History and Culture of China

1. The oldest known primitive human living in China is the Yuanmou Ape Man. In China's Yunnan Province, Yuanmou Basin found a fossilized ancient human teeth, scientifically identified, about 700,000 years ago.

2, about 700,000 - 200,000 years ago, the "Beijing Apes" (referred to as "Peking Man"), living in the caves of Beijing Zhoukoudian Longbiao Mountain.

Shanting Caveman Restoration Bust

3. Peking Man (right) already knew how to use natural fire. For the first time, humans achieved the ability to dominate a natural force.

4. By about 18,000 years ago, still living in Beijing's Zhoukoudian Dragon Bone Mountain, there was a group of ancient humans known as the "Peak Cavemen". They already have obvious physical characteristics of the yellow race.

5, Shanding Caveman will not only artificial fire, and made the history of China's sewing process of the first bone needle, bone needle about the same as a matchstick as thick, 82 millimeters long.

6, six or seven thousand years ago, China appeared ancient colored pottery culture and black pottery culture.

7, Xi'an, Shaanxi, half slope culture of colored pottery, very beautiful. The various decorations on the human face net pattern basin are the crystallization of primitive art, primitive writing and primitive art.

8, Shandong Longshan culture of black pottery, black and shiny, with the same luster as metal vessels.

9. The Hemudu culture of Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, in the Yangtze River basin, is as old as the Half-slope culture in the Yellow River basin, where people already used large wooden components to build houses 7,000 years ago.

10. About 4000 years ago, there were some tribal wars. The Yellow Emperor was the leader of one of these tribes, and because he was popular and clever and brave, he won the final victory.

11, in the process of the gradual formation of the ancient Huaxia people, Huang Di played an important role, Huang Di is also later honored as the Huaxia people (i.e., the predecessor of the Chinese nation) of the "humanities first ancestor". The Simuwu Dafang Ding

12. After the Yellow Emperor, the Chinese nation had several outstanding figures: Yao, Shun, and Yu. Yao Zen is located in Shun, Shun Zen is located in Yu.

13. In the time of Yao, Shun and Yu, floods were widespread. Great Yu was ordered to treat the water and finally cured the flood.

14. Later, Yu's son, Kai, succeeded to the throne and established the first slave dynasty, the Xia Dynasty (about 22nd century BC 17th century BC).

15, It is rumored that the calendar began to exist more than 4,000 years ago during the Xia Dynasty, so people call the ancient traditional Chinese calendar the Xia Calendar.

16. The summer calendar is formulated according to the moon's orbit cycle, also known as the lunar calendar. Since the calendar has changes of festivals and agricultural arrangements, it is also called the lunar calendar.

Simuwu Dafang Ding

17, the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, Jie, tyrannical. The Shang tribe in the east, powerful under the leadership of Tang, defeated Xia to establish the Shang Dynasty (about the beginning of the 17th century B.C. - 11th century B.C.).

18, the Shang Dynasty bronze manufacturing industry has developed greatly. The Simuwu Dafang Ding (司母戊大方鼎), made in the late Shang Dynasty, weighed 875 kilograms, and was the largest excavated bronze vessel in the world discovered so far. (Right)

19. The oracle bone writing of the Shang Dynasty, an ancient script carved on tortoise shells and animal bones, was already a fairly mature script. In Yinxu unearthed 150,000 pieces of bone engraved with text, the total number of words reached more than 1.6 million words, of which there are more than 4,600 single words, has been recognized by more than 1,000.

20. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, on the Loess Plateau, a tribe called "Zhou" became strong. By the time of King Wen of Zhou, Zhou became the new ally of the western vassals.

21. King Zhou, the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty, was a drunkard and a womanizer. At the time of King Wu of Zhou, Zhou united with other tribes to crusade against the Shang Dynasty, and after the Battle of Makino, overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty (about 11th century BC 256 BC).

22. After the Zhou Dynasty was established, it was divided into 71 small states, large and small, such as Lu, Qi, Wei, Jin, Song and Yan. The rulers of these small states were called vassals.

23, more than 180 years in the pre-Western Zhou Dynasty, the Central Plains around the production of many large-scale music and dance. Sacrifices to the mountains and rivers were used to show the "Daxia" dance of Dayu to rule the water, and the martial arts dance to commemorate the achievements of King Wu in conquering the Zhou Dynasty was the "Dawu" dance.

24. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved the capital eastward and named it "Eastern Zhou". It was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

25. During the Spring and Autumn period, more than 100 vassal states competed with each other, and the winners became the hegemonic powers, resulting in the Five Hegemonic Powers of the Spring and Autumn Period, which are generally referred to as Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, Duke Xiang of Song, and King Zhuang of Chu.

26, 606 BC, King Zhuang of Chu "asked the size of the tripod light and heavy". The tripod is a symbol of the king's power. Legend has it that Dayu cast nine tripods to represent the nine states. King Zhuang of Chu asked for the tripod, indicating his ambition to be the son of heaven.

27. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn period, Wu and Yue were at war. First, King Helu of Wu was defeated and died of injuries. His son, King Fu Chai of Wu, was determined to take revenge and had people remind him loudly every day, "Fu Chai, have you forgotten your father's murder?" Later, the state of Wu defeated the state of Yue under Fu Chai's leadership.

Lao Zi's authorization chart

28. King Goujian of Yue was determined to revenge his shame. He "lay on his back and tasted gall", and asked himself every day, "Goujian, have you forgotten the shame of your country's death?" After ten years of life, ten years of lessons, Yue once again defeated the state of Wu, and King Fu-chai of Wu committed suicide.

29. About 2500 years ago, there was a great thinker in China, Laozi. Laozi was the founder of the Taoist school. (Right)

30, "Tao Te Ching", also known as "Lao Zi", wrote: "Woe sometimes becomes the cause of blessing, and in blessing there is sometimes a hidden woe. Therefore, we should pay attention to "the opposite of what is extreme", but also pay attention to the "Tao" and "virtue" grow together.

31. Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BC, was a great thinker and educator, and the founder of Confucianism.

32, Confucius first organized private schools in China, and he had three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages.

33, Confucius made a monumental contribution to the development of ancient Chinese culture, he organized and compiled the "Six Classics" such as "Yi", "Poetry", "Rituals", "Music", Laozi granting the scriptures Sun Wu statue "Shangshu", "Spring and Autumn Annals".

34, Confucius was 73 years old, died and was buried in the north of the capital city of Lu (present-day Qufu, Shandong Province, "Confucius Forest"). The former residence of Confucius was later converted into the Temple of Confucius.

Sun Wu

35. The students of Confucius recalled his daily teachings and life behaviors, and organized them into a book of discourses called The Analects of Confucius, which became a classic of Confucianism, and had a great influence on later generations.

36. Sun Wu was an outstanding militarist in the early Spring and Autumn period. There are thirteen articles in the famous military book "The Art of War" handed down to the world. (Left)

37, "Sun Tzu Art of War" put forward the famous " know your enemy, know your enemy, a hundred battles will not be in danger ", "attacking their unpreparedness, surprise", "soldiers are not the same situation, the water is not the same shape "and many other principles of war.

38, "The Art of War" of Sun Tzu's fundamental purpose is: proficient in the war is to "not war and give up the army". The Art of War has been called the "sacred text of military science" and is widely used in politics, diplomacy, business, sports and other fields.

39, "Sun Bin's Art of War" is another outstanding military writer, Sun Bin in the Warring States period, Sun Bin is the descendant of Sun Wu.

40, Qi general Tian Ji was repeatedly defeated in horse races with the king of Qi. Sun Bin taught Tian Ji to use his own inferior horse against Qi King's superior horse, and lost a game; then he used his superior horse and medium horse against Qi King's medium horse and inferior horse, and Tian Ji won two games, total score 2:1, Tian Ji won. "Sun Bin's horse racing is a very famous strategy.

41, after the beginning of the Warring States period, all the vassal states, like the king of Zhou, called themselves kings, seven of them were called the "seven warring states", and they started the wars of "the world" and "the world". They fought a war of "one world" and "one nation".

42. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, China practiced the "music of bells and drums". In recent years, 124 ancient musical instruments have been unearthed in the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi in Suixian County, Hubei Province.

Chimes

43, in the unearthed bells and drums, there is a large set of bells, the most valuable. This set of chimes has been buried in the ground for more than 2,400 years, and it is still able to play ancient and modern music with accurate pitch and beautiful tone. (Right)

44, the first famous and renowned doctor in ancient China was Bian Magpie, a folk doctor in the late Spring and Autumn and Warring States period.

45, Bian Magpie is proficient in a variety of medical skills, but also summarize the methods of the previous generation, created the four diagnostic methods of looking, smelling, asking and cutting, which has been used for thousands of years for traditional Chinese medicine.

