The sixth chapter summarizes the continent where we live-Asia.

I. Place

Latitude and longitude: tropical and north temperate (4 N-53 N); 73 degrees east longitude-145 degrees (approximate)

Location of land and sea: east of Eurasia and west of Pacific Ocean.

Second, the scope:

Mongolia (Mongolian nationality, mainly engaged in animal husbandry), China (Han nationality, a rapidly developing socialist country), Japan (Yamato nationality, a developed capitalist country), South Korea (Korean nationality, a capitalist country with a large export of automobiles, electronics and clothing and developed foreign trade), and North Korea (Korean nationality, a socialist country rich in forests and minerals).

Third, physical and geographical features.

Terrain: The coastline is tortuous, with many plateaus and mountains in the west and many plains in the east coast.

climate

Hydrology: Affected by topography, most rivers flow eastward into the Pacific Ocean, with shorter rivers in the eastern peninsula and islands. Almost all rivers are located in China.

Natural belt

Minerals: rich in variety, mainly distributed in mainland China.

Four. General situation of human geography

Population: the population is large and unevenly distributed, mainly concentrated in coastal plains, which is the most densely populated area in the world; Low inland density; Yellow race; Mainly Buddhist.

Agriculture: The eastern plain is dominated by planting, and the grain crops are wheat and rice. Famous products are tea and silk; The western plateau is dominated by animal husbandry.

Industry: the eastern part has convenient transportation, numerous ports, advanced technology and superior foreign trade conditions, but raw materials and energy are relatively poor, and the industry is mainly exported.

Western inland areas are rich in mineral resources, mainly resource-intensive industries.

City: Capital: Beijing, Ulaanbaatar, Pyongyang, Seoul and Tokyo.

Important ports or industrial cities: Busan, Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, Kitakyushu, Nagoya, Fukuyama, Nagasaki, etc. (except China).

Riben

I. Location Scope and Important Geographical Things

Location:

Scope: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, four major islands and many small islands.

Second, the physical and geographical characteristics

1. Topography: Mountains and hills are dominant (3/4), narrow plains are distributed in coastal areas, and Kanto Plain is the largest;

Multi-volcano earthquake (Mount Fuji: active volcano, the highest)-the boundary between Asia-Europe plate and Pacific plate, the crust is unstable.

2. Climate: temperate maritime monsoon climate (mild winter with more precipitation; Summer is cool and rainy.

Rich)

3. River: short and swift (reason: more precipitation, more mountains and less land)

4. Biology: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest with high forest coverage (75%)

5. Resources: Forest and water resources are abundant, but mineral resources are poor.

Third, the geographical characteristics of humanistic economy.

1. Humanities

(1) has a large population10.2 billion, high density, high level of urbanization and high population quality.

(2) Race: Yellow race, Yamato race.

(3) Religion: Buddhism is dominant, with some Christianity.

(4) Food: staple rice, non-staple food: fishery products.

2. Economy

(1) Developed agriculture

Planting: the plain is narrow, the population is small, the rice yield is high, and it can be self-sufficient.

Measures: small agricultural machinery; Developing water conservancy; Rational use of chemical fertilizers; Cultivate improved varieties, etc

Developed fishery: offshore fishing and offshore aquaculture are developed. Thousand island cold current meets Japanese warm current.

Here, the famous Hokkaido fishing ground has been formed.

Others: Fruits and vegetables are planted in hilly areas, but they still need to be imported in large quantities.

(2) The industry is developed, second only to the United States.

Development conditions:

Development mode: export-oriented economy-imported raw materials (coal: China; Oil: Middle East; Iron: barium

West, Australia, India), export products and actively explore foreign markets.

Main industrial sectors: steel, automobile, shipbuilding, electronics, chemistry, textile.

Main foreign trade targets: the United States, Asia and Western Europe.

Industrial Zone: Pacific Coast Industrial Zone, Seto Inland Sea Industrial Zone: Keihin, Nagoya, Hanshin,

Kitakyushu, Setouchi Industrial Zone (many excellent harbors, convenient for shipping).

Kitakyushu is a "silicon island"

Evaluation: Although Japanese industry is developed, it relies too much on raw material import and product export, and its economy is fragile.

(3) cities:

Capital: Tokyo

Ports or industrial cities: Kobe, Yokohama (the largest foreign trade port), Nagoya, Fukuyama, etc.

Southeast Asia

I. Location and scope

(1) position

(ii) Scope

1. Two natural regions: Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

2. Country: Vietnam (Hanoi), Laos (landlocked country, capital Vientiane), Cambodia (Phnom Penh) and Myanmar (Naypyidaw).

Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), Singapore, Indonesia (Jakarta), Philippines (Manila), Brunei (Bandar Seri Begawan) and East Timor (Dili).

Second, the general situation of physical geography

(1) Indo-zhina Peninsula

1. Topography: mountains and rivers alternate in the north, showing columnar distribution; The southern part of Malay Peninsula is long and narrow.

Plains are distributed in the lower reaches of rivers and near estuaries.

2. Climate: The climate is dominated by tropical monsoon, and the southern tip of Malay Peninsula is tropical rain forest.

3. Hydrology: Rivers mostly flow from north to south, which is influenced by climate, with large flow and obvious seasonal variation (June-10 is the flood season). Due to the influence of topography, the upper reaches of the river are high and deep, and the river channel is eroded and cut into a "V" shape, while the lower reaches are widened in a "U" shape.

(1) Red River: The Yuanjiang River in China is in the upper reaches, and the Red River Delta in the lower reaches is densely populated and developed in agriculture.

(2) Mekong River: The upper reaches of the Lancang River flow through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam and flow into the South China Sea. for

Four fifths of the Mekong Delta, the largest river in Southeast Asia, is located in Vietnam.

③ Chao Phraya River: the largest river in Thailand, the capital of Bangkok.

"One Red and Two Mae" Entering the Pacific Ocean

(4) salween: The upper reaches are the Nujiang River, which flows through Myanmar and is rich in water resources and flows into the Indian Ocean.

(5) Irrawaddy River: The upper reaches are also rivers in China, mainly flowing through Myanmar and into the Indian Ocean.

4. Natural belt: savanna and rainforest belt.

5. Mineral resources: tin

(2) Malay Archipelago

1. Terrain: rugged, with few plains and many volcanoes.

2. Climate: tropical rain forest (annual precipitation over 2000mm, high temperature all year round).

3. Hydrology: the river is short and the flow is large.

4. Soil: Volcanic ash forms fertile soil

5. Natural zone: tropical rain forest

6. Mineral resources: tin and oil

Three. Overview of economic geography

(1) population

Dense population, mainly distributed in coastal plains, estuary deltas and coastal plains; Yellow race; Buddhism (Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand), Islam (Indonesia, Malaysia), Catholicism (Philippines); Overseas Chinese are widely distributed.

(2) Agriculture

1. Conditions: good hydrothermal conditions and fertile soil, but less arable land per capita.

2. Agricultural sector:

(1) Rice planting: intensive cultivation, backward technology, high yield per unit area, distributed in plains and hills.

(2) Tropical cash crop plantations: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana hemp have a large output and a large export volume.

Rubber oil brown Malay tin

Coconut banana Philippines

Rice in Thailand and Myanmar

Oil in Brunei and Indonesia

(3) Industry

1. Development conditions:

(1) Rich in resources (agriculture, forestry and mineral resources)

(2) Excellent geographical location and traffic conditions

(3) a large number of cheap labor

2. Present situation: change the backward situation of exporting raw materials, semi-finished products and other primary products in the past, make use of advantages, introduce capital and technology to develop processing industry and realize rapid economic development.

(4) Tourism

(1) Unique tourism resources: tropical landscape, beach islands, places of interest (Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Angkor Wat in Cambodia), local conditions and customs.

(2) Convenient transportation

(v) Cities-the capitals of all countries.

South Asia

I. Location and scope

(1) position

(ii) Scope

1. South Asian subcontinent, Sri Lanka Island, Maldives Islands

2. Country: India (New Delhi), Pakistan (Islamabad), Nepal (Kathmandu), Sikkim, Bhutan, Bangladesh (Dhaka), Sri Lanka (Colombo), Maldives (Male).

Second, the general situation of physical geography

(1) Topography: Three topographic regions.

Northern mountainous areas-mainly Himalayas.

Central Plains-Indus Plain and Ganges Plain

Southern Plateau-Deccan Plateau, East-West Kochi Mountains and Coastal Plain.

(2) Climate: tropical monsoon climate.

The annual high temperature is divided into two seasons: dry season 10- May of the following year and rainy season from June to September.

Affected by topography, the temperature is higher than the same latitude (the northern mountains block the cold air flow in winter).

Rain pole -Kilapangqi (summer monsoon, windward slope)

Tropical desert climate: distributed in northwest Indian desert.

(3) Hydrology

Affected by the monsoon climate, the river flow is large and the seasonal change is obvious.

1. Indus River: Originating in Tibet, it flows through high mountain valley Kashmir, arid Pakistan and flows into the Arabian Sea. It is an important irrigation water source in Pakistan.

