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Chapter 2: Food and Drink in Ancient China

Teaching Objectives

Through the teaching of this chapter, students will be able to feel the connotation of human food and drink as an important part of social culture. At the same time, through the specific teaching of ancient Chinese wine culture, students can realize the profoundness of Chinese food culture.

Key Difficulties

Dietary structure and its evolution, dining system and its evolution, dietary thought and health care concepts.

Section 1: Dietary Structure and Dietary Styles

The dietary life of human beings, as a complex socio-cultural behavioral phenomenon, has a rich historical connotation. It is the sum of the various forms of material and spiritual forms of the social level reflected in human dietary practices, and its changes are mainly reflected in the dietary structure and mode changes.

I. Changes in the structure of the ancient diet

The food made of grain as the main food is the *** same dietary characteristics of the ancient agricultural peoples. The dietary structure of ancient China has always followed the tradition of "five grains for nourishment", with rice and wheat as the mainstay, and eating mixed grains at the same time. In ancient times, dishes refers to fish and meat and other meat dishes, shy refers to the delicious food, nuclear refers to the vegetables and fruit food, so the dishes are cooked and modulated with the staple food with the intake of meat and vegetables, the general term.

Explanation of terms

Staple food, dishes, grains for nutrition

Second, the ancient dietary changes

The pre-Qin period, China's forefathers were accustomed to sitting on the ground, the ground and food. By the time of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the rich and powerful people still had food cases in their homes. In terms of dining system, human beings formed a dining system a long time ago. Zhou Qin period is more common is two meals a day system, and the upper class has three meals of food customs.

Explanation of Terms

Meal Plan Dining System Split Meal System Cold Ware

Section 2: The Origin of Wine and Its Functions

I. The Origin and Development of Wine

Regarding the origin of wine, there have been many records left in the ancient literature of China, and the technology of its production has taken Tang as the turning point, which is a turning point. Before Tang, it was mostly rice wine or fruit wine brewed by natural fermentation, with very low alcohol content, but after Tang, the brewing technology developed and the alcohol content became higher. In addition, ancient China has brewing technology of fruit wine, such as wine.

Nouns Explained

"The Fifth Great Invention" Dukang

Second, the function of wine

Throughout the ages, wine has always been a kind of beverage loved by people, but wine is not a beverage in the general sense, but a special kind of beverage. Wine has the following effects on human beings: it stimulates people's feelings and plays a catalytic role in people's nervous activity; it is used in all kinds of rituals, that is, the ancient so-called "rites of passage"; and it has a catalytic effect on literature and art.

Explanation of Terms

Wine is used as a rite of passage in the Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking

Thirdly, the scourge of wine and the prohibition of wine

In the long history of the world, the scourge of wine that led to the death of the country by killing the body and the country by misbehavior, misuse of affairs, or affecting the administration of the country due to the lack of moderation of alcohol consumption is almost everywhere. The main performance: one is the longitudinal drinking and early death; second is indiscriminate drinking and sudden death; third is the greedy cup of disaster.

It is because of excessive drinking, can make people hurt life, moral defeat, and waste of food, China as early as from the Xia Dynasty, there are constantly wine ban on the edicts and voices.

Explanation of terms

Wine disaster, wine ban, wine enjoin

Reflective questions

1. Try to describe the evolution of the ancient dietary system.

2. How do we understand "wine as a rite of passage"?

Chapter 3: Ancient Chinese Clothing Customs

Teaching Objectives

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the historical origin of clothing in daily life and its change, and further understand the historical and cultural factors in the process of clothing change.

Focus and Difficulties

The historical origin and form categories of costumes, the social nature of costumes.

Section I. Dress Flux through the Ages

Dress is an element of human life, and a not a sign of human civilization. Clothing activities and its culture, not only is an era of change "barometer", but also to detect the era of social civilization is one of the important symbols, specifically, in addition to meet the needs of human material life, clothing also represents a certain period of spiritual life. It is the external reflection of people's life content, social system, customs, aesthetic concepts and spiritual outlook. Thus, the dress of each generation has formed its own characteristics, such as: First, the innovation of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States costumes; Second, the elaborate Qin and Han costumes; Third, the open Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang costumes; Fourth, the elegant Song costumes; Fifth, the exoticism: Liao, Jin, and Yuan costumes; Sixth, the Ming Dynasty to restore the Han clothing and crowns; Seventh, the Qing Dynasty on the dress of the restructuring.

