The Development Course of Urban Planning and Design

With the development of social economy, the emergence of cities and the complexity of human living environment, urban planning and design ideas are constantly emerging and developing. Especially in the period of social change, when the old urban structure can not meet the requirements of new social life, the theory and practice of urban planning and design often leap forward.

China's ancient urban planning and design theory can be found in Kao, Shang Jun, Guan Zi and Mo Zi. "Examination of Gong Ji" determines the three-level urban system, land use functional zoning and road system of "Capital", "Wangcheng" and "Zhucheng". The book Shang Jun discusses the proper proportion of land distribution among hills, valleys, roads and farmland in a certain area, and the corresponding conditions for building cities, preparing for war, population, food and land.

China ancient urban planning and design emphasized strategic thinking and holistic concept, the combination of city and nature, and strict hierarchical concept. These urban planning and design ideas and the achievements of urban planning and design in various historical periods in ancient China are all reflected in building the capital into a "polar region in all directions" and a "first good region".

During the Warring States period, the capital cities of various countries adopted the system of large and small cities, which reflected the requirement of "building a city for the monarch and building a country for the people". Chang' an city in the western Han dynasty integrated the palace with the inner square; During the Three Kingdoms period, Yecheng in Cao Wei adopted the planning method of urban functional zoning; During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the overall planning of Luoyang City was strengthened, which played a leading role in the construction of Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the peak of China's early urban construction.

The achievement of Chang 'an City is an important part of the splendid culture of Tang Dynasty, which affects the capital construction of Japan, Korea and other countries. The importance of Kaifeng City in the history of China capital construction in Song Dynasty lies in that it is an important example of planned expansion according to the imperial edict issued by Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong in the Five Dynasties. Later, with the development of commodity economy, the urban alley system, which lasted for thousands of years, was gradually abandoned. In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng became a relatively open street system, forming the urban structure in the late feudal society of China.

The planning of metropolis in Yuan Dynasty absorbed the planning thought of utopia in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and handled it according to local conditions. The Ming Beijing, which evolved from a metropolis, can be said to be a fusion of the urban planning and design of the ancient capital of China. In the Qing Dynasty, Beijing vigorously managed gardens, leaving palaces and other museums in the far and near suburbs of Beijing, making Beijing the most brilliant model of planning and construction of the capital of China during the feudal period.

In the west, during the ancient Greek city-state, the Hippocratic planning model appeared. Ancient Roman architect Vitruwei's Ten Books on Architecture expounded the basic principles of urban site selection, environmental sanitation, workshop building and public building layout, and put forward the "ideal" urban model at that time. The development of medieval society was slow, and cities were mostly centered on churches. During the Renaissance, architects Alberti, Palladio, Scarmoxi and others also put forward some urban theories and models that reflected the commercial prosperity and the diversification of urban life at that time.

Before the industrial revolution, European cities, except a few cities such as Rome, were generally small in scale. Most cities are naturally formed, with simple urban functions and infrastructure and poor sanitary conditions. Urban planning and design are mostly based on defensive functions and political needs, and are highly closed. The content of urban planning and design mainly focuses on the layout of road network and buildings, so it is an integral part of buildings.

The industrial revolution led to worldwide urbanization, and the establishment of large-scale industries and the concentration of rural population to cities promoted the expansion of urban scale. The blind development of cities, slums and chaotic social order have caused the deterioration of urban living environment and seriously affected the lives of residents. People began to study countermeasures from various aspects, and the modern urban planning and design discipline was formed under this situation.

Modern urban planning and design discipline is mainly composed of four parts: urban planning and design theory, urban planning and design practice, urban construction legislation and urban planning rationality.

Modern urban planning and design theory began with people exploring and solving urban problems from the perspective of social change. /kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, some utopian socialists put forward various ideas after Moore, the founder of utopian socialism, and regarded improving housing and urban planning and design as one of the measures to cure urban social diseases. Their theory and practice had a great influence on the later urban planning and design theory.

