers solve the overall transportation problem of large equipment; "ro-ro ship" solves the problem of vehicle-borne cargo transportation. Container ships can hold more containers than ordinary ships, and high-speed direct container transportation speeds up the transportation, all of which are rationalized by using advanced science and technology.

9. Rationalize transportation through the distribution process. There are many products, and it is difficult to rationalize transportation because of the shape and characteristics of the products themselves. If properly handled, the problem of reasonable transportation can be effectively solved. For example, the problem of insufficient transportation of papermaking raw materials can be solved by pretreating papermaking raw materials into dry pulp at the place of origin and then compressing the volume for transportation. Light bubble products are packed into specified sizes in advance, so it is easy to increase the loading capacity when loading; Pre-freezing aquatic products and meat can improve vehicle loading rate and reduce transportation loss.