Explanation of Terms

Hu clothing, upper garment and lower garment system, deep garment system, robe, upper frugal and lower abundant, Hu clothing, "Qisun clothing" system, than the armor, paddy clothes, four-square pingding scarf, flower clothes, water feet

Section 2: The Social Nature of Clothing

Clothing, as a kind of cultural phenomenon, is y affected by the political, positive, cultural and even academic influences of an era. As a cultural phenomenon, clothing is y influenced by the politics, positivity, culture and even academics of an era, which profoundly reflects the zeitgeist of an era and people's ideology, and becomes the embodiment of the social culture of an era, with distinctive social connotations. The social nature of dress mainly refers to its hierarchy, regionality, ethnicity, rationality and functionality.

I. Hierarchy

Hierarchy is mainly manifested in the following: the strict hierarchical system of crowns, the unauthorized system of regular clothes, the hierarchical restriction of dress color, the hierarchical requirement of dress materials, the hierarchical regulation of dress coat of arms, and the hierarchical difference in the consumption of dress.

Second, local

As an inevitable product of the development of human society and a material culture, the emergence and development of clothing is inextricably linked to the natural environment, climatic conditions of human habitation, as well as the mode of production and way of life of each region, thus showing a distinctive regional color. Mainly in the material difference and style difference.

Third, ethnicity

Ethnicity refers to the different characteristics of the ethnic groups in the dress. China has a large number of nationalities, their clothing styles, patterns, accessories are brilliant, each with its own characteristics.

Fourth, ethical

Ancient China, in a particular time, the dress is a manifestation of the observance of etiquette and respect for the rules, and different occasions have different dress requirements, which makes the dress with a strong color of reasoning.

V. Functionality

In ancient China, in social life, the use of dress to show and distinguish their occupations and identities is one of the important contents. Different dress, is a different industry, not proper you just identity symbols, let a person look, will know its industry, will be clear its line, will be aware of its identity, all of which is exactly "to clothing implies merit, in order to decorate the other industry armor" functional connotation of the true manifestation.

Explanation of terms

Decapitation, fine linen, and dyeing clothes

Reflections

1. Try to describe the social nature of the ancient Chinese dress.

2. Give examples to illustrate the connection between the form of clothing and the production and life of various nationalities.

Chapter 4: Traveling and Transportation in Ancient China

Aims of Teaching

Through this chapter, students can understand the customs of traveling in ancient China and the social functions and values embodied in the traveling life.

Focus and Difficulties

Ancient folk traveling food and lodging services business philosophy, social functions and value orientation of traveling life.

Section I: Traveling Customs

"Traveling" generally refers to traveling activities that last longer and travel farther. Due to the differences in ancient geographical conditions and the different social identities of people, the traveling customs of the ancients showed diverse characteristics and evolved with the progress of the times, vividly refracting the content and trajectory of change of political, economic and social customs in various historical periods.

I. Divination and Rituals

There are many aspects of social life in ancient China that show a strong color of oriental mysticism, among which some customs related to travel life also have this characteristic. The practice of divining the auspiciousness of a journey and performing rituals for the gods is a custom of psychological preparation before the journey, reflecting the solemnity and seriousness of the psychology at the beginning of the travel life.

Explanation of terms

Choice of auspiciousness, ancestor God

Second, the custom of traveling farewell

Farewell the beginning of traveling life. It is also a common form of farewell in social life to say goodbye to someone who is traveling. In addition, the ancient send-off and the gift of words and gifts of etiquette.

Explanation of Nouns

Baqiao (灞桥折柳) farewell trip

Third, inscriptions

Some of the literati like to write inscriptions at places of commemorative significance, and this custom has been carried on to this day. Ancient travelers in the life of the custom of inscription can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty, the Han and Jin Dynasty gradually become the trend, since then, more prevalent.

Fourth, early? The first is the first time in the history of the world. Still fast

Traveling people on the way to pay attention to the early departure to catch the road, so that before dark to find the inn, pay attention to saving money, pay attention to the destination as soon as possible to hit, but also since ancient times, travel customs.