2. Ganges: Originating in the Himalayas, it flows through the northwest of India, flows downstream through Bangladesh and flows into the Bay of Bengal. Ganges Delta is the largest delta in South Asia. Varanasi in the middle reaches of the Ganges River is a sacred place for Hinduism.

3. Yarlung Zangbo River: A tributary of the Ganges, with the Yarlung Zangbo River in the upper reaches.

Three. Socioeconomic survey

(1) population

With a large population, three countries have a population of over 100 million-India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Most of them are white.

The birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism

India, Nepal-Hinduism; Sri Lanka-Buddhism; Pakistan, Bangladesh-Islam

English is the second language of some countries.

(2) Economy

The economy is relatively backward, all developing countries, and India is developing rapidly.

(3) Cities

Capital of various countries, industrial city of India

Ten "Three" in South Asia

1. Three landforms: Himalayas (north), Ganges-Indus Plain (middle) and Deccan Plateau (south).

2. Three rivers: Indus, Ganges and Yarlung Zangbo.

3. Three kinds of climate: alpine climate, tropical desert and tropical monsoon (dry season and rainy season).

4. Three types of countries: inland mountainous countries (Nepal and Bhutan), coastal countries (India, Bangladesh and Pakistan) and island countries (Sri Lanka and Maldives).

5. Three major religions: Hinduism (India, Nepal), Buddhism (Sri Lanka) and Islam (Pakistan, Bangladesh).

6. Three major minerals: coal, iron and manganese.

7. Three major industries: steel industry, cotton spinning industry and hemp spinning industry.

8. Three cash crops: cotton, jute and tea.

9. Three major food crops: wheat, rice and millet.

10, 3 billion countries: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

South Asia is located in three places: a mountain (the central and western Himalayas), a sea (the Arabian Sea) and a bay (the Bay of Bengal).

Yindu

I. Location and scope

(1) position

(ii) Scope: South Asian subcontinent

Second, the general situation of physical geography

(1) Topography: Three topographic regions.

Northern mountainous areas-mainly Himalayas.

Central Plains-Indus Plain and Ganges Plain

Southern Plateau-Deccan Plateau, East-West Kochi Mountains and Coastal Plain.

(2) Climate: tropical monsoon climate.

The annual high temperature is divided into two seasons: dry season 10- May of the following year and rainy season from June to September.

Affected by topography, the temperature is higher than the same latitude (the northern mountains block the cold air flow in winter).

Rain pole -Kilapangqi (summer monsoon, windward slope)

Northwest tropical desert climate: distributed in Indian desert.

(3) Hydrology

Affected by the monsoon climate, the river flow is large and the seasonal change is obvious.

1. Ganges: Originating in the Himalayas, it flows through the northwest of India, flows downstream through Bangladesh and flows into the Bay of Bengal. Ganges Delta is the largest delta in South Asia. Varanasi in the middle reaches of the Ganges River is a sacred place for Hinduism.

2. Yarlung Zangbo River: A tributary of the Ganges, with the Yarlung Zangbo River in the upper reaches.

Three. Socioeconomic survey

(1) population

The second largest country in population: the population exceeds 654.38+0 billion; White race; The population problem is prominent (rapid growth); Multi-ethnic countries,

Hindustan is the largest ethnic group, and most residents believe in Hinduism.

(1) Agriculture

1. favorable conditions for development: large cultivated land area (half of the country);

Fertile soil (long history of farming);

Adequate heat and moisture.

Disadvantages: frequent droughts and floods. (Strong summer monsoon, or coming early and going late-flood disaster; The summer monsoon is weak, or it comes late and goes early-drought)

2. Crops:

3. Distribution: Climate and topography directly affect the distribution of crops.

The precipitation in the north generally increases from west to east; There is more precipitation along the southern coast of the peninsula and less precipitation on the mainland.

Wheat is warm and drought-tolerant-the upper and middle reaches of Ganges River and the northwest of Deccan Plateau.

Cotton likes temperature and drought tolerance-Deccan Plateau in Northwest China

Rice likes warm water-the middle and lower reaches of coastal plain and Ganges plain.

Tea likes warmth, rain, and windward slopes in northeastern mountainous areas.

Jute likes warm weather, rain and water-the lower reaches of Ganges Plain in northeast China.

4. Agricultural reform

About the Green Revolution:

Background: Overpopulation, frequent droughts and floods and unstable agriculture.

Core: Popularize advanced farming system (changing dry land into paddy field, changing one-year cropping into two-year cropping) and high-yield improved varieties.

