History of Japanese Hanban Heritage: (I) A Brief History of Development

? Chinese medicine into Japan, the exact time, is not yet very clear. But it is more widely recognized that the 5th century AD by the introduction of North Korea, because the North Korean emissary for the Emperor to cure the effect, so that Japanese scholars recognize the value of Chinese medicine and accept, Chinese medicine will be the medium of North Korea into Japan. Chinese medicine was introduced to Japan through the medium of Korea, and became the origin of Chinese medicine in Japan.

In 552 A.D., Emperor Yuan of Liang gave Japan a set of needle scriptures, and in 562 A.D., Wu Zhi Cong brought the "Mintang Tu" and 164 volumes of medical books to Japan, starting the direct exchange of Chinese and Japanese medicine. To the Sui and Tang dynasties, China from unity to prosperity, become Asia's center of science and technology, economy, culture, medicine, etc., China and Japan more and more frequent exchanges, 608 A.D., Japan's Emperor Tugu sent pharmacist Huirui, foreign students, such as Japanese Han Zhifuyin came to China to study medicine, which lasted for 15 years, completed in 628 years back to the United States, brought back a large number of Sui and Tang dynasty medical books. In 754 A.D., the Tang monk Jianzhen was invited to carry a large number of medical books to Japan, which played a role in promoting and facilitating the development of Japanese medicine. Since then, a large number of medical and pharmaceutical works of the Sui-Tang and Song dynasties have been imported into Japan, and have become the mainstream of Japanese medicine. In addition, at that time, Japan not only in the clinical use of Chinese medicine theory and treatment of prescription drugs, and medical writings, medical system, medical education, medical management, etc. are the same with our country. For example, in the 9th century A.D., Emperor Izumo Hirotsune of Japan was commissioned to compile 100 volumes of the Great Classical Gathering Formula, which was made with reference to the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (HUANGDI NEIJING), Yellow Emperor's Classic of Needle Painting (HUANGDI NEEDLE PRINTS), Pulse Meridian (PERSEUS METAPHORS), KAEI MERIDIANS, and Minor Formulas. In the 10th century A.D., Tamba Yasuyori wrote 30 volumes of "Medical Heart Formulas", which, in addition to the "Treatise on the Origins and Currents of Various Diseases", also included more than a hundred kinds of medical books from the Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties. In 701 A.D., Emperor Bunmu of Japan (42nd generation), in the first year of Dabo, promulgated the Dabo Decree, in which the Medical Disease Decree referred to the Tang medical system. This decree is the earliest medical system in Japan.

Therefore, it can be said that from the 5th century AD onwards, Japan continuously introduced Chinese medicine through extensive and frequent academic and personnel exchanges, and then simply and faithfully imitated it in terms of academics, clinics, and administration. This trend, which lasted until the 15th century, was due to this down-to-earth, modest, and long time learning and utilization, which laid a solid foundation for the independent development and formation of a system of Chinese medicine in Japan.

? At the end of the 15th century A.D., Tashiro Miki (1465-1537 A.D.) entered the Ming Dynasty to study under the monk Yuehu, specializing in Jin Yuan medicine, and after returning home from 12 years of study, he was the first to advocate Li Zhu medicine. At that time, the Japanese society was prevalent in Song Confucianism, and his disciple, Qu Zhi Shu Dao San, vigorously promoted and popularized it, and established the Enlightenment Institute, teaching more than 800 disciples. Li Zhu medicine gradually spread throughout Japan, and was popular for a while.

In 1571, Qu Zhi Sue Dao San's masterpiece "Enlightenment Collection" came out, which quoted 63 kinds of Chinese medical books, and its content to cite Li Dongyuan "Spleen and Stomach Theory", "Orchid Room Mystery Collection", Zhu Danxi "Gezhi Yu Lun", "Danxi Xin Fa" for the most. However, it is not confined to the Jin Yuan medical practitioners, but rather, it is the first time to propose the theory of traditional medicine, to grasp the human physiology, pathology, disease manifestations, and on this basis, to form a more complete theoretical system of diagnosis and treatment, and to establish the basis for the independent development of the Chinese medicine in Japan.

After Dosan, he had many followers, and most of his disciples became famous doctors at that time. In the pre-Edo period and about 100 years thereafter, the Daosan school, i.e., Jinyuan medicine, dominated, thus forming the first school of Chinese medicine in Japan, the so-called "Latter Day Side", which truly began the stage of the Japaneseization of Chinese medicine.

? Japan's Edo period (1603 ~ 1876 AD), due to changes in social trends and advances in natural science, the influence of Song Confucianism is declining, led by Ito Rensai set off a Confucianism retro movement, philosophical positivism instead of yin-yang and five elements of discursive rationalism. With the Song Confucianism has inextricably linked to the Jin Yuan medicine, and the development of blind science at that time appeared obvious incongruity, coupled with the rule of the Chinese medical profession for more than a hundred years after the latter party, not only adhere to the empty theory of the Jin Yuan medicine, but also in the medical treatment of the abuse of warmth of the malpractice. This inevitably also set off a wave of retro in the medical profession.