/kloc-At the turn of the 20th century, Howard advocated "Garden City". 19 15, Geddes put forward the regional principle and advocated the theory of combining urban planning and design with regional planning. Their academic thoughts have had a far-reaching impact on the development of urban planning and design thoughts. At the same time, En Wen wrote the book Urban Planning and Design Practice-Concept of Urban and Suburban Design Art, which summarized the history of urban development and his own planning practice experience, and can be regarded as an architect's development in the field of urban planning and design. Subsequently, more and more architects, sociologists, geographers and economists devoted themselves to the study of urban planning and design theory.

/kloc-in the 9th century, the most influential urban planning and design practice was 1853, the Paris planning initiated by French official Osman. Although the reconstruction of Paris has the political purpose of suppressing the urban people's uprising and showing off the majesty and power of those in power, the reconstruction plan of Paris has made comprehensive arrangements for roads, housing, municipal construction and land management, which has made a useful exploration for urban reconstruction. As far as influence is concerned, cities such as Cologne and Vienna have followed suit.

During this period, another construction practice appeared: some advanced industrialists in Britain built new workers' towns while building factories. For example, in 185 1 year, industrialist salter built a workers' town in Saitl, and in 1887, Huoer built a workers' town in Sunshine Harbor, forming a so-called "enterprise town". These practices undoubtedly promoted the formation of Howard's "Garden City" and other urban planning and design theories. So far, urban planning and design still adopts the two basic forms mentioned above: old city reconstruction and new city construction. From 65438 to 1990s, western European countries gradually formed the strategic concept of urban development, combining public investment with improving municipal construction and controlling private land use. Germany has a tradition of urban development planning and a preliminary zoning planning method. All these provide useful experience for urban planning and design.

The original intention of formulating urban construction laws and regulations is to maintain a neat, clean and stable urban environment and protect the health of residents. Britain promulgated the Public Health Law in 1848, which stipulated the hygienic standards of houses, and the Housing and Urban Planning and Design Law in 1906. Sweden promulgated the urban planning and land use law on 1907. New york, USA, promulgated zoning laws and regulations to control land use and building height in 19 16, and later revised them into zoning resolutions in 196 1 to adapt to the new situation. Practice has proved that urban construction and management should have a corresponding legal system, and strict urban construction laws and regulations can improve the quality of urban planning, design and construction.

Since the 20th century, mankind has experienced two world wars. Great changes have taken place in the international political, economic and social structure, rapid progress in science and technology, rapid changes in humanities and changes in values, which have had a profound impact on urban planning and design. The Athens Charter (1933) outlines the problems faced by modern cities and puts forward the measures and tasks that should be taken in urban planning and design, which is a milestone in the development of modern urban planning and design theory.

After World War II, urban planners did not abandon the basic principles of the Athens Charter, but updated and supplemented some major issues, resulting in the Machu Picchu Charter of 1977. These two charters are the summaries of urban planning and design theories in two different historical periods, which have considerable influence on urban planning and design all over the world.

After the industrial revolution, the internal structure of the city has undergone fundamental changes, prompting people to study the structure and form of the city theoretically and seek the best model.

Some people think that cities should be built in the center. In 1922 "City of Tomorrow", French architect Le corbusier advocated making full use of technological achievements to build high-rise and high-density buildings to make the city develop towards the center, so as to obtain the best living environment and the highest working efficiency. This idea is called urban centralism. Some people advocate that cities should be decentralized. The "wide-acre city" proposed by American architect Wright thinks that the city should be combined with the surrounding countryside, with an average of 2.5 people living per hectare. This is the so-called decentralization of the city. These two urban models have a wide influence.

In addition, some people put forward various pattern of city layout from the requirements of urban functions, such as "belt city", concentric ring city, wedge-shaped structure city, multi-core city and so on. Others study the relationship between the spatial structure of the urban area and the urban form from the perspective of the organization of various systems in the city. Some people also analyze the unit cells that make up a city from a microscopic point of view to study the shape of the city.