How are the customs of Vietnam

Traditional festivals and folklore: The traditional festivals of the Vietnamese nation are the same as those of China, mainly Spring Festival, Ching Ming, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chung Yeung, etc., of which Spring Festival is the grandest festival. Vietnamese people are simple and civilized. It is customary to greet each other with a nod of the head, a handshake, or a hug according to French etiquette, and they are often referred to as brothers and sisters. Vietnam is y influenced by Han culture, and most people believe in Buddhism. Buddhism was introduced to Vietnam at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and after the 10th century, Buddhism was honored as the state religion. At present, there are about 20 million Buddhists in the country. In addition, Catholicism has been introduced to Vietnam for more than 400 years and currently has more than 3 million followers, mostly in the south. Vietnamese people worship their ancestors and are generally superstitious about the city god and the god of wealth. In general, people's homes are equipped with offering tables and incense burners, and they worship at home on New Year's holidays. Clothing is simple, with men wearing suits on formal occasions and women wearing ethnic-style "long shirts" (similar to the cheongsam) and pants. Their food habits are similar to those of some ethnic groups in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan. They eat with chopsticks and prefer light, cold, sour and spicy food. Vietnamese people avoid taking pictures of three people together, and cannot use a match or lighter to light cigarettes for three people in a row, which is considered unlucky. They don't want people to touch the top of their heads, and they can't put their feet up against people when they sit on the ground.

Names and AddressesThe big surnames of the Kinh, the main ethnic group in Vietnam, are Nguyen, Tran, Ngoc and Le. Like the Chinese, the Vietnamese have surnames in front and first names at the end, most of them have single-surname, two-character names, and a few also have single-surname, one-character names. Vietnamese people in the address, in addition to the first person more commonly used neutral "I" (pronounced as "heap"), the second person "you" and the third person " He (she) do not have neutral personal pronouns, and are usually addressed according to the other person's generation or status to show affection or respect. For example, to the father's generation, the second person directly with "uncle", "aunt", "uncle", "aunt", etc.; third person with "that person", "that person", "that person", "that person", "that person", "that person", "that person", "that person", "that person", "that person". In the third person, "that uncle", "that aunt", etc. are used. Vietnamese greetings do not distinguish between "morning and evening" and "hello". In addition to "goodbye", they usually use the word "call" to express their greetings. For example, when we meet, we say "call comrade" is "comrade hello", and when we part, we say "call comrade" is "comrade goodbye". ". When Vietnamese people address each other, usually the name and the last name in a row, rarely with the surname and even the first name are called, that is considered impolite. Such as a man named Nguyen Hinh Cuong, according to his age and degree of affinity, called "Cuong Bo", "Cuong Uncle", "Cuong Brother", "Cuong Dai "or "Mr. Qiang" or "Comrade Qiang".

