What kind of opera is Nuo Opera, the source of China Opera?

Nuo Opera, also known as Nuo Opera and Duangong Opera, is a form of opera based on folk sacrificial ceremonies and is widely popular in Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hebei and other provinces. Performances include Meng Jiangnv, Ponzi nv, Dragon King Nv, Peach Blossom Cave God and Liangshan Heroes. In addition, there are some repertoires based on the Biography of Mu Lian, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the story of The Journey to the West. Nuo Opera, also known as Nuo Opera and Duangong Opera, is a form of opera based on folk sacrificial ceremonies and is widely popular in Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hebei and other provinces. Nuo opera originated in ancient times. As early as the pre-Qin period, there were witchcraft songs and Nuo dances to entertain the gods and people. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, various local operas flourished, and Nuo dance absorbed the form of traditional operas and developed into Tang Nuo Opera and Duangong Opera. After the Nuo Opera was formed in Xiangxi during the Kangxi period, it entered the Yangtze River from Shui Yuan and developed rapidly to various places, forming different schools and artistic styles. The Nuo Opera in Hunan and Hubei has absorbed the performing arts of ancient paintings, the Nuo Opera in Sichuan and Guizhou has absorbed the artistic elements of lanterns, and the Nuo Opera in Jiangxi and Anhui has absorbed the nourishment of Hui Opera and Mulian Opera. The Nuo operas performed include Meng Jiangnv, Ponzi Nv, Dragon King Nv, Taoyuandong Shen, Liangshan Di and so on. In addition, there are some repertoires based on the Biography of Mu Lian, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the story of The Journey to the West. The script sings much more than Bai, and is good at explaining events, expanding contradictions and shaping images through long narrative lyrics. Singing in the local dialect, except for the first track, all the other singers sing opera accents familiar to the local people. Except for the suona accompaniment at the end of sentences in Yuanling, Hunan, most Nuo operas only use percussion instruments such as gongs, drums and cymbals. The foot colors of Nuo opera are divided into healthy, Dan, clean and ugly, and most of them are performed with masks. Masks are carved and painted with wood that is not easy to crack, such as camphor wood, clove wood and poplar wood. According to the shape, it can be divided into full face and half face. The whole face is carved with the hat worn by the character and the whole face, and half of the face is only carved above the nose, without mouth and chin. Characters are cured by the body? ⑽ Huan a muscle? ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗ ⒗? Quiet pepper, quiet salary, dear? Shi Jian fu Jian? Dear Jian? Do you know? Tanning? But? What's the matter with you? Due to the different historical background and artistic influence, Nuo opera can be divided into three types: Nuo opera, local opera and Yang opera. Local opera is a kind of Nuo opera performed by descendants of soldiers who stayed in Yunnan and Guizhou in the early Ming Dynasty to sacrifice their ancestors. There are no folk life dramas and talent and beauty dramas, which are all martial arts dramas that reflect historical stories. Yang opera, on the other hand, was performed by Master Duan Gong to the living after completing the Buddhism. Therefore, the main performances reflect the small plays of folk life, and the vocals are mostly absorbed from folk dramas such as flower drum lanterns. Nuo opera is a synthesis of history, folklore, folk religion and primitive drama, which contains rich cultural genes and has important research value. Nuo operas around the country are mainly spread in rural areas. With the development of society, entertainment activities are constantly enriched, and fewer and fewer people are willing to watch Nuo opera, which makes it difficult to inherit it. Nuo Opera (Pinyin: nuóxì) originated in ancient times. As early as the pre-Qin period, there were witchcraft songs and Nuo dances to entertain the gods and people. