History of lamps? Luminous principle and function

History of the development of the lamp

The origin of the word "lamp"

Lamp and the word "lamp" actually originated when the Warring States period before the discovery of the name of the lamp in kind. In the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty, there are no words like "lamp" or "candle". Western Zhou Dynasty in people's daily lives in the "candle" should be the earliest record of lighting.

Western Zhou Dynasty "candle" should be a kind of flammable materials made of torches, no lighted torches commonly known as?

With

The torch that has been ignited in the grip, called the candle; placed on the ground to ignite piles of grass and twigs is called prairie; prairie

Placed outside the door is called the big candle, inside the door is called the court prairie.

China's earliest surviving lamps out of the Warring States, in the "Chu Shi? Invocation of the soul" in the "orchid cream candle, stirrups wrong some" record,

Show that the Warring States period has appeared "stirrups" this name. In the Zhou Dynasty, "stirrup" and "deng" were commonly used, "Erya? Interpretation of the instrument ":"

Wooden beans are called beans, bamboo beans are called fruits, tile beans are called deng." XuHyun said: today's common other as lamp, not, Jin GuoPu cloud:

Ritual also. The ancients put "stirrups" called lamp, should be the word meaning of the pseudo.

History of the development of the lamp

Spring and Autumn and Warring States

"Fire" is the main tool of human ancestors to defend themselves against the beasts, the lamp is also because of the "fire" and the development. According to the earliest ancient books

record. The emergence of lamps and the Warring States. When the lamp structure has been relatively perfect, and the shape is also very beautiful, can be seen

Before it, the invention and evolution of the lamp has been a considerable period of time, but the process description has been lost.

Jade Hooked Cloud Lamp

Most of the lamps of the Warring States period were made of metal or clay, and this is the only jade lamp that is considered a masterpiece. The jade lamp is made of Xinjiang Hetian green jade

with partial dip marks in het brown color. The lamp consists of three parts: the disk, the handle and the seat, which were carved from three pieces of jade and glued together

. The upper part of the dish is round and shallow-bellied, with a five-petal floral column protruding from the center of the dish. The central handle is cylindrical, decorated with relief Yang-shaped

three-leaf ornaments, the center waist, the waist is decorated with hooks and clouds. The base of the lamp is in the form of an overlaying disk, decorated with a five-petal persimmon pattern and a hook-and-cloud pattern, and the foot is also decorated with a hook-and-cloud pattern.

Human bronze lamp and bronze spoon

This lamp was unearthed in 1957 in Gebu Village, Zhucheng, Shandong Province, the lamp height of 21.3 centimeters, disk diameter of 11.5 centimeters, the whole of a man in a short coat

man with both hands holding a lamp-like. The man's hands are each holding a curved with leaves bamboo-shaped disk handle, under the marigold disk of the mother tongue and disk handle inserted

, can be disassembled as needed, the construction is exquisite. Under the foot is a curved disk in the shape of a dragon. Unearthed with a handle

for adding oil with a long-handled copper spoon. This copper lamp is cleverly designed, novel shape, experts believe that it should be the Warring States period Qi

court used.

The lamps of the Warring States period were mainly made of bronze, mostly used by the nobles. Ceramic lamps were often

treated as ceramic beans and were not classified as lamps because they were not different from traditional ceramic beans. These lamps for the lower class, jade lamps are beautifully modeled is the upper class of practical

apparatus. Warring States period lamps modeling

In addition to individual lamps, can be broadly divided into two categories of figurine lamps and imitation of daily-use lamps. Multi-branch lamps (also known as tree-shaped lamps) is rare, the most representative of the fifteen branch lamps, shaped like a large tree, supporting fifteen lamps

, the lamps are staggered, the branches are decorated with roaming dragons, songbirds, playing monkeys, etc., different moods, interesting. Terracotta lamp is the most representative of the Warring States period

period of bronze lamps. These lamps of figurines of men and women, mostly the image of the humble status of the local people.

The way to hold the lamp standing arms open, lifting the lamp over the top; some sitting, two hands forward, holding the lamp in front. A figurine holding a lamp disk from

one to three ranging. Lamp disk has a circular groove-shaped and disk-shaped two kinds of form, the former has three braziers, the latter is mostly a brazier

. Imitation of daily-use lamps is basically the evolution of some of the practical life, mainly imitation of beans, tripod and gui and other more common vessels

, to the majority of bean-shaped ceramic lamps, but there are also some imitation tripod and gui form of bronze lamps.