Nouns Explained

尚早 尚俭 尚快

五、软脚? Wash the dust?

Travelers know people return, the folk generally have soft feet, wash the dust, and receive the wind and other comfort travelers return to the rituals and customs. In addition, the traveler in the long-distance travel, pray to the gods on the way to shelter, which also produces the ancient Chinese travel life in the travel faith and a series of taboos.

Explanation of Terms

Soft Feet, Wash the Dust, and Receive the Wind

Section 2: Value Functions and Social Orientation

First, the Social Functions of Traveling Life

As an important part of the ancient social life, the traveling life has its own unique social significance, and it played an important role in the ancient world. Its social function is mainly manifested in: political education function, economic exchange function, cultural dissemination function, science and technology catalytic function and other aspects.

Second, the value orientation of travel life

In essence, travel activities in a specific time and space, specific background, specific physical conditions, the participants between the subject and object of a two-way communication, cultural interaction, corresponding to the physical observation of the activities, coupled with different needs, resulting in the value orientation, presenting a diversified situation: the value of the aesthetic orientation, the value of knowledge orientation, The value orientation of the "world", the value orientation of leisure and entertainment.

Reflective questions

1, try to describe the evolution of ancient Chinese traveling customs.

2. Briefly describe the impact of traveling life on economic development in ancient China.

Chapter 5 Marriage in Ancient China

Teaching Objectives

Marriage is the basic form of interpersonal relationship, and what kind of form of marriage has what kind of social organization. Through the study of this chapter, students can master the human marriage forms, ancient marriage ceremonies, and the evolution of marriage forms through the ages, and then understand the relationship between marriage and politics, economy and culture.

Key Difficulties

The human marriage form and its evolutionary trajectory, the forms of marriage through the ages, the marriage ceremony, the concept of marriage and its evolution.

Section I. The Origin of Marriage and the Marriage Process

I. The Origin and Evolution of Marriage

Marriage is the basic form of interpersonal relationships, and what form of marriage, what form of social organization, the form of human marriage has gone through the development and evolution of the course of the development of the marriage from the bloodline group marriage, extramarital marriage, the dyadic marriage to monogamy.

Terminology

Class marriage Brother-sister marriage Hierarchical marriage Morgan Punarua A note Patriarchal system

Second, the ancient marriage ceremony

Marriage is a major event in the life of a person. The vast majority of the world's peoples and regions, in the formal marriage of men and women, have to hold a certain ceremony to celebrate. This ceremony is called "wedding". In ancient times, China attached great importance to the wedding, the main ceremonies are: six rites, promote makeup, paving the room, send marriage, worship, spread tent, fm radio, tie the red thread, haunted house, poetry and choose a son-in-law.

Section 2: Forms of Marriage

1. Marriage by Plunder; 2. Marriage by Sale; 3. Marriage by Cousin; 4. Marriage by Childhood; 5. Marriage by Son-in-law; 6. Marriage by Exchange; 7. Marriage by Underworld; 8. Marriage by Elopement.

Section 3: Taboos in Marriage

First, do not marry with the same family name; second, do not marry with the same clan; third, do not marry with the clan's wife; fourth, do not marry with the inferiority or superiority of a person; fifth, do not marry with the middle table; sixth, do not marry with the good and the low; seventh, do not marry with the government and the people; eighth, do not marry with the monks and the Taoists; ninth, do not marry with the adulterers and runaways; tenth, do not marry with the enemies and colluders; eleventh, do not marry with the mourning of the relatives of the honored one; twelfth, do not marry with the mourning of the spouses.

Reflection questions

1, briefly explain the origin of human marriage and its evolution.

2. Try to describe the early marriage in ancient China and its harm.

Chapter 6 Ancient Chinese Rites of Birth and Growing Old

Teaching Aims

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the customs of growing old in life and grasp the social functions and values of life rituals.

Key Difficulties

Life rituals and their evolution, the social function and value of life rituals.

Section I. Growing up in life etiquette

China is known as the "state of etiquette", complete traditional etiquette exists not only in the relationship between people, but also in the experience of personal social life.