Effect: The grain output has been greatly improved, and it can be self-sufficient in normal years.

The population is growing too fast, and the increased grain is basically consumed by the growing population, and the per capita grain possession has increased very little.

White Revolution: In the 1980s, we increased milk production, increased national nutrition and improved national physique.

Second, industry.

1. development conditions

(1) Rich in mineral resources: coal, iron and manganese are distributed in the northeast of Deccan Plateau.

(2) Agricultural products: cotton, hemp and other industrial raw materials are abundant.

(3) The labor force is abundant and cheap.

2. Main industrial sectors and their distribution (the corresponding relationship between the origin of raw materials and industrial distribution: industry is close to the origin of raw materials)

Kolkata-hemp, electricity, steel, machinery

Mumbai-cotton spinning

Bangalore-emerging industrial center (nuclear energy, aviation, microelectronics)

Third, tourism: Taj Mahal.

Fourth, the city

New Delhi-Capital and Railway Transportation Center

Kolkata-near the mouth of Ganges River, it is a hemp textile center and an important seaport.

Mumbai-the largest seaport and cotton spinning center on the west coast.

South Bangalore, an emerging industrial center.

Central Asia

I. Location and scope

(1) position

(2) Scope:

Kazakhstan (the largest landlocked country, capital: Astana)

Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek)

Tajikistan (Dushanbe)

Uzbekistan (Tashkent)

Turkmenistan (Ashgabat)

Second, the general situation of physical geography

(1) Terrain

Mainly plains and hills.

② Climate

Temperate continental climate

(3) Biology

Temperate grassland, temperate desert (Karakum desert)

two-humped camel

(4) Hydrology

The climate drought has led to many inland rivers and lakes.

river

lake

(1) The Ili River supplies water in the west, but there is no river supply in the east.

② Strong evaporation.

(3) The waters at the east-west junction are narrow, and the lakes on both sides are not well exchanged)

Three. Socioeconomic survey

(1) population

Small population, multi-ethnic, white, Muslim.

(2) Agriculture

1. Planting

2. Animal husbandry:

3. Problem: Water shortage and serious desertification.

(3) Industry

1. development conditions

Rich mineral resources: oil-Caspian coast

Coal-Midwest

Iron central part

Copper-central

Agricultural products: cotton and livestock are abundant.

2. Industrial sectors: mining, metallurgy, military industry, textiles, carpet weaving and processing of livestock products.

3. Shortage: lack of wood, mechanical products and light industrial products need to be imported.

(4) Cities

Tashkent: the largest city in Central Asia, transportation hub, industrial sector: agricultural machinery, textile machinery, light industrial machinery.

West Asia and North Africa

I. Location and scope

(1) position

Latitude: mainly in the north temperate zone, less in the tropics,12 n-42 n, and the Tropic of Cancer runs through the south.

Land and sea location: the land of two oceans, three continents and five seas.

Traffic location:

(ii) Scope

West Asia (20 countries) and North Africa (6 countries and regions)

Second, the general situation of physical geography

(1) Terrain: Plateau dominated, marginal mountains; Narrow plain

Plateau: Iranian Plateau, Anatolian Plateau, Arabian Plateau.

Mountains: Great Caucasus Mountains, Atlas Mountains.

Plain: Mesopotamia Plain, Nile Valley Estuary Delta, Mediterranean Coastal Plain.

② Climate

Tropical desert climate is dominant, distributed in the Sahara desert (heat pole: Aziye 57.8 degrees) and Arabian Peninsula.

The Mediterranean coast has a Mediterranean climate.

Desert genesis

(3) Hydrology

Less precipitation, less rivers.

Non-mobile countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Yemen and Bahrain.

Nile: The longest river (6,600 km) has regular floods from June to June (65,438+10) (tropical grassland climate in the middle and upper reaches).

Euphrates

Tigris

Caspian Sea: the largest inland river

Dead Sea: the border between Israel and Jordan

Formed by fault collapse.

The lowest point in the world (-400 meters)

High salinity and rich minerals.

In recent years, the sea level has fallen (too much Jordan River has been drawn from the upper reaches).

4. Vegetation: desert and grassland; Animal: dromedary camel

5. Resources: sufficient light; Minerals: petroleum and phosphate rocks.

petroleum

(1) Distribution: Middle East-near Persian Gulf, North Africa.

(2) Major oil producing countries: (West Asia) Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and Kuwait.

(North Africa) Egypt, Libya, Algeria

(3) High oil quality: large reserves, shallow burial, high oil content and good oil quality.

(4) Less consumption, mainly output, three main lines

