What is perception? Perception has those organizational principles?

Perception is the overall reflection of the human brain on the parts and attributes of the objective things that act directly on the sense organs. People get information about the internal and external environment through their senses, and this information is processed (integrated and interpreted) by the mind to produce an overall understanding of things, which is the process of perception. Perception is based on sensation and is the integration and interpretation of sensory information.

Perception, like feeling, is the direct effect of things on the sensory organs, leaving the direct effect of things on the senses, there is no feeling, there is no perception. At the same time, perception is based on feeling, but it is not the simple sum of individual sensory information. In reality, we always have to integrate and understand the attributes of the things we get through our senses.

The creation of perception requires not only concrete objective objects, but also the help of past experience or knowledge. Past experience and knowledge can even compensate for some of the lack of sensory information.

Perception is gradually developed in human practical activities. Newborn babies can neither grasp the proximity and size of objects nor have any concept of time. These perceptions are developed and perfected only with the practice of life later in life.

Perception can be categorized in different ways from different perspectives. According to the characteristics of the sensory organs that play a leading role in perception, perception can be divided into visual perception, visual perception, tactile perception, olfactory perception, and so on. According to the subjective characteristics of the things that perception responds to, it can be categorized into spatial perception, temporal perception, motion perception, and social perception. Spatial perception deals with information about the size, shape, orientation and distance of an object, temporal perception deals with the continuity and sequence of things, kinesthetic perception deals with the displacement of an object in space, and social perception is about an individual's perception of the social characteristics of an objective thing.

Characteristics of Perception

(1) Holistic Nature of Perception

The holistic nature of perception refers to the characteristic of a person to perceive things consisting of multiple attributes as a unified whole on the basis of past experience. The holistic nature of perception is an important aspect of the positive and active nature of perception, which depends first of all on the structure of the stimulus, i.e., the spatial and temporal distribution of the stimulus.

Psychologists of the Gestalt school pointed out that perception of the whole is not equal to and is greater than the sum of individual sensations. The principles of perceptual organization put forward by the Gestalt school are generally accepted, also known as the Gestalt principles (laws of perceptual organization), which mainly include the following laws.

(1) Proximity: Objects that are close in distance are easily organized perceptually.

(2)Similarity :Where objects with similar physical properties are easily organized together.

(3)continuity :Stimuli that have continuity or *** the same direction of motion are easily seen as a whole.

(4) closure: People tend to supplement the missing contours to make the perception a complete closed figure.

(5) goodness: objects with simplicity and symmetry are easier to perceive.

The wholeness of perception is not only related to the characteristics of the object itself, but also depends on the individual's knowledge and experience and subjective state.

(2) Selectivity of perception

When a person perceives something, he or she first draws out some relevant contents from the complex stimulus environment and organizes them into a perceptual object, while leaving the rest of them as the background. According to the current needs, the selective organization and processing of external stimuli as perceptual objects is the characteristic of perceptual selectivity.

The object of perception has a certain meaning, and its outline is clear, and it seems to stand out from the background, while the part of the background is blurred, and it does not have any meaning for you, and it does not make a deep impression on you. The relationship between the perceptual object and the background is often obvious, but sometimes it is not. The best example of this is the punning graphic.

The selection of perceptual objects is related to many factors. Generally speaking, objects with high intensity, bright colors, and activity are easy to be selected, and the combination laws of the objects themselves, such as simplicity, symmetry, and regularity, also make them easy to be selected as graphics. In fact, the separation of perceptual objects from the background is related to the selectivity of attention. When attention is directed to a certain object, that object becomes the object of perception, and other objects become the background; when attention is shifted from one object to another, the original object of perception becomes the background, and the original background becomes the object of perception. Thus, the law of attentional selectivity is also the law that the object of perception is separated from the background.

(3) Understanding of Perception

In the perception of present things, it is necessary to have an understanding based on past experience and knowledge in order to make the best explanation of the object of perception, and this characteristic of perception is called understanding. Different knowledge backgrounds and understanding affect the perception of the same object.

(4) Perceptual constancy

The phenomenon that people perceive things as a stable and unchanging whole under stimulating changes is called perceptual constancy. Perceptual constancy includes size constancy, shape constancy and color constancy.

1. Size constancy

The perception of the size of an object that does not change according to the change of the size of the web image is called size constancy. Size perception is determined by the size of the net image and the perceptual distance of the two **** the same, for the net image of a large distance near the net image of a small distance away from the two combinations, people can be based on experience to make the size of the object is equal to the perceptual interpretation.

2. Shape constancy

The perception of the shape of an object does not change because of the change of its projection on the retina, which is called shape constancy.