I. Birth and Birthday Rituals

Traditional Chinese life rituals are complex, throughout an individual's entire life course, and are always accompanied by specific rituals at each specific time or period of time in an individual's life.

Explanation of Terms

Seeking Children Pregnancy and Foetus Education Birth Rites and Customs Birthday Rites and Customs

Secondly, Adulthood Rites and Customs

The richness of etiquette influences and regulates the behaviors of all the members of the society, and in the process of growing up, an individual will be influenced by all kinds of etiquette, and at the same time, he will learn the social norms from these etiquettes and abide by them, which will lead to a socialization process. Socialization process, in the process of growing up, there are a variety of life etiquette accompanied by, such as the rites of passage, tutelage etiquette, birthday etiquette, and so on.

Explanation of Terms

Rites of passage, tutelage, birthday rites and customs

Section 2: Honoring the elderly

I. Honoring the elderly

China's honoring of the elderly can be traced back to the age of fishing and hunting for meat. Since then, it has been improved over the generations. Rulers have implemented a variety of initiatives to honor the elderly, such as giving a few canes, giving officials and knighthoods, penalty exemptions and building workshops.

Second, the old age rituals and customs

The old age highlights the significance of respect for the elderly, focusing on the material level of the elderly to give preferential treatment. In ancient China, these old-age initiatives are mainly reflected in giving things, reducing or exempting the service, building old-age relief organizations and protecting the rights of the elderly.

Third, the folk customs of respect for the elderly

The formation of folk customs of respect for the elderly in ancient China, first of all, is determined by the history of China's long-term agricultural society. Secondly, in China's traditional culture, Confucianism undoubtedly occupies an important position, and Confucianism has always emphasized the difference between inferiority and superiority, and the order of the eldest and youngest. Furthermore, the strong advocacy and encouragement of filial piety by the ruling class has also contributed to the deepening of the concept of honoring the elderly and filial piety. The customs of filial piety can be categorized into the following three aspects: respecting elders, serving filial piety, and making sacrifices in remembrance of elders. The culture of respect for the elderly is an integral part of traditional Chinese culture and a concrete manifestation of China's long history and civilization. Its functions need to be viewed dialectically. On the positive side, respect for the elderly is the inevitable choice of agricultural societies to pass on civilization and the basis of social stability. At the same time, it is also a manifestation of the spirit of humanity and harmony in interpersonal relations. But there are also negative aspects, respect for the elderly absolute, so that young people do not get due respect, thus forming a conservative, passive, lack of exploration of the state of mind, affecting the development and progress of society.

Explanation of Terms

Honor the elderly Rites and customs Elderly Rites and Customs

Reflective Questions

1. Try to describe the value of the culture of respect for the elderly in our country and its negative impact.

, Briefly describe the social functions of life rites and customs.

Chapter 7: Ancient Chinese Health Care Practices

Teaching Objectives

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the role of health care in history and social development, especially the relationship between epidemics and social development, and understand the ancient Chinese customs of nourishing life and sex.

Focus and Difficulties

Causes of epidemics, the relationship between epidemics and social development.

Section I. Ancient Attention to Environmental Health

I. Attention to the relationship between the environment and health and longevity

As early as the pre-Qin period, people have recognized that geographic location, the environment, water quality and so on and health and longevity have a close relationship, and since then there have been successive generations of the world's people on the issue to express their views. Especially in the Qing Dynasty medical doctor Xu Dachun as a representative.

Second, pay attention to environmental health

In ancient China, people attach great importance to environmental health, there are three manifestations: First, in the selection of residential buildings, it is noted that should be selected in favor of the physical and mental health of mankind's auspicious place and build a home; second, pay attention to the cleanliness and hygiene of the house inside and outside; third, the cleanliness and hygiene for toilets, the ancients also paid special attention. In order to maintain environmental hygiene, the ancients also attached great importance to the dredging and cleaning of the gutters inside and outside the houses. In the maintenance and management of settled living area environmental health, the ancients also have a lot of good practices.

The second section of the relationship between epidemics and social development

I. Types of epidemics in the past

Historically, China is a variety of epidemics occurring in the country, the pre-Qin to the early Han Dynasty, the two Han, Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties period, the Tang and Song dynasties, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties four periods is the history of China's epidemics occurring more often in the period, of which the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the complexity of the epidemics and the frequency of epidemics.

