How to Learn Papers from Western Philosophical Tradition

In modern times, the stormy old China began a painful transformation and nirvana innovation. This modernization process is also a process of learning from the west, which has gone through three stages: from the object level to the system level and then to the ideological level. Specifically, in the first stage, from the Opium War to the Westernization Movement, we mainly studied advanced western military and science and technology; People of insight such as Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan and Gong Zizhen poured patriotic enthusiasm into calm political thinking. They were the enlighteners of learning from the West in modern times, and advocated "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". From 1840 to 186 1, China's scholars have written more than 20 books on foreigners' feelings, introducing the geography, history, politics, military and economy of western European countries. Wei Yuan put forward in the "Chart Records": "The skills of foreigners include three, one warship, two firearms and three methods of training troops." The Westernization Movement of "training troops by force" and "enriching Qiang Bing" appeared in the Westernization School, which was essentially a military and technical Westernization Movement. During the Westernization Movement, a number of works on mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, medicine and agriculture were introduced and translated, a number of government-run and private factories in smelting, machinery manufacturing, chemical industry, light industry, agricultural product processing and civil industry were established, and a number of newspapers and periodicals in modern schools and hospitals were founded ... It is undoubtedly progress to actively introduce western learning, but the Westernization School introduced western learning mainly for practical purposes. Generally speaking, they learn from the west. The second stage is from the Reform Movement of 1898 to the Revolution of 1911: learning the modern western democratic political system. At this stage, reformists and revolutionaries are keen to learn from the West to make China rich and strong. The Qing court authorities were forced to open the restricted area to a limited extent, change government affairs, and adjust industrial and commercial and educational reforms. From the perspective of learning from the west, this stage has two obvious characteristics: first, it pays attention to the western political system; The second is to introduce western academic ideas, especially social sciences. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other reformists have made important contributions to the spread of western social sciences in China. Yan Fu is a master who introduced western learning in modern times. He personally observed the British social system, studied Montesquieu's bourgeois political theory, and regarded the establishment of British constitutional monarchy as the highest ideal. 1895 published Yuan Qiang in Tianjin Direct, translated Huxley's Evolution, Adam Smith's Fu Yuan, Mill's Xue Ming and other famous western social sciences, and introduced the theory of evolution and natural human rights into China's ideological circle. The third stage, from the early years of the Republic of China to the May 4th Movement, is to learn western enlightenment thoughts and cultural spirit. 19 15, a new cultural movement broke out under the banner of "science" and "democracy", and a fierce dispute between the old and the new began. Before and after the May 4th Movement, mass organizations mushroomed, and social thoughts such as western philosophy, history, economics, sociology, politics, socialism, anarchism, pragmatism and reformism widely flowed into China. A group of intellectuals with modern consciousness, such as Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Wu Yu and Lu Xun, devoted themselves to criticizing the autocratic darkness of feudal old China, constructing the modernity of China's ideology and culture, and made positive efforts in enlightening the public. It was also at this stage that Marxism began to flow into China and was widely spread.