The lamps cast during the Qin Dynasty were also extremely ornate. Goose foot lamp, shaped as a goose's legs, the femur holds a ring-shaped lamp plate, on the

three lamp post, can be lit at the same time three candles.

People riding camel lamp

People riding camel lamp is a bronze casting of a practical lighting appliances, but also a delicate crafts. On the rectangular flat-bottomed

seat stands a dromedary camel with its head and tail hanging down, and a man sits on the camel's body with his feet clamped behind his back, and his hands hold the lamp post of a round lamp

disc steadily. The entire bronze sculpture exquisite production, the image of people and camels to curve as the dominant, designed to convey the spirit, rather than focusing on

detailed likeness. From the overall point of view, the base, the camel, the figure and the lamp post, the lamp plate as one, the camel on the back of the person to lift the weight as if it were light

, like a top of the Huagai, its center of gravity is extremely scientific and reasonable design. The appearance of the camel in this sculpture provides valuable physical information for the study of cultural exchanges between Chu and the northern

minorities. Lamp development history Spring and Autumn, Autumn and Warring States "fire" is the main tool of human ancestors to defend against beasts, the lamp is also because of the "fire" and the development. According to the earliest records of ancient books. The appearance of lamps and lanterns began to be seen in the Warring States period. When the lamp structure has been relatively perfect, and the shape is also very beautiful, can be seen before it, the invention and evolution of the lamp has been a considerable period of time, only the process description has been lost. Jade Hooked Cloud Lamp Most of the lamps of the Warring States period were made of metal or clay, and this is the only jade lamp that can be called a masterpiece. The jade lamp is made of Xinjiang Hetian green jade, with localized heather-brown dip marks. The lamp consists of three parts: the disk, the handle and the seat, which are carved from three pieces of jade and then glued into one. The upper disc is round and shallow, with a five-petal floral column raised in the center of the disc. Central handle into a cylindrical, decorated with relief Yang-shaped three-leaf ornaments, the middle of the waist, waist full of decorative hooks under the cloud pattern. The lamp base is overlapping disc shape, and decorated with five-petal persimmon pattern and hook link cloud pattern, the foot is also decorated with hook link cloud pattern. Man-shaped copper lamp and copper spoon This lamp was unearthed in 1957 in Shandong Zhucheng Gebu village, lamp height 21.3 cm, disk diameter 11.5 cm, the whole is a man in short clothes with both hands in the shape of the lamp. The man's hands each hand to hold a curved with a leaf bamboo-shaped disk handle, under the marigold disk of the mother tongue and disk handle inserted, can be disassembled as needed, the construction is exquisite. Under the foot of the man is a curved disk in the shape of a dragon. Unearthed with a long-handled copper spoon for adding oil. This copper lamp is cleverly designed, novel shape, experts believe that it should be used in the court of Qi during the Warring States period. The lamps of the Warring States period in bronze as the main body, mostly for the aristocracy utility. Ceramic lamps are often treated as ceramic beans because they are no different from traditional ceramic beans, and are not categorized as lamps. This kind of lamps for the lower class, jade lamps beautifully modeled is the upper class of practical appliances. Warring States period lamps modeling In addition to individual lamps, can be broadly divided into two categories of figurine lamps and imitation of daily-use ware-shaped lamps. Multi-branch lamps (also known as tree-shaped lamps) is relatively rare in kind, the most representative is fifteen even branch lamps, shaped like a large, lush tree, supporting fifteen lamps, lamps are staggered, branches decorated with swimming dragons, songbirds, playing monkeys, etc., different moods, interesting. Terracotta lamp is the most representative artifacts of bronze lamps during the Warring States period. These lamps of human figurines image of male and female, mostly lowly status of the local people image. Holding the lamp way to stand with both arms open, lifting the lamp over the top; some sitting, both hands out in front, holding the lamp in front. A figurine holding a lamp disk from one to three ranging. Lamp disk has a circular groove-shaped and disk-shaped two kinds of form, the former has three brazier, the latter is mostly a brazier. Imitation of daily-use ware-shaped lamp is basically the evolution of some of the life of the utility, mainly for the imitation of beans, tripod and gui and other more common utensils to