Second, the causes of ancient epidemics

The reason why the frequent occurrence of epidemics in ancient China, there are three main reasons, that is, the occurrence of epidemics is often associated with the frequent occurrence of disasters, mobile populations plus huge, as well as geographic environment has a close relationship.

Third, epidemics and society

After the occurrence of epidemics, often in the social development of all aspects of its mark, and all levels of social development are affected by it, mainly in the development of productive forces with the community, health, beliefs, interpersonal relationships and moral value system of the relationship.

Explanation of Terms

Environment "Suwen" Epidemics "Typhoid Fever" Food Therapy Nutrition and Nurture

Reflective Questions

1. How to understand the relationship between epidemics and social development?

2. Briefly describe what people in ancient China knew about the relationship between environment and health.

Chapter 8: Ancient Chinese Funeral Customs

Teaching Objectives

Through this chapter, students will understand ancient funeral customs and burial rites, and grasp the relationship between funerals and traditional Chinese culture.

Key Points and Difficulties

The origin and evolution of burial customs and funeral rites, the relationship between funerals and traditional Chinese culture.

Section I. Funeral customs and funeral rites

I. Funeral customs

Funeral customs are the embodiment of the style of a society, a region, a nation, our country is a vast, long history of the country, different regions, different times, different nationalities, different classes, and different religious beliefs, the formation of different funeral customs. This is mainly manifested in the form of different types of burial, a wide variety of burial methods, as well as the shape of a variety of structural graves.

Terminology

Funeral style, burial method, hanging coffins, sky burial, tree burial, graves

Second, the funeral rituals

Funeral rituals refers to the funeral rituals. After the creation of the funeral, through the continuous development of successive generations, the formation of a set of from the first death, stopping the coffin, burial to the sacrifice of the extremely complicated and elaborate etiquette.

Nouns Explained

Funeral Rituals Funeral Program Funeral Clothing Mourning Residence Mourning Ancestor Sacrifice Small Convergence

Section 2: Funeral and Traditional Chinese Culture

Burial of dead relatives is a cultural phenomenon that exists in every country and nation, which not only sends the living to the dead of the feelings of mourning and lingering, but also embodies the human concern for life.

First, the end of life rituals

The human life has gone through different stages of development, each stage has formed their own rituals. Funeral etiquette as the end of life rituals, y rooted in people's consciousness, penetrate all levels of society, become a nation consciously or unconsciously comply with the placement of the dead behavioral norms, a profound impact on people's thinking and even daily production and life.

Explanation of terms

The concept of the soul, caveman

Second, the refraction of the social landscape

Funeral customs are the accumulation of a long period of time a national formation, it is as an ideological category of the superstructure, subject to the constraints of the economic base, with the social and historical conditions, and with the development of productive forces continue to evolve and change. It can also be said that the funeral customs are the reflection of the differences in the natural geographic environment, the level of productivity and economic conditions, different ethnic customs, social hierarchical order in this period.

Third, the cultural genes of funeral customs

Funeral customs are rich in cultural content, and its derivation reflects the social and cultural changes, and by the influence and domination of the concept of religious consciousness. The emergence and development of the clan concept is also an important factor in the derivation of burial customs. In addition, the evolution of ancient burial customs, but also by the traditional concept of filial piety.

Explanation of Terms

Religious Consciousness Clan Concepts Filial Piety Concepts

Reflective Questions

1. Briefly describe the burial customs and funeral rites in ancient China.

2. Briefly describe the cultural genes derived from ancient Chinese burial customs.

Chapter 9: Faith Practices in Ancient China

Teaching Objectives

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the main folk belief practices, and master the characteristics of traditional Chinese belief practices.

Key Difficulties

The basic teachings of Buddhism and the psychology of good and evil retribution, the basic teachings of Taoism and the fairy complex, the characteristics of traditional Chinese belief practices.