ClothingIn ancient times, the Kinh people of Vietnam wore a variety of coveralls and long skirts. By the Middle Ages, commoners wore brown cloth and officials wore blue khaki. After the 15th century, the rich usually wore brocades and red robes for ceremonies and banquets, officials wore brown or black cloth, bureaucrats wore green clothes, and commoners wore blush-colored coarse cloth. After the French entered Vietnam, the clothing of the common people began to change considerably, with women wearing knotted tops and pants. In modern times, men in Vietnamese cities tend to wear suits and women wear flowery narrow oiled robes. Vietnamese women's robes can be said to be the national costume of Vietnamese women, the upper body girdle, highlighting the body, so that the woman looks ah Na Duozi, hem stretch, open right to the waist, easy to move. Special attention is paid to Vietnamese women wearing robes, but also wear a black or white wide-legged pants. Vietnamese women like to wear necklaces, hand thresholds, rings, more than a long shawl hair, or with hairpins tied behind the head. The beauty of Yangnuo and teeth Vietnamese Kinh, Dai, Thai, and Edi people have a special hobby of chewing Ham Ham. They often press the coconut rubbed on a little lime paste or alkali hair fire mouth chewing, so that mold hammer chemical reaction, the juice is not swallowed, down the corners of the mouth out, chewing to no juice when the slag spit out. Chewing by the nut is usually first bitter and then sweet, can stimulate the nerves, refreshing the brain, in addition to the accumulation of swelling. The Kyoto people also use the betel nut as a token of honor, giving a betel nut as a gift for marriage proposals and invitations to guests. Chewing mold nut and dyeing teeth is an ancient custom of the Jing people. In the past, men and women began to dye their teeth as soon as they reached the age of seventeen or eighteen. According to their custom, starting to chew the betel nut and dye their teeth symbolizes that they have reached adulthood and are ready to get married. From then on, these young men and women were free to participate in any local recreational gatherings, sing songs and choose their partners. With the development of time, this ancient custom has declined, but in the Vietnamese countryside, you can still see a lot of older women with their teeth stained black and shiny. In their eyes, keeping teeth as white as jade is a sign of bad quality and style, while staining them black and bright is the most beautiful. Festivals Vietnam also uses both solar and lunar calendars. In addition to national holidays such as New Year's Day, International Labor Day, National Day, etc., Vietnam also celebrates the Ching Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Chinese New Year Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chung Yeung Festival, and Spring Festival. Like the Chinese, the Lunar New Year is the biggest festival of the year. In Vietnam, there is a folk song "Fat meat, ginger, onion, red couplets, flags, firecrackers and rice dumplings". It means that when the Lunar New Year comes, we have to prepare rich meat and vegetables for the festival, cook rice dumplings, put big red couplets on the door, high streamers fluttering in the wind, and firecrackers sounding. From this folk song, it is clear that Vietnamese people attach great importance to the Lunar New Year. When the New Year meets the old year, Vietnamese people also have the habit of observing the New Year's Eve. On New Year's Eve, people usually have to sleep on songs for the entertainment of the native soldiers, which later spread to the people. The so-called military drum is actually a wooden drum or foreign iron drum, two pillars in the village head, with hemp or steel wire rope will be fixed on the pillar after the drum taut, with a stick to beat the rope so that it makes a chirping sound, men and women stand on one side of each side, knocking the side of the song, laughter and joyful songs together, the atmosphere is joyful and warm. Some young men and women build up their feelings and establish romantic relationships through the songs.

Ancestor worshipVietnamese people, like other Orientals, also pay attention to filial piety. In every family, it is an indispensable sense for children to honor their grandparents and parents. To the dead ancestors, the Vietnamese people worship very much, and thus the worship of ancestors is very important to the faith, inherited from generation to generation, forming a scale. People believe that although the loved ones died, but his soul still exists, the descendants also play a protective and supervisory role, dominate all the activities of the people, many disasters on earth, we have to rely on the first spirit of blessing and relief. Vietnamese people do not have shrines, shrines, shrines, shrines in every house, is an altar to honor the ancestors, is a sacred place to honor the ancestors of God, no one can not offend, nor can there be any defilement. In the city, due to the narrowness of the dwellings, the altars were made in small and varied ways. For example, a board was nailed to the wall or the roof of a cupboard was used as an altar for the ancestors. In the center of the altar was an incense burner, flanked by two joss sticks. In front of the incense burner is a wooden or plastic tray with a thin waist and red lacquer. Fruit is served on glass plates, in addition to a pair of vases and a number of cups and saucers for the altar. In some families, there are couplets on both sides of the altar, such as "the ancestor's merit and virtue of a thousand years, filial son and grandson of ten thousand generations of prosperity", "blessed with rituals and ceremonies of the family hall is flourishing, the lucky hair of the glory of the spring of the blessing" and so on.

Vietnamese people regard offering sacrifices to their ancestors as a major event to show their gratitude for their nurturing. Many families, despite their different religious beliefs, do not neglect making offerings to their ancestors. Before the Lunar New Year, the altar must be redecorated with incense and candles and offerings. During the three days of Lunar New Year, the altar is always covered with incense, and parents and clansmen pray before the family reunion dinner. The Vietnamese people's worship of their ancestors is also manifested in the taboo on names. Normally, children and grandchildren are not allowed to mention the names of their ancestors and fathers, and if some nouns in real life overlap with the names of their ancestors and fathers, they have to avoid them or replace them with synonyms. When a child is small, parents do not let him or her know the name of the ancestor in case the child shouts nonsense and disrespects the ancestor. If someone points to the name of the ancestors taunted or abusive, taunted or abusive person will think it is subjected to a strange shame, will stir up deep hatred is very big. In recent years, the taboo on names has become rare in cities, but in rural areas, the custom is still maintained. In addition to worshipping ancestors, ancient Vietnamese people were generally superstitious about City God, divination, astrology, feng shui and elves. All natural objects and natural phenomena, such as rivers, lakes, mountains, trees, wild animals, wind and rain, etc., in their minds, there are elves in them, which should be worshiped to get rid of disasters and bring good fortune. For example, in Kim Lien village, Dung Tuo district, Hanoi, there is still a tablet inscribed with the name of the God of Kao Son Daewang, which was erected in 1510. In rural areas, offerings are usually made to the gods of land, banyan trees, snakes, and tigers, as well as to the center stone of the village. Centerboard, etc. People worship the tiger in places where it frequents, and they must not offend it by speaking or acting in a way that offends it, calling it "Da Wang of the Mountain" in a low voice. If you meet a tiger, not only can you not kill it, but also offer all kinds of sacrifices. Ancient Vietnamese people generally worship the evergreen, leafy trees, they believe that these long-term storms, thunder and lightning attack of the tree can survive, there must be a god under the tree, so often people in the shade, especially in the banyan tree under the incense or in the open space next to the tree to build temples, feng shui masters and fortune-tellers often gather here.