46, "Hundred Schools of Thought" is the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of a fierce exchange of ideas, when the warring states are fierce, but also the Hundred Schools of Thought at its peak.

47. Qin was only recognized as a vassal state in the west of China in 770 BC, with a small territory and little national strength, and was always despised by the central vassals. But since the implementation of the Shang Yang reform, the state has been flourishing, and soon became a strong state among the seven warring states.

48. In 238 B.C., the brilliant Qin king, Winning, began to take charge of the government, and after just 17 years, he destroyed the other six states, united China in 221 B.C., and established the Qin dynasty.

49. After the destruction of the six kingdoms by Qin, Winzheng was called "Emperor", meaning "more virtuous than the three emperors, and more meritorious than the five emperors".

50. In order to change the chaos caused by more than 500 years of division during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and to consolidate the unity of the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered the unification of the coinage system, and the use of the round, square-hole Qin "half-two" money as the unified national currency.

51. Emperor Qin Shi Huang also issued an edict to unify weights and measures, and continued to take a series of measures, such as "repairing the slack road, the car with the same track, the book with the same text," to consolidate the Qin Miles Great Wall Qin dynasty's power.

52, the earliest Chinese ancient scripts are Oracle and Jinwen, the Western Zhou Dynasty has the Great Seal Script (籀文), and the Warring States Period has the Tadpole Script (蝌蚪文). In addition, some vassal states had their own different scripts.

The Great Wall of China

53. After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the Small Seal Script was established as the unified script, which was widely used throughout the country. Later, the Qin Dynasty saw the emergence of the Official Script (隶書), which was more convenient to write, and which has been in use in both official and private domains since the Han Dynasty, and it is still in widespread use today.

54. The northern vassal states of Qin, Zhao, and Yan built the Great Wall to defend themselves against the invasion of the nomads in the north. After the Qin Shi Huang unified China, ordered the non-connected sections of the Great Wall into one, and then extended to the east and west, the total length of more than 10,000 miles, known as the Great Wall of 10,000 miles. Most of the Great Wall was built on top of high mountains, making it easy to defend and difficult to attack. (Left)

55. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang led a powerful peasant revolt; in 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty was overthrown by an armed force led by Liu Bang.

56, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang fought the Chu-Han War for four years for the throne.

57. In a big battle that took place in Julu, Xiang Yu ordered his soldiers to smash pots and pans, chisel and sink ships ("breaking kettles and sinking boats"), and bring only three days of rations to show their determination to win the battle. As a result, Xiang Yu's army won nine victories in nine battles, made the first victory, divided the world, and called himself "The Hegemon of Western Chu".

58, Liu Bang had with the Qin dynasty Guanzhong fathers and mothers "about the law": "murderer death, injury and theft against the crime", and ordered the abolition of all the harsh laws of the Qin dynasty, expressly prohibited treating the army to disturb the people. As a result of his benevolent policies, Liu Bang was widely recognized as the "King of Han".

Han Jingdi (Emperor Jing) and Han Wendi (Emperor Wen)

59. In 202 BC, Liu Bang besieged Xiang Yu at Gaixia and Xiang Yu killed himself. Liu Bang (Han Gaozu) established the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 25 AD). In order to meet the reality of the people's desire for peace and rest and recuperation, Liu Bang formulated a variety of policies to alleviate the burden on the people, which led to the rapid development of social and economic development.

60. After Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Wen of Han (right) and Emperor Jing of Han (left) continued to implement the policy of rest and recuperation. After 60 to 70 years of hard work in the early Han Dynasty, China experienced a period of political peace and economic prosperity, known as the "Rule of Wen and Jing".

61, after the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, with his great talent, to open up the western frontier, established a great cause, so that the Western Han Dynasty into the heyday. The history of the "Qin Huang Han Wu" and called, it is because they have completed the unification of China, the great cause of solid development.

62, the power of the Western Han Empire, so that the people of the Central Plains are no longer known as the "Qin people", but commonly known as "Han people", "Han".

63. In 8 A.D., Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and changed the name of the country to "New", but his tyrannical rule caused the Red Eyebrows and the Green Army to revolt, and Kui clamor and Gongsun Shu embraced the army and established themselves. In September 23 AD, the Green Army invaded Chang'an and Wang Mang was killed.

64, Liu Xiu is after Liu Bang, Wang Mang civil unrest period rose to fight for the world, in 25 AD to rebuild the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 AD) regime, the capital of Luoyang, the self-proclaimed "Han Guangwu Emperor", known as the "Guangwu Zhongxing". The history is called "Guangwu Zhongxing".