Section I: Folk Beliefs

Faith is a common psychological phenomenon in the history of human society, and it is an important psychological support for people in ancient times to carry out social life activities. Faith concept of *** compliance, *** worship, *** knowledge and generalization, the social life of the stable derivation of the spirit of cohesion and cultural "magnetic" role, can not be underestimated. Faith practices are customs formed by people according to certain belief concepts and the psychology of worship. Chinese traditional beliefs and customs have always been rooted in traditional Chinese society, and in the development and change into the traditional Chinese social views, values and concepts, forming a unique national characteristics of the beliefs and customs of the culture.

First, totem worship

Totem worship was first found in the North American Indians, China's totem worship arose in the primitive society of matriarchal clans, hunting, gathering for a living, primitive people believe that their own clans or tribes and some kind of animals, plants or microorganisms with a special intimate relationship between them and the clan's object of worship and symbols.

Second, nature worship and spirit worship

The Chinese worship of nature and spirits, a long history, the worship of many objects, worship of different areas of things are not the same, these cults are the most primitive form of religion, most of them have become the main content of the beliefs of the Chinese people, mainly: heaven and earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, the wind and phoenixes, the unicorn, the worship of pines and cypresses, and so on.

Third, social worship and ancestral spirit worship

The belief in human gods and ghosts originated from the concept of the immortality of the soul. Before the Qin and Han dynasties, because the concept of heaven and hell has not yet formed, therefore, the destination of the ghosts and gods is not very clear, the world out of all kinds of psychological needs, not only pay attention to the ancestors of the religion, worship of the Yellow Emperor, etc., but also for many of the beneficent officials to set up a shrine. It is in the process of arranging the residence for the soul after death, the formation of human gods, social gods and industry god worship practices.

Fourth, divination and witchcraft

Divination is China's oldest type of folk beliefs, is the prediction of the future of good and bad luck, divination of a variety of forms, which is more popular: fortune-telling, face reading, measuring the word, feng shui, accounting for the dream and so on.

V. Taboo

Taboo is based on witchcraft, divination, astrology and other very common folk beliefs, it is the folk in order to choose good luck to avoid bad luck, prohibited and some "sacred" or "unclean" things close to a certain mysterious power to fear and take the It is a negative precautionary measure for the fear of some mysterious power. In traditional Chinese society, taboos permeate all aspects of production and life.

Explanation of Terms

Totem Worship Nature Worship Spirit Worship Social Worship Ancestor Worship Divination

Section 2: The Characteristics of Traditional Beliefs and Practices

As a unique socio-cultural phenomenon, traditional beliefs and practices in China have their own distinctive characteristics, which are manifested in the impiousness and utilitarianism in the psychology of beliefs, and the diversity and multiplicity of objects of beliefs, and the ethical and humanistic nature in the consciousness of beliefs. The ethical and humanistic colors on the faith consciousness and the witchcraft and mysterious colors on the faith inheritance.

I. Utilitarianism in the psychology of faith

Strictly speaking, most Chinese people are not pious believers most of the time, and no religions, deities, or ideologies or doctrines have ever fully occupied people's souls. This utilitarianism in people's beliefs is mainly manifested in: the utilitarian coloring of the belief in the gods; the deep-rooted concept of taboo; the belief in the quick success of the quick success of the quick success of the quick success of the quick success of the quick success of the quick success of the quick success.

Second, the diversity of the object of faith

China is not a country of pure faith, where "settled" both the various types of religion, and countless superstitious practices. The relaxed faith environment, rich faith resources, and uneven regional economic and cultural development differences make Chinese people's faith in the object of the inevitable emergence of the diversity and multiplicity of the characteristics.

Third, the humanistic flavor of faith consciousness

The humanistic flavor of Chinese people's faith consciousness is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the penetration of ethical cultural concepts into people's faith consciousness; the present-day care in faith consciousness; and the humanistic flavor of deities.

Fourth, the witchcraft color on the inheritance of faith

Another important feature of traditional faith customs is the witchcraft color. They play a vital role in the continuation of faith customs. Witchcraft and mystical colors on the inheritance of beliefs are reflected in the fact that, in traditional societies, superstitious activities are prevalent, resulting in a number of superstitious professionals. As a result, superstition, as a backward folklore phenomenon, occupies a large proportion in the belief customs of traditional societies. And its incomprehensibility is the charm of the blind faith that induces people.

Terminology

Kanshi Reality Care Wicca Witchcraft Nuo culture