Religion Since the Western Han Dynasty in China in 111 B.C., Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have been introduced to Vietnam from China and have had a great influence on the ideology of the Vietnamese people. The Buddhism introduced from China is Mahayana Buddhism, which is called "Northern Buddhism" by the Vietnamese. In addition, there are some Vietnamese who believe in Hinayana Buddhism and call it "Southern Buddhism", which was introduced from Thailand and Cambodia. Among the Vietnamese, Buddhism accounts for the largest proportion of believers, with most of them believing in Mahayana Buddhism, and there are many temples all over the country. Buddhists avoid killing and emphasize karma. On major festivals and personal birthdays, they usually go to Buddhist temples to pay homage to the Buddha, offer gifts and listen to monks chanting sutras.

Catholicism has been introduced to Vietnam for about 500 years. In the early centuries, Western missionaries began to come to Vietnam, but were officially banned. The earliest missionaries to Vietnam were two French missionaries, Audreco Badeno and Francis Xavier. During the French period, Catholicism gained legal status in Vietnam and grew rapidly. By 1966, there were 11 dioceses in the north and south of Vietnam, with 3 million Catholic believers. Christianity also had many believers in Vietnam, mainly in Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ha Tay, Cheng Tien, Quang Nam's present harbor, Po Lai Cu, Binh Thuan and other places. Christianity is a new denomination split from Catholicism, which has only been in Vietnam for nearly a hundred years, and is known as "Evangelization" in Vietnam. 1893, the Christian pastor David Lorahan came to Saigon to preach, followed by a succession of pastors who came to Vietnam, but were banned by the French colonial authorities. Christianity did not gain a foothold in Vietnam until 1920.

Most ethnic Kinh farmers in southern Vietnam, including Tay Ninh and Duc Thi, practiced the Cao Dai religion, which is known as the "Dao Dao San Phu Duc Cao Dai religion" and was founded by Ngo Van Chieu and Le Van Trung in 1926. The religion combines Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianity, Taoism, and Confucianism, and believes in Confucius (Humanism), Jiang Taigong (Divine Principle), Jesus (Sacred Principle), Laozi (Immortal Principle), and Shimou (Buddhist Principle). Followers of the Gauteng religion can make offerings to their ancestors, but they cannot make offerings of grass, cannot use paper horses, must refrain from killing, greed, meat, sex, and foul language, and must burn incense and chant scriptures at 6:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00 every day.

In An Giang, Dong Thap Mai, Hoa Cien and Dong Chuan in southern Vietnam, many people have joined the Hoa Hao religion. The religion, a variation of Buddhism, was founded in 1939 by a Vietnamese man, Hoang Phu Truc, who named his village "Hoa Hao Village" after the village where he lived, which means filial piety and goodwill. Like Buddhism, this religion also teaches compassion. Like Buddhism, this religion also talks about compassion, fraternity, commonwealth and karma, and most of its followers are peasants, so it is also known as "Peasant Buddhism". Harmony religion has monks, but do not build temples, with a red cloth instead of images of gods and Buddhas, believers in the morning and evening offerings to the Buddha twice, offerings for flowers and water, flowers represent chastity, water represents purity.

Speech taboos

1. early in the year, the beginning of the month to speak, do not say words that may bring bad luck, such as monkeys, death, etc.