bean-shaped ceramic lamps are mostly, but there are some imitation of tripod and gui the shape of the bronze lamps. Qin dynasty casting lamps are also extremely ornate. Goose foot lamp, shaped as a goose's legs, the femur holds a ring-shaped lamp plate, on which there are three lamp posts, can be lit at the same time three candles. People riding a camel lamp People riding a camel lamp is a bronze casting of a practical lighting device, but also a delicate crafts. In the rectangular flat base stands a head and tail of the dromedary camel, a person feet back clip sitting on the camel body, his hands steady in holding a round lamp plate lamp post. The entire bronze sculpture is delicately crafted, and the image of the man and the camel is dominated by curves, aiming to convey the spirit, rather than focusing on the details of the likeness. From the overall point of view, the base, the camel, the figure and the lamp post, the lamp plate as one, the camel on the back of the person to lift the weight, like a top of the Huagai, its center of gravity design is extremely scientific and reasonable. The appearance of the camel in this sculpture, for the study of cultural exchanges between the Chu and northern minorities provides valuable physical information. Types of lamps Lighting lamps electric lamps, fluorescent lamps, oil lamps, kerosene lamps, copper lamps, iron lamps, horse lamps, wall lamps, street lamps ...... Decorative lamps neon lamps, lanterns, lanterns, lanterns, cartoon lamps, lanterns, warning lamps navigational lamps, traffic lights, police lights ...... Special function of the lamps Shadowless lamps, searchlights, chasing lights ...... The use and principle of lamps Fluorescent lamps;: When the power switch is just closed, the mercury in the fluorescent tube is heated and evaporated by the filaments at both ends of the tube to form a dilute mercury vapor, the high pressure produced by the ballast is added to both ends of the tube, so that the mercury atoms ionize electrons, the electrons are accelerated and collide with the mercury atoms, so that the gas quickly Breakdown, resulting in an arc discharge, stimulating ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light then excites the phosphor coated on the wall of the tube, emitting a soft light. It does not contain infrared rays, so its light is very gentle, does not hurt the eyes; because it does not contain a hot line, it is more energy-saving; it will also emit many beautiful colored light. This is by the phosphor contained in the nature of the chemicals to determine, for example, coated with magnesium tungstate, blue-white light, coated with cadmium borate light red light. Vapor lamps: are made of various vapors sealed in glass tubes and emit light by means of an electric current. They are constructed, somewhat like fluorescent lamps, to produce shadowless lamps due to the simultaneous emission of multiple bulbs from different angles. Xenon lamp light-emitting principle: ultra-high electric current, through no tungsten filament, only filled with xenon gas quartz tube, so that the gas collision to produce as strong as the day of the arc light, and then turn the voltage to 8,000 V, a stable and continuous supply of xenon bulbs to light up the light. HID light is closer to the sun's characteristics of the white light rather than the general halogen (Halogen) of the yellow light. HID color temperature is close to the sunshine of the day. (Sunlight color temperature of 6000K, HID color temperature of 4300K-6500K, halogen color temperature of 3200K-3600K) HID also exempts the general halogen lamps from the first time the tungsten filament began to oxidize and the longer the light, the darker the light of the trouble, and the light body is concentrated, the lighting distance is wide and long, HID more than the general halogen lamps have 3 times the distance of the ultra-long line of sight and the ultra-wide angle of a wide field of view, but HID light is close to the sun. HID has 3 times farther than the general halogen lamps with a long line of sight and ultra-wide angle of the wide field of view, but HID power consumption is only 35W, but its brightness is 3 times the general halogen lamps, the service life of halogen lamps than the general about 10 times longer. Halogen lamp light-emitting principle is caused by heat with tungsten filaments, so in a long time under the high heat, it is difficult to ensure that the damage is not burned off. The xenon lamp is the use of electric current to stimulate gas light, basically does not produce high temperatures, so as long as the xenon gas is not used up, it can always be normal light, not easy to damage. Under normal conditions, a set of HID discharge lamps can be used for more than 6 years. HID power consumption is only 35W than halogen lamps 60W more energy-saving, so the cost of fuel is equivalent to indirectly saved, and the more you use the brighter.