65, sericulture and silk, spinning and weaving, is a major invention of the Chinese more than 5000 years ago. In the 5th - 6th century BC, silk was spread to the western region. By the Han Dynasty, the silk industry was already very developed. The numerous caravans of merchants, all kinds of silk and silk fabrics transported to the ancient Roman Empire, the Silk Road began to take shape.

66, the earliest paper in ancient China is actually a silk fabric, there is a kind of silk (very thin silk) in ancient times as "paper". So before the Han Dynasty, there are many silk paintings on silk.

67, to the early Western Han Dynasty, the emergence of paper made of plant fibers, such as Wool paper, hemp paper.

68, A.D. 105, Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty improved papermaking and invented inexpensive and beautiful "Cai Hou paper" This paper is flat and smooth, thin and soft, inexpensive and easy to write.

69, Han Wu Di in order to consolidate the unification of power, put forward the "sole respect for Confucianism", to Confucius doctrine as the core content of Confucianism began to dominate, and gradually formed Confucianism.

Chinese History (2)

70, Buddhism was introduced to China from India on the Silk Road around the Yuan Dynasty, and had a profound impact on Chinese culture in later times. Taoism emerged in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty.

71, when the Eastern Han Dynasty was about to die, Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan fought for the world, and since then there have been various large and small wars, famous for the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Red Cliffs, and the Battle of Yiling. The final result was the formation of a three-legged state, known as the Three Kingdoms (220-280 AD).

72. During the Three Kingdoms period, there were several famous figures who made history, such as Zhu Geliang, who was the embodiment of wisdom, Cao Cao, who had great talent, and Guan Yu, who was a hero of loyalty and righteousness. They are honored by later generations of Chinese people.

73, the Jin Dynasty (265 - 420 AD) when the alchemist Ge Hong, in the process of smelting a variety of minerals, to understand the nature of some of the minerals, summarized a lot of chemical knowledge, he wrote the "hold Parker Zi" can be regarded as a primitive chemistry of an important work.

74, "water" is a Han dynasty Sang Qin river monograph, but the account is too simple, there are omissions. In the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), Li Daoyuan took this book as an outline and added detailed notes, naming it Shui Jing Jing Zhu (水经注).

75, "Water Classic Note" described 1252 waterways and rivers, and even many historical events, people, legends and myths, cultural relics and monuments, and other historical sites and stories, are involved. The book 300,000 words, is a comprehensive geography masterpiece.

Lanting Preface (facsimile)

76, Wang Xizhi is the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 - 420 AD) outstanding calligrapher. It is said that when he was young, he used to write in the pool, wash the inkstone on the pool, making the pool water as black as possible, so there is "ink pool" said, related to the attractions there are many places, pushing the Zhejiang Shaoxing Lanting.

77, 53 A.D. on the third day of March, Wang Xizhi and others in the Lanting drinking and poetry, **** got more than forty masterpieces, compiled into a set, Wang Xizhi himself for the preface and writing, known as the "Lanting Preface" (pictured on the right), is a masterpiece of Chinese calligraphy. The real work has been lost.

78, porcelain manufacturing process is more complex, so the emergence of porcelain later than pottery. From the Shang and Zhou before the original celadon. After a long process of development, to the late Eastern Han Dynasty, China has been able to mass production of tire firm quality and fine, bright color celadon. During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, the celadon produced at the Yue kilns in the south was the most famous.

79, from the Three Kingdoms of Wu began nearly 400 years, six consecutive dynasties in Nanjing built the capital, later known as Nanjing for the "six dynasties of the ancient capital".

80, Liu Hui, a great mathematician in the Three Kingdoms era, first proposed the method of calculating pi, "Cutting Circles". He started with a square polygon attached to the inside of a circle, and obtained an approximation of pi of 3.14159.

81, Zu Chongzhi, a mathematician of the Southern Dynasty, obtained the pi of seven decimal places between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. This is more than 1,000 years earlier than European mathematicians calculated the same precision of pi.

82, After four or five hundred years of war, the Sui Dynasty was established in 581 A.D. In 589, Yang Jian, the Emperor of the Sui Dynasty, re-united China.

83, Sui Wendi was a wise ruler, he was motivated to rule the country. After ten years, all the treasuries were full, and there was nowhere else to put the grain and cloth. Therefore, the rules and regulations of the Sui Dynasty were later inherited by the Tang Dynasty, and some of them have been used for a long time.