3. Color constancy

This is the constancy of color when the color of the same object appears to remain the same even though the light that it reflects to your eyes varies greatly under different lighting conditions. It has a lot to do with experience. For example, if you are asked what color the banana on the table is under green light, you will definitely see it as yellow. But if you were asked to name the colors of various pieces of paper under such conditions, the perceptual result might be affected by the light. Another reason for color constancy relates to the background. In daylight, coal remains darkest compared to the surrounding background, and white paper remains brightest compared to the shadowed background.

Three complex perceptions and their mechanisms

(I) Depth perception

Distance perception, also known as depth perception, enables people to interpret two-dimensional visual images as three-dimensional worlds and to recognize the true appearance of things. Depth perception is caused by certain cues. Depth perception cues come from two aspects, on the one hand, the characteristics of the stimulus as a cue, and on the other hand, the characteristics of the visual system itself.

1. Depth cues from stimuli

The most commonly used depth cues in visual stimuli are the following:

(1) Size: If two objects are perceived to be close in size, the one that produces the larger retinal image is interpreted perceptually as closer.

(2) Height in the field of view: distant items are usually positioned higher in the field of view.

(3) Occlusion: distant objects in the field of view are occluded by near objects, and partial occlusion becomes a good depth cue.

(4) Linear Perspective: Parallel railroad tracks tend to intersect when they extend into the distance, so the closer the two lines are, the farther away they are.

(5) Texture change: near the object texture is clear and detailed, while the distant organization texture is fuzzy and the clarity is reduced.

(6) Light and shadow: In daily life, light mostly shines down from high places, so the position of shadow and light also becomes a depth perception cue.

2. Depth cues from the visual cues themselves

The activity of adjusting the curvature of the crystal in order to focus the light rays entering the eye on the retina when the eye is looking at an object is called accommodation. When looking at an object with both eyes, in order to make the retinal image fall in the center of both retinas at the same time, the two lines of sight must be focused on the point of gaze, and this time the muscle activity of manipulating the eyeballs is called amplification. Adjustment and magnification are automatic, and the neural activity they cause is an important cue for depth perception.

Because of the different positions of the two eyes, the same object projected to the two eyes of the image is different, the farther the distance, the smaller the difference, it is the brain to combine the two different pieces of information to make people perceive a depth of stereo. The authors of stereoscopic images and stereoscopic movies utilize binocular parallax to present two slightly different images to two eyes at the same time to induce a stereoscopic visual effect. A similar situation of binocular parallax as a depth cue also exists in hearing. Because of the difference in the time it takes for a sound to enter the two ears, it is possible to recognize the direction of the sound.

(2) Motion Perception

The information that a person can obtain about the displacement and speed of movement of an object when perceiving something is called motion perception. The movement of an object in front of the eye causes its visual image to move on the retina, but the positional movement of the image alone is not enough to explain motion perception. Under normal circumstances, when a person moves in the environment, not only the retinal visualization is constantly moving, but also vestibular and tactile sensations are occurring. For example, you can sometimes feel a pressure sensation from behind while leaning your head backward in an accelerating car.

(C) Time perception

Time is the expression of continuity and sequence of material phenomena, and time perception is the reflection of this continuity and sequence.

There are four forms of time perception: (1) the time of discernment: refers to the chronological order of the different areas of activity; (2) the confirmation of time: such as knowing that today is July 25, 2001, it is now 7:00 a.m.; (3) the duration of the estimation: such as knowing that the appointment has been carried out for an hour; (4) the prediction of time: such as knowing that three days after the college entrance examination.

1. Various clues to time perception

(1) Periodic phenomena in nature. Natural phenomena such as the rise and fall of the sun, the alternation of day and night, the change of seasons, and the waxing and waning of the moon, which occur periodically, provide us with an objective basis for estimating time.

(2) Various rhythmic activities of the organism. People estimate the duration of the event based on the rhythmic activity of the body organization. For example, according to the feeling of hunger to estimate that it is now time to eat dinner. The biological clock gives us information about time.

(3) With the help of timekeeping instruments. Such as calendars, clocks, watches, etc., can also record time accurately.

2. Factors affecting time perception

(1) Nature of sensory channels. Hearing is the best, touch is the second best, and vision is the worst in terms of accuracy in judging time. For example, when two sounds are separated by 1/100th of a second, the human ear can distinguish them, while the tactile sense can distinguish the minimum distance between two stimuli is 1/40th of a second, and the visual sense is 1/10~1/20th of a second.

(2) the number and nature of events in a certain time. In a certain period of time, the greater the number of events, the more complex the nature, people tend to estimate the time is shorter; and the number of events, the nature of the simple, people tend to estimate the time is longer. The opposite is true when recalling past events. The same period of time, the richer the experience, the longer it will feel; the simpler the experience, the shorter it will feel.