? Representatives: Kagawa Shuan, Gu Yi Dong Dong (1702-1773 AD) and so on, they believe that the ancient medicine is summarized from pure observation and practical experience, not mixed with the theory of yin and yang and five elements of the discursive theory, is the most clinically valuable. They are running through the theory of yin and yang and five elements of the Neijing medicine as yin and yang medicine, stained with Taoism seeking immortality Shennong herbal medicine as immortal medicine, that they can not be compared with Zhang Zhongjing's medicine, so only respect the "Typhoid Fever Theory" and carry forward.

? It is under the guidance of this ancient and empirical thinking, based on the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", established the academic system of the School of Ancient Chinese Medicine. In particular, the main representative of the ancient formula school JIYI Dongdong compiled "class gathering formula", "medicine signs" and other works, that is, selectively absorbed the "typhoid fever miscellaneous disease theory" of the essence of the part, combined with their own experience class compiled, so that the development of the ancient formula school reached the apex; In addition, due to the "abdominal diagnosis" in the "typhoid fever" in a lot of people, so Dongdong also advocate for it and Dong Dong also advocated and concretized it. Dongdong said, not only with the social and medical background of the echo, but also cater to the Japanese focus on simple and pragmatic national psychological character, so many people, and soon overwhelmed all the sayings, became the mainstream of Chinese medicine, and has not declined.

? In the middle of the Edo period, the ancient formula school and the later formula school against each other, the academic controversy is very active, so that the rapid development of Chinese medicine, and formed its own academic characteristics and obvious school tendency; theoretical theory of the "typhoid fever" as the basic framework, and a high degree of simplicity; clinically focusing on the formula and the "square evidence corresponds to"; diagnostic emphasize the importance of abdominal diagnosis; prescription drugs to the prescription of the medicine, and the importance of the diagnosis of the abdominal diagnosis. Clinically, it emphasized the correspondence between prescription and evidence; diagnostically, it emphasized the importance of abdominal diagnosis; and in terms of prescription and medicine, it used prescription as the unit. Finally, the process of the Japaneseization of Chinese medicine was realized, which gave birth to the Japanese traditional medicine - Chinese medicine or Oriental medicine.

Almost at the same time, Western medicine was also introduced to Japan, but the real impact of the attention well occurred in the 17th century, with the Dutch into Japan. In 1754 A.D., the Kyoto medical officer Yamawaki Toyo based on Western human anatomy, revised the ancient medical books of the error, wrote the book "Dirty Records" for the Japanese modern anatomy of the ?, caused some of the attention of the Han Chinese medicine and research interest.

Subsequently, the Western anatomy, physiology, clinical subjects, pharmacology books continue to come out, so that only the medical doctors have wider contact with Western medical theory, found its merits, and gradually accepted the Western medicine, and tried to integrate Chinese medicine and Western medicine, the establishment of a new type of medical system, which formed the history of the " Hanlan Medical Eclectic School ".

The eclectic school absorbed the advantages of the latter school and the ancient school of prescription, discarded its shortcomings and absorbed some of the Western medical point of view and thesis, advocating that no matter which school, as long as clinically effective should be selected. The development of Chinese herbal anesthetics, the world's first successful breast cancer removal surgery of Hwagang Aoshu, Nagatomi Dosuoan, and the pre-Meiji period dominated the world of Chinese medicine, known as the end of the Shogunate Meiji Chinese medicine giant Asada Sokaku can be said to be a representative of the eclectic school of thought.

But by the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, the main body of traditional medicine separated from the eclectic school, and the koan school emerged and gained dominance. They brought the study of the classical works of Chinese medicine to a new climax, and were represented by such figures as Yamada Masazumi and the Tamba family. Thereafter, until the middle of the 19th century, Japan's Chinese medical profession, the ancient formula school and the eclectic school has a greater impact, the former emphasizes the "empirical positivism", emphasis on clinical experience and despise the theory; eclectic school in the mainstream of the school of evidence, focusing on ancient documents, exegesis, notes, theories, all respect for the ancient, no innovation, resulting in the separation of the Chinese medicine and the art of medicine, so that the transmission of medical science and technology Separation, so that the teaching of medical technology has been greatly affected.

Toward the end of the Shogunate period before the Meiji era, there were few famous doctors, and the conservative and mystical approach to teaching medicine aroused the resentment and dissatisfaction of the people at that time. In addition, Chinese medicine contradicted the urgent need for the development of war surgery, preventive medicine, group therapy medicine and epidemic prevention medicine and other "group prevention and treatment medicine", so that Chinese medicine is in a disadvantageous position in the competition with Western medicine.