84, the Sui dynasty created the imperial examination system, and later set up the scholar's section." The "imperial examination" that is divided into sections to raise the scholar, "jinshi" that is the meaning of the Jinshi. The Sui Dynasty created the imperial examination system, followed for more than 1,000 years, until the end of the Qing Dynasty to terminate.

85, the Sui Dynasty, the center of gravity of China's economy has begun to move south, a large amount of food wealth from the south to the country, for this reason, in 605 AD, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, ordered the excavation of the Grand Canal through the north and south.

86, the Grand Canal was centered in Luoyang, south to Yuhang (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang), north to Zhuo County (present-day Tongxian, Beijing), more than 2,000 kilometers long, and along the river causeways were repaired and willows were planted.

Li Shimin Statue

87. Zhaozhou Bridge (formerly known as Anji Bridge), created by Li Chun, an artisan of the Sui Dynasty, is the most famous stone-arch bridge in Chinese history, and the oldest surviving stone-arch bridge in the world. This bridge has a single large arch span of 37.37 meters and is made entirely of stone.

88, 618 AD, the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 AD) was established. 626, Li Shimin succeeded to the throne as emperor, that is, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (left). Tang Taizong paid great attention to pacifying the people, often quoting Xunzi from ancient times: "The ruler is a boat, and the common people are water. The common people are also water. Water carries the boat, water overturns the boat," to remind himself and warn the court officials.

89. Among the emperors in Chinese history, Emperor Tang Taizong was the best at listening to and accepting advice. He encouraged his ministers to be frank and direct in their advice, and he was often able to bend himself to accept the advice.

90, Wei Zheng is a famous minister in the early Tang Dynasty, he often said, "Listening to both is clear, and partiality is darkness". In his life, he advised the emperor for more than 200 times.

91, Wei Zheng died after the disease, Tang Taizong lamented, he said: "copper as a mirror, can be correctly dressed; to the ancient as a mirror, you can know the rise and fall; to the mirror, can be clear. Wei Zheng did not, I died a mirror is carried on!"

Tang Xuanzong Li Longji

92, Tang Xuanzong Li Longji (right) Kaiyuan years (713 - 741 AD), is the most prosperous period in ancient Chinese history, known as the "Kaiyuan era". The capital city of Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi) had a population of one million, and there were tens of thousands of envoys, merchants, and foreign students from various countries. The city of Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) had a population of one million, and there were tens of thousands of envoys, merchants and foreign students.

93. The Tang court set up the Hublot Department in Guangzhou (whose chief was called the Hublot Ambassador), specializing in overseas trade.

94, the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the southeast coast of many merchants have sailed to sea. They every year in September and October, riding the northeast monsoon south to Southeast Asian countries for business, to be the next year in March and April and then with the southeast monsoon "back to Tangshan". These in Southeast Asia, "live tomatoes" and immigrants "Tang", become the earliest overseas Chinese.

95, after the Tang Dynasty, many countries are the Chinese and overseas Chinese in the Tang Dynasty called "Tang", they gathered in the place became Chinatown.

96, the Tang Dynasty, more talented, more indomitable and righteous people. Famous people such as Xuanzang walked to Tianzhu (India) to get the scriptures, through the desert, over the snowy mountains, over the mountains, breaking through the forests and swamps, nine deaths, lasted 19 years, traveled 50,000 miles.

97, the Tang Dynasty, Tianbao early years, the monk Jianzhen boat five East China Sea frustration, several times to escape death, after 12 years of trials and tribulations, although blind, the faith is still not less than the same year, six Canghai finally succeeded in the end of the old man in Japan, became a generation of masters.

98, Tang Zhenguan 15 years, Princess Wencheng married Tibet, brought many artisans, skills, books, species, the development of Tibet played a positive role.

99. Wu Zetian was the only female emperor in Chinese history, and she changed the name of her country to "Zhou". Wu Zetian was rich in power and strategy, able to use people, and held power for more than 40 years, and after his death, Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty was restored to power.

Tang three-color applique pattern dragon ear vase

100, Tang Xuanzong early political clarity, appointment of wise prime ministers, known as the flourishing era of Kaiyuan, but in his later years because of the favor of Yang Guifei, resulting in the "Anshi Rebellion", the fall of Changan, and from then on the Tang Dynasty by the prosperity of the decline, the decline of the Tang Dynasty.