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, various local operas flourished, and Nuo dance absorbed the form of traditional operas and developed into Tang Nuo Opera and Duangong Opera. After the Nuo Opera was formed in Xiangxi during the Kangxi period, it entered the Yangtze River from Shui Yuan and developed rapidly to various places, forming different schools and artistic styles. The Nuo Opera in Hunan and Hubei has absorbed the performing arts of ancient paintings, the Nuo Opera in Sichuan and Guizhou has absorbed the artistic elements of lanterns, and the Nuo Opera in Jiangxi and Anhui has absorbed the nourishment of Hui Opera and Mulian Opera. Nuo Opera, also known as Nuo Dance, is one of the local operas in China. It developed from the ancient Nuo instruments in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. At first, the story was performed by singing and dancing. When the image of Zhong Kui appeared in Nuo ceremony, Nuo opera came into being. Zhong Kui's story of playing the ghost began with Yi Shi, a collection of strange stories in the Tang Dynasty. The image of Zhong Kui in the opera is transplanted from the novel. He went to Beijing to fight Zhong Kui three times, and died of anger because of Yang Zhiquan. The jade emperor pitied his integrity, sealed the judge and ruled the ghosts and gods on earth. The green, yellow, red, white, black and five ghosts refused to obey, making a scene, and were surrendered by Zhong Kui. Nuo opera is popular in Sichuan, Guizhou, Guichi, Qingyang, Anhui and mountainous areas in western Hubei. Actors wearing wicker masks play the legendary exorcist, Nuo God, and perform repetitive and large-scale dance movements, mostly on fixed festivals. Very primitive dance style. [1] Nuo Opera, also known as Nuo Opera and Duangong Opera, is a traditional opera form based on folk sacrificial ceremonies, which is widely popular in Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hebei and other provinces. Nuo opera originated in ancient times. As early as the pre-Qin period, there were witchcraft songs and Nuo dances to entertain the gods and people. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, various local operas flourished, and Nuo dance absorbed the form of traditional operas and developed into Tang Nuo Opera and Duangong Opera. After the Nuo Opera was formed in Xiangxi during the Kangxi period, it entered the Yangtze River from Shui Yuan and developed rapidly to various places, forming different schools and artistic styles. The Nuo Opera in Hunan and Hubei has absorbed the performing arts of ancient paintings, the Nuo Opera in Sichuan and Guizhou has absorbed the artistic elements of lanterns, and the Nuo Opera in Jiangxi and Anhui has absorbed the nourishment of Hui Opera and Mulian Opera. China's Nuo opera has a long history, which originated from the Nuo sacrifice of totem worship in primitive society. In Shang Dynasty (1600- 1046), a fixed sacrificial ceremony was formed to drive away ghosts and diseases, which is Nuo dance. The development of Nuo dance has had an impact on local operas in China. Singing in the local dialect, except for the first track, all the other singers sing opera accents familiar to the local people. Except for the suona accompaniment at the end of sentences in Yuanling, Hunan, most Nuo operas only use percussion instruments such as gongs, drums and cymbals. The foot colors of Nuo opera are divided into healthy, Dan, clean and ugly, and most of them are performed with masks. Masks are carved and painted with wood that is not easy to crack, such as camphor wood, clove wood and poplar wood. According to the shape, it can be divided into full face and half face. The whole face is carved with the hat worn by the character and the whole face, and half of the face is only carved above the nose, without mouth and chin. Due to the different historical background and artistic influence, Nuo opera can be divided into three types: Nuo opera, local opera and Yang opera. Local opera is a kind of Nuo opera performed by descendants of soldiers who stayed in Yunnan and Guizhou in the early Ming Dynasty to sacrifice their ancestors. There are no folk life dramas and talent and beauty dramas, which are all martial arts dramas that reflect historical stories. Yang opera, on the other hand, was performed by Master Duan Gong to the living after completing the Buddhism. Therefore, the main performances reflect the small plays of folk life, and the vocals are mostly absorbed from folk dramas such as flower drum lanterns. Nuo opera is a synthesis of history, folklore, folk religion and primitive drama, which contains rich cultural genes and has important research value. Nuo operas around the country are mainly spread in rural areas. With the development of society, entertainment activities are constantly enriched, and fewer and fewer people are willing to watch Nuo opera, which makes it difficult to inherit it. Nuo Opera Wu 'an Nuo Opera Wu 'an City is located in the south of Hebei Province, three miles east of Handan City. Wu 'an Nuo Opera has a long history. Judging from the scale, lineup and function of Nuo Opera in Wu 'an, there is a legacy of Nuo Opera in Song Dynasty. Nuo