2. early in the year, the beginning of the month to avoid losing their temper, for fear of the whole year, the whole month is sad;

3. early in the year, the beginning of the month to avoid foul language, for fear of giving the whole year, the whole month to bring bad luck;

4. fish taboos to say that cats, for fear of therefore can not catch fish

5. It is taboo to hear miserable voices when writing;

6. It is taboo to praise children for being fat;

7. It is taboo for children to say the names of their grandparents and parents.

Dietary taboos

1. Children are afraid of becoming stupid if they go to school with burnt rice;

2. Children are afraid of shaking their hands when they write if they go to school with chicken claws;

3. People in business are afraid of eating burnt rice because they are afraid that it will be unlucky;

4. People playing poker are afraid of eating burnt rice because they are afraid that they will lose;

5. People going out are afraid of eating burnt rice because they are afraid of encountering a bad luck;

6. People going out are afraid of eating burnt rice because they are afraid of losing. Burnt rice, for fear of encountering the tongue is wrong;

6. students are taboo to eat shrimp exams, because the shape of the shrimp with the word "bad" the first letter of the capital letter "L" is very similar;

7. drinking taboo to buckle the glass over, or to the bottle upside down;

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8. It is taboo to eat duck's head in a game of poker for fear of losing;

9. It is taboo to eat sugarcane in a game of poker for fear of falling apart early;

10. It is taboo to eat dog meat in a temple.

Marriage and funeral taboos

1. No marriage in the month of the ox for fear that the couple will be separated like the cowherd and the weaving maiden;

2. No marrying of the daughter-in-law when the mother-in-law is pregnant;

3. Taboo against marrying two daughters in a row in the middle of a year;

4. Taboo against the parents to send their daughters to the in-laws's house;

5. Taboo against the color red when there is a funeral in a family;

6. The filial piety people do not eat betel nut, do not participate in festivities, do not wear silk clothes;

7. Taboo to wear the clothes worn by the deceased in life, taboo on sleeping in the bed that the deceased slept in life;

8. Taboo to carry the dead through the boundaries of the village from outside the village, especially taboo to carry the dead through the village in front of the ancestral shrine

Build a house taboos

l. End of the year, end of the month, do not build, for fear that it is not good luck;

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2. The number of rooms can not be an even number, but only 3 rooms, 5 rooms, 7 rooms and other odd numbers;

3. The main door of the house can not be facing the door of other people's homes, for fear of quarrels and quarrels;

4. The main room of the house can not be facing the corner of the pond, the eaves of the ancestral hall and other people's homes roof;

5. The building of the house buried columns, taboo wooden columns upside down;

6. It is taboo to build a house in front of someone's house;

7. Before the groundbreaking ceremony held in the village at the beginning of the year, no earth should be dug and no pestle and mortar should be moved.

Business taboos

1. stores to open the door to choose an auspicious day, it is taboo to open on an unlucky day;

2. business taboos touching off the pipe, touching down the fish sauce, touching down the lime bucket;

3. business taboos on credit;

4. taboos on the beginning of the year, early in the month to collect debts. Debtors are afraid that this will bring bad luck and people will come to their door to collect debts throughout the year. People who can't afford to pay their debts go out to hide their debts on New Year's Eve and dare to go home only after midnight. Debtors also always have to be in the New Year's Eve before the debt recovery;

5. Business taboo customers pay back a price, for fear that the goods can not be sold. Customers since the price, do not want to buy also want to haggle a few times;

6. Business taboo said the monkey, sheep, tiger, leopard, for fear of goods can not be sold.

Other daily life taboos

1. The beginning of the year, the beginning of the month to avoid wearing white, indigo-colored clothes, white, indigo is the color of mourning clothes, the beginning of the year, the beginning of the month to wear white, indigo-colored clothes for fear of becoming a bad omen.

2. In celebrations and rituals, it is taboo to wear white clothing, except for funerals;

3. Couples are taboo to use a washcloth;

4. Couples are taboo to pass each other a toothpick;

5. It is taboo to use their own combs in addition to their husbands or wives;

6. It is taboo to lay a mat on the bed backwards;

7. >7. It is taboo to sit with one's back to the offering table;

8. It is taboo to wear a hat inside the house;

9. It is taboo to take a picture of three people together, as it is said that the person in the middle will meet with bad luck;

10. It is taboo to clean the house at the beginning of the year. In doing so, it is said that the year will not go well;

11. When the wife is pregnant, it is taboo for the husband to kill or stake;

12. It is taboo for pregnant women to slaughter chickens and ducks;

13. It is taboo for a pregnant woman to give birth to a child in her home from abroad;

14. When there is a woman giving birth in a family, it is taboo for outsiders to come into the house;

15. It is taboo for a pregnant woman to be close to the dead, and to Attend funerals, except when there is a big funeral in the family;

16. It is taboo to make clothes for children out of patchwork cloth;

17. Do not pick fruits at night;

18. Do not urinate under a big tree for fear of encountering ghosts.