101, the Tang Dynasty craftsmen with a variety of minerals fired green, green, yellow three brightly colored pottery, so called the Tang Sancai (left). Tang Sancai works are mostly figures or animal figurines, each modeling vivid, lifelike, for art treasures.

102, the painting style of the Tang Dynasty pays great attention to the changes in the line, whether it is a common mortal, or the flying gods and goddesses in the clouds, rebound pipa singer and dancer, all give a person "the sky wind flying, full of wall wind movement," "hair root out of the flesh, the force of the healthy and more than one! The first is the "Pipa", the "Pipa", the "Pipa", and the "Pipa".

103, the Tang Dynasty astronomers in the most accomplished is the monk line (formerly known as Zhang Sui), he observed, confirmed that the speed of the Sun is uneven, sometimes fast and sometimes slow. Sheng line also large-scale measurement of the length of the meridian, which is the first time in the world.

104, China's ancient history, there are "six ancient capitals", they are Shaanxi Xi'an, Henan Luoyang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Beijing (the above four places have been the capital of several dynasties), Kaifeng, Henan Province, and Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province (the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, respectively).

105, the Tang Dynasty, China is the most advanced country in the East, Japan has sent more than a dozen batches of Tang envoys to China to study, the number of people up to five or six hundred people. After these Japanese envoys returned home, they actively spread the Chinese social system and culture, and promoted friendly relations and cultural exchanges between China and Japan.

106. In 907 A.D., Zhu Wen, the Tang Dynasty's provincial governor, deposed the Tang Emperor and established the Liang Dynasty, historically known as Later Liang. In the following 50 years, five dynasties, namely, Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou, ruled the Yellow River Valley successively, collectively known as the Five Dynasties (907 - 960 A.D.). During the same period, there were 10 successive ruling regimes, collectively known as the Ten Kingdoms, in various parts of the south and in Shanxi in the north. By 960 AD, the Song Dynasty was established and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ended.

107. In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the Later Zhou Dynasty, staged a mutiny at Chenqiaoyi (northeast of Kaifeng, Henan Province), and his generals added yellow robes to his body and crowned him emperor, taking the name of the country as "Song," with its capital in Kaifeng, which is historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 AD). The capital was Kaifeng, historically known as Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 A.D.). Zhao Kuangyin is the ancestor of Song.

108. In order to consolidate his rule, Song Taizu adopted the advice of Zhao Pu, the prime minister, to strengthen the centralization of power. He organized a banquet and relieved Shi Shouxin and others of their military power. This is the famous "release of military power by cups of wine" in history.

109. Wang Anshi was a famous writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. After he was appointed by Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty as the prime minister, he implemented a change of law to organize the finance and military administration, which was called "Wang Anshi's Change of Law". It was called "Wang Anshi's Reform". Later, due to the strong opposition from Sima Guang and others, the reform ended in less than ten years.

110, the Northern Song Dynasty official Bao Zheng, a clean and upright official, people regarded him as a typical clean official, and honored him as "Bao Gong", "Bao Qingtian" or "Bao Longtu". Bao Longtu". There are many moving stories about Bao Gong circulating in Chinese folklore, expressing people's admiration for him.

111. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Buddhism was prevalent everywhere. During the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizu of Song ordered the engraving and printing of the Da Zang Jing, which was the first large-scale printing of Buddhist scriptures in Chinese history.

112, ancient China's science and technology is quite developed, gunpowder, papermaking, printing and compass together known as the four great inventions of ancient China.

113, Shen Kuo is a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, who was very proficient in astronomy, calendar, music, medicine, mathematics and so on. He recorded his rich research results in the book he authored, Mengxi Bianan (梦溪笔谈). In addition, he also recorded many inventions of the working people at that time, the more famous ones such as Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing.

114, the invention and promotion of printing is known as the mother of world civilization. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing on the basis of engraved printing, which greatly improved the efficiency of printing. About 200 years later, this technology was spread to other countries and played a driving role in the development process of world civilization.

115. The invention of gunpowder is closely related to the alchemy of ancient China. Because gunpowder is very lethal, it was widely used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder technology was improved even more. Later, the manufacturing method of gunpowder was spread to Arabia, and then from Arabia to European countries.

116, at a very early time, China invented the compass. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people created the compass applicable to navigation, which pushed navigation into a new era. During this period, China's shipbuilding technology was also the most advanced in the world.

117, the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mining gold, silver, copper, iron and other deposits, copper money was the local currency, casting a very large amount, in today's east to Japan, west to Europe, Africa, a vast area have been unearthed.