? In 1868 AD, the Japanese government into the Meiji period; break the Tokugawa shogunate implemented more than 200 years of closed policy, the implementation of the policy of wealth and strength, and at the same time in favor of Western culture in the context of the social tide, medicine has also turned to Western medicine. The Chinese Academy was closed, and the leadership was held by Western doctors, who emphasized the advantages of Western medicine one-sidedly and simply ignored the differences between the two kinds of medicine, vigorously advocating Western medicine and adopting the system of Western medicine branching out into different professions. Through the Western European medical education, a large number of training of Western physicians, at this time the Chinese medicine fell into a trough. After 8 years of the Meiji era, Chinese medicine was even in a state where it was difficult to survive legally. At this point, Chinese medicine has entered the most difficult stage in history.

Since the 8th year of the Meiji era, medical practitioners aiming at the revival of Chinese medicine have gathered together and have been engaged in activities for the survival of Chinese medicine. In the 20 years of Chinese medicine, there were three successive struggles. Meiji 8 years to 16 years of eight years of theoretical struggle, against the government examination of the medical system reform program of the seven subjects of foreign medicine, Asada Zongbo, led by the six sages gathered to study, put forward the examination of six subjects of Chinese medicine (open matter XieLi, organs and meridians, the study of the reason for the nature of the masses of diseases, the original mechanism, the medicinal nature of the use of the body, the pulse of the disease diagnosis and treatment) of the revised program, a series of movements such as associations, publications, schools, petitions and so on.

The main base of the resistance was the Wenchi Society in Tokyo, which was led by Yamada Hirokazu, Asada Sobaku, and Asai Kokan, who were representatives of Chinese medicine. By the 15th year of the Meiji era, Wenchi Society held its third national convention, Wenchi, Zanyu (Kyoto people Chunyu (Kumamoto) to implement the Western seven examination system, the "medical system" infiltration will be canceled Chinese medicine measures.

Since then, although the Chinese medicine since the Meiji 17 ~ 20 years to carry out the struggle for treatment as well as since the Meiji 23 ~ 28 years to carry out the parliamentary struggle, continue to fight with the water, but ultimately, because of the government and the suppression of foreign medicine gradually escalated, the Chinese medicine and the internal face of the Mori Rikiyuki, Kiyokawa Gendo, Asada Sobo and other core figures of the successive demise of the heart of people are disorganized, the economy of Orange and back to the sky is not good enough.

In particular, in the eighth session of the Meiji 28th Parliament, the corrections proposed by the Chinese medicine bill, was rejected by a margin of only 27 votes, and thus, the Chinese side of the survival of the movement was declared a failure. In the epilogue of Asai Kokkan's death in front of his ancestor's grave, the history of the struggle between Chinese and Western medical practitioners ended, and Chinese medicine was defeated and gradually declined.

In 1906, especially after the First World War (1914), Japan appeared to re-evaluate the situation of Chinese medicine. 1906 in Tokyo, held the second Japan Joint Medical Association, the University of Tokyo Professor Miura Konosuke, Yamashita Shunyirou respectively, made "about acupuncture and moxibustion treatment", "and the value of Chinese medicine" report, in the medical profession caused a great vibration, so that many scholars of the past "low-level Chinese medicine", "the value of Chinese medicine" report. Many scholars can not help but reflect on the past, "the theory of the uselessness of Chinese herbal medicine" is correct.

In 1910, Wada Keijuro, a Chinese herbalist, first self-published the book "The Iron Spine of the Medical World", which explained the value of Chinese herbal medicine by his own clinical practice. This book was a very powerful diatribe. After that, some modern medical experts with considerable attainments and status, such as Asahina Taihiko during the Taisho period, Yumoto Kujin and Ito Yaeji during the Showa period, who recognized the future of Chinese medicine in practice, consciously devoted themselves to this difficult cause, and, because of their knowledge and prestige, exerted an extremely great influence on the perseverance and revival of Chinese medicine.

In particular, Yumoto Kujin wrote three volumes of "Imperial Chinese Medicine", which was the first book to explain Chinese medicine in combination with Western medical knowledge, and became a great force in promoting the revival of Chinese medicine. In addition, there are a number of Western medical qualification of the descendants of Chinese medicine family, they volunteer to follow the Chinese medicine, study hard Chinese medicine, and accumulate clinical experience, and strive to improve the clinical efficacy of Chinese medicine, in order to stabilize the roots of the expansion of the position. For example, Yagami Michiaki, Yasuyasu, Nagisa Kimura, Shiro Hosono, Taro Shimizu, and Suring Yanagitani became the founders of the revival and development of Chinese medicine.