(3) Individual interests and emotions. People feel that time passes quickly when they are interested in something, and they have a low estimate of time. When they are expecting something, they feel that time passes slowly. On the other hand, they feel that time passes quickly when they don't want something to appear.

Kaufka argues that the experiences we naturally observe are all characterized by Gestalt, and that they all belong to the mind-object field and isomorphism. With the mind-object field and isomorphism as the general outline of the Gestalt, a number of subprinciples, called the laws of organization, are derived from it. In Kaufka's view, every human being, including children and the uncivilized, experiences meaningful perceptual fields in accordance with the laws of organization. These principles of good organization include:

(1) Figure and context. In a field with a certain configuration, some objects emerge to form a figure, and some objects are relegated to the background. Generally speaking, the greater the distinction between the graphic and the background, the more the graphic can stand out and become the object of our perception. For example, it is easier to hear the sound of a bell in silence, and it is easier to find a red flower in a green leaf. Conversely, the less differentiated a figure is from the background, the more difficult it is to separate the figure from the background, as is the case with military camouflage. For a graphic to be an object of perception, it should not only have salient features, but also a clear outline. Lightness and darkness and uniformity. It should be noted that these features are not characteristics of the physical stimulus, but of the mental field. An object, such as a piece of ice, has, in a physical sense, contour, hardness, height, and a number of other characteristics, but if this object does not become the center of attention, it does not become a graphic but only a background, thus lacking contour, hardness, height, and so forth, within the observer's mental field. As soon as it becomes the center of the observer's attention, it becomes a figure again, presenting contour, hardness, height, etc.

(2) Proximity and continuity. Certain parts that are shorter in distance or close to each other can easily form a whole. For example, Figure 7 shows that two lines that are close and adjacent to each other naturally combine to make a whole. Continuity refers to a perceptual tendency for lines to be experienced as if they were unblocked or still continuous, even though they are blocked by other lines, as shown in Figure 8.

(3) Tendency to completeness and closure. Perceptual impressions assume their most perfect form in accordance with their environment. Parts that belong to each other tend to be combined into a whole, and conversely, parts that do not belong to each other tend to be isolated. Fig. 9 has twelve circles lined up in an ellipse, and next to it is a circle which, although, according to the principle of proximity, it is near to one of the twelve, we still perceive the twelve circles as a complete whole, and the separate circle as another whole. This tendency to completeness indicates an inferential tendency of the perceiver's psyche to take a disjointed, gaping figure and make it converge as much as possible mentally, that is the tendency to closure, as shown in Figure 10. The observer will always regard this as an owl figure and not as other, separately independent lines or circles. The completeness and closure tendency plays a role in all sensory tracts by providing perfect delimitation, symmetry, and form to the perceptual figure.

(4) Similarity. If the parts are equidistant from each other, but it has a difference in color, then the parts of the same color naturally combine to form the whole. This shows that similar parts easily form a whole. As shown in Figure 11, where O stands for white and ● stands for black, the observer is apt to see the column as arranged in straight lines rather than in horizontal lines.

(5) Law of Transformation. According to isotype theory, because the Gestalt is isotypical of the stimulus pattern, the Gestalt can undergo a wide range of changes without losing its own identity. For example, a tune can be transposed and remain in the same key, even though the notes that make up the tune are all different. If a poor singer is out of tune, the listener can still recognize what he is singing by the change.

(6) *** Movement in the same direction. Parts of a whole that move in the *** same direction are apt to form a new whole if these parts that move in the *** same direction. For example, Fig. 12, according to the law of proximity, can be seen as a combination of abc, def, ghi, jkl, etc. If cde and ijk move upward at the same time, then this ***same movement can form a new whole, and the observer no longer sees a combination of abc, def, ghi, jki, but a combination of ab, cde, fgh, ijk, and so on.

The Gestalt doctrine has left an indelible mark on the history of psychology. It challenged the old traditions and gave impetus and promotion to the whole of psychology; it made pertinent and firm criticisms of the various psychological systems existing at that time, and was a source of inspiration for people to think y about the various opposing points of view; its main doctrines greatly influenced the field of perception, and thus, to some extent, the theory of learning, which led to the fact that later generations had to face up to the theory of this school in writing various psychology textbooks; it made psychological researchers no longer have to deal with the theory; it made psychological researchers no longer have to deal with the theory of learning; it made psychological researchers no longer have to deal with the theory of learning. theory; it made psychological researchers no longer fixate on the elemental doctrine of constructivism, but study conscious experience from another angle, laying the foundation for the later cognitive psychology; it made conscious experience a legitimate field of study in psychology by forcefully rejecting behaviorism; its philosophical foundation was derived from phenomenology, and it enriched and enriched phenomenology with a large number of research results, which led to the formation of a wave of phenomenological psychology in Europe. This has led to the formation of a phenomenological psychological trend in Europe, which is still influential today.