opera in Wu 'an is rich in content, and there are all kinds of programs to entertain the gods and the people, including team drama, competition drama, bamboo horse and so on. The mask role of Nuo opera is primitive and simple. Nuo Opera in Guyi Village is a synthesis of traditional folk culture, which combines sacrifice, team play, competition play and various folk art forms. The performance not only educates people on ethics such as filial piety, but also shows people's good wishes for good weather, abundant crops and social peace in farming society. The existence of Nuo Opera in Wu 'an provides empirical data for studying the occurrence and development of China's ritual drama, which has important research value. Zhang Zhu, a special role in Nuo opera performance in Wu 'an, is the remains of Zhu Ganzi, the main creative actor of China's Song and Jin zaju. Nuo Opera in Wu 'an completely reproduces the four forms in the development and evolution of China's ritual drama. Nuo Opera Chizhou Nuo Opera originated from the consciousness of totem worship, and mainly spread in Guichi, Shitai, Qingyang and other counties (districts) at the foot of Jiuhua Mountain in China 100 km, especially in dozens of most popular families in Liu Jie, Mei Jie, Mao Tan and other towns and villages in Guichi District of Chizhou City. It has no professional clubs and artists, and still takes the clan as the performance unit, with the purpose of worshipping ancestors, exorcising evil spirits and entertaining ancestors, and wearing masks as the performance feature. Chizhou Nuo opera has Nuo instrument, Nuo dance, Nuo opera and other forms. The whole "drama" is a drama with both dramatic plots and performances, as well as dramatic features such as foot color and stage construction. It is passed down by word of mouth and handed down from generation to generation by clans. There are Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival every year. The Spring Festival is on the seventh day of the first lunar month (People's Day) to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, and the Mid-Autumn Festival is on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. There are no performances at ordinary times. Chizhou Nuo Opera has accumulated and precipitated a large amount of cultural information in various historical periods since ancient times, involving many disciplines and fields, with rich connotations and profound cultural implications, and has high academic research value in cultural anthropology, drama, religion, art, history, archaeology and folklore. Up to now, it still maintains its primitive and rough style, which is the oldest and most important folk ceremony in China and the most national cultural symbol in China. Nuo Opera Dong Nuo Opera "Knock Knock Push" is popular in Tianjingzhai, Lu Si Village, Gongxi Township, xinhuang dong autonomous county City, Hunan Province. It is named because it jumps and pushes (a small gong protruding in the middle) in the sound of drums. It is difficult to understand the origin of "knocking and pushing". The earliest resident of Tianjingzhai was a Dragon named Dong, who moved from Jingzhou in the 17th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (14 19). People surnamed Long said, "Knock, knock and push" has its head in Jingzhou and its tail in the courtyard. " According to this inference, this kind of Nuo opera is likely to come from Jingzhou in the Ming Dynasty. In the old days, there were Pangu Temple and Feishan Temple in Tianjingzhai. During the Spring Festival, temples take turns to offer sacrifices for one year, and perform "knocking and pushing" when offering sacrifices. Whenever there is a natural disaster or plague, we should also sing "knock knock push". "Knock, knock and push" is a kind of dance with simple plot, and some of it is Nuo opera with the embryonic form of drama. All the singing is in Dong language. His plays include Jumping to the Ground, Scorpion Stealing Cattle, and Old Man's Cart, which reflect the national life. There are also Three Kingdoms dramas featuring Guan Gong, such as Guan Gong's Catch the Thief First and the story of Gu Chenghui. The music of "Kou Kou Tui" is mostly developed from local folk songs and ballads, and the commonly used tunes are Liu Liu, Yin Shi, chanting and Gray. When singing "Knock, Knock, Knock", all the characters wear masks. The commonly used mask is called "cross-eyed", with a total of 36 masks. Performing "thumping and pushing" in the dance. The actor's feet are always close to the "gongs and drums", stepping on the triangle and beating constantly. According to the old artist, this dance of stepping on a triangle is based on the body of a cow. The cow's head and two front feet are triangles, and the cow's tail and two rear feet are triangles. It is Dong people's farming culture that breeds "knocking and pushing". In 1949, all masks are separated. After that, when singing, either a temporary paper mask or painted makeup is used instead. 