After the Second World War, Germany and France also began to study the needle art of Oriental medicine, and any Japanese medical practitioner who went to Germany and France must have been asked questions about Oriental medicine, and this reality surprised modern Japanese medical practitioners and made them realize that those medical practitioners were going to have to be reacquainted with Oriental medicine. In addition, the Japanese medical practitioners of modern medicine, the side effects of the new drugs and chemicals produced disappointment and review mood, naturally turned their attention to the Oriental medicine.

Oriental medicine applies the natural biopharmaceutical compound prescription, according to the provisions of the use, like the chemical side effects can be said to be virtually non-existent. What the medical profession needs is a medicine that can lead to a comprehensive therapeutic effect on the human constitution, even if it is a little slow in its effect. Chinese herbal medicine has the raw materials to fulfill this hope. What used to be ridiculed as the shortcomings of Oriental medicine was suddenly recognized as its strengths and made a comeback. Oriental medicine, in its own right, was beginning a new renaissance.

In 1950, Yagami Michiaki, Itakura Takeshi, and others actively planned and liaised with each other in all directions to register and gather the members of the former "East Asian Medical Association" scattered all over the world, and formally resumed the association, which was called the "Japan Society of Oriental Medicine". And in a very difficult situation held the first general meeting of the General Assembly of the Oriental Medical Association. Then the pre-war Chinese medicine publication "Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine" was restored.

In 1954, Michiaki Yagami initiated a joint effort with Shiro Hosono, Kio Manaka, Yukimoto Morita, and Tatsuji Baba, who were famous for their Chinese medicine, to found the journal Han Fang Clinical, which replaced the original Han Fang and Han Yao (Traditional Chinese Medicine). After encountering various difficulties in starting the magazine, each of them contributed his or her monthly income to pay for the magazine's losses, even though the magazine had been in the red for three consecutive years. For the survival and development of the Han Fang business, a huge price was paid.

By the 1970s, under the influence of the international "Chinese medicine fever", through the efforts of the Japanese herbalist community, the herbalist business has been greatly developed, and a prosperous scene has emerged. The main manifestations are:

? ? ① Improvement of social status. In the 70's Japanese Hanbo medical treatment has already enjoyed a high prestige in the society, and in the comparison between Oriental medicine and Western medicine, the many strengths of Oriental medicine have been recognized by the people. Not only did people believe in Chinese medicine and apply it, but it was also widely used by officials and organizations at all levels, and even students at medical schools used Chinese medicine when they were sick for fear of the side effects of chemical drugs. The role of Chinese medicine in social health care has thus been emphasized by people from all walks of life. The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan established the Chinese Medicine Association, of which Prime Minister Nakasone is the honorary chairman, and representatives of the Chinese medicine community participate in all major social events. Chinese medicine to make outstanding contributions to the Chinese herbalists to give high honor, in the 32nd and 33rd all-Japanese physicians association set up to commemorate the medical conference, by the physician chairman Takemi Taro were awarded Yagami Michiaki, Mazunaka Kio "the highest merit award".

In the 70s, the revival of Chinese medicine climaxed, the Japanese zhengfu to respond to the people's hearts, in 1976, the Ministry of Health and Welfare formally included Chinese herbal preparations in the "pharmaceutical price benchmark", starting with 43 kinds, in 1981 increased to 613 kinds. And the main Chinese herbal preparations as insurance preparations in the country, the establishment of health insurance organizations, so that the insurance premiums are constantly imported into the organizations of the Chinese herbal community. This enabled the development of the hanbo business in Japan to have a strong capital.

In 1972, a series of research institutes specializing in Chinese medicine were established, led by the General Research Institute of the Toyo Medical Association affiliated with the Kitasato Research Institute. In the Kitasato Research Institute, the world-renowned modern medical research institutions in the establishment of Oriental medicine research year, is tantamount to the highest academic field of modern medicine to openly support the existence of Chinese medicine and recognition of the true future of the nature of the depth and breadth of its impact is very large, not only more than half a century since the dream of Chinese medicine to realize the wish, and soon led to the establishment of a number of advanced professional research institutions, the establishment. In 1979, the National Science and Technology Agency formulated a comprehensive plan for the research of Chinese medicine and invested one billion yen in the research on the substance of evidence and meridians, blood stasis, and ensuring the resources of medicinal herbs. This laid the foundation for the rapid development of Chinese medicine.

④ academic activities tend to be active in the month, Meiben Toyo Medicine Association, Toyo Medicine Branch, various Chinese medicine groups continue to organize various academic exchanges, many famous Chinese medicine practitioners often hold academic reports, Xu Za, and actively disseminate the knowledge and experience of Chinese medicine, so that the Chinese medicine is more popular, and even a household name. In the Japanese society has formed a certain momentum. At this point, where this Chinese medicine to be fully revitalized.