How does plate tectonic theory explain land-sea distribution and surface morphology?

Plate tectonics is a new continental drift theory put forward by French geologists Le Pixiong, Mackenzie and Morgan in 1968, which is a concrete extension of submarine spreading theory.

Plate tectonics, also called global tectonics. The so-called plate refers to the lithospheric plate, including the whole crust and the top of the upper mantle below Moho, that is, the top of the mantle above the crust and asthenosphere. According to the new global tectonic theory, large-scale horizontal movement has occurred and continues to occur in continental and marine crust. However, this horizontal movement does not occur between Si-Al layer and Si-Mg layer as envisaged by continental drift theory, but the lithospheric plate moves on the whole mantle asthenosphere like a conveyor belt, and the mainland is just a "passenger" on the conveyor belt.

Le Pixiong divided the global crust into six plates in 1968. Pacific plate, Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, America plate, India plate (including Australia) and South plate. Except for the Pacific plate, which is almost entirely ocean, the other five plates have both continents and oceans. In addition, the plate can be divided into several sub-plates. For example, the American plate can be divided into South America and North America, and the Philippines, Arabian Peninsula and Turkey can also be used as independent small plates. The boundaries between plates are mid-ocean ridge or ocean ridge, deep trench, transform fault and ground suture. The ridge here generally refers to the mountains at the bottom of the ocean. There is a seismically active ocean ridge between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, also known as the mid-ridge, which consists of two parallel ridge peaks and a middle canyon. There is also an earthquake ridge in the Pacific Ocean, but not in the middle of the ocean, but in the east. It is not very rugged, and there are no two rows of ridge peaks separated by the middle canyon. It is often called the rise of the central Pacific. The oceanic ridge is actually an area where the submarine splits to produce a new crust. Transform fault is a mid-ocean ridge cut into small segments by many transverse faults. It is not a simple translation fault, but a fault with one side split and the other side horizontally dislocated. Wilson called it transform fault. When two plates collide, the contact zone is squeezed and deformed, forming a folded mountain range, which sews up the originally separated two continents, which is called ground fissure. Generally speaking, within the plates, the crust is relatively stable, and the boundary between plates is a relatively active zone of the crust. Volcanic and seismic activities, faults, compressional folds, magma rising and crustal subduction occur frequently.