1992, the local people redone the mask and restored the original appearance of "knocking and pushing". In recent years, "knocking and pushing" has aroused widespread concern at home and abroad, and experts from Japan and South Korea have made many investigations on it, all of which have given high praise. Nuo opera culture in Yuanling and Chenzhou occupies an important position in Wuxi culture. Wang Yi said in "Preface to Nine Songs of Chu": "In the past, in the south of Chu, between Yuan and Xiang, people believed in ghosts and worshipped them. When it is worshipped, it must be sung and danced to entertain the gods. " This ancient custom in Wuxi culture still exists in Yuanling, especially Qijiaping Township. "Chenzhou Nuo" in Yuanling (also known as Tujia Nuo) is more common in historical records: In the forty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1705), Yuanling County Records recorded: "The witchcraft of the old customs is a fairy play and a story is performed. Taking the amount of remuneration as the whole half, the whole performance lasted for several days, which was absurd and used to it. " The influence of Chenzhou Nuo Opera is also recorded in Yongshun County Chronicle in the 10th year of Qianlong (1745): "Teachers in Chenxian County must be encouraged to sing Nuo Opera. ..... At the latest, perform Nuo opera. Knocking gongs and drums, everyone has a piece of paper: Meng Jiangnv is the one with women's clothes; The man dressed as a man is called Fan Qilang. " There are only 17 descendants of Chenzhou Nuo in Qijiaping Town, Yuanling County. Chenzhou Nuo originated in Jingchu, radiated to Bashu, Wuyueqin and other places, and once influenced the Central Plains. According to its content, Nuo opera can be divided into main drama, small drama and big drama. The main scene is that the master asks God to evolve, and the performance plot is simple. Small drama has the characteristics of small drama, and the drama is highly dramatic. The main repertoires are: Meng Jiangnv, Daughter of the Dragon King, Seven Fairys, Bao Sanniang and so on. Chenzhou Nuo is not only a living fossil of drama, but more importantly, it covers politics, history, nationality, religion, archaeology, literature, art and other aspects, and is a rare research text for academic research in these fields. Dejiang county, located in the northeast of Guizhou, was a land of barbarians in ancient times. During the Warring States period, it belonged to Ba and Chu. After the Yuan Dynasty, there was a dispute between Jiang Chang, a water expert, and Jiang Chang, a water virtue. In the thirty-third year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1605), Qian 'anhua County belonged to Sinan Prefecture and was subordinate to Guo. In the eighth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1882), Anhua County moved to Dabao, now Dejiang County. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), Anhua county was renamed Dejiang county. Dejiang has been inhabited by Tujia and other ethnic minorities since ancient times. Due to its special geographical location and historical evolution, Tang Nuo Opera in Dejiang has a long history, and it is very primitive and complete. It is praised as "the living fossil of China's plays" by experts and scholars. Dejiang Nuo opera is also called Nuo opera and Nuo altar opera, and Tujia people call it "Bar God". It is a religious sacrificial drama performed with masks, and it is also an ancient folk cultural activity. It originated from ancient Nuo, which is a kind of ancient Nuo. After the Han Dynasty, it gradually developed into a sacrificial ceremony with strong entertainment color. Nuo opera is the main part of Nuo opera, which can be divided into two parts: main opera and interlude opera. There are more than 80 * *, including 16 major operas. In addition to Nuo Opera, Nuo Opera is usually performed (which Tujia people call unique skills), and the project is decided by the master and the altar class. Before Nuo Opera is held, Tujia teachers should carefully decorate a Nuo altar (Nuo Opera), so Nuo Opera is also called Nuo Opera. Nuo altar is beautifully arranged, integrating weaving, paper-cutting, printing, painting, calligraphy, architecture and other arts. Dejiang Tang Nuo's plays have the academic research value of history, folklore, religion, drama and other disciplines. This is of great significance to enrich and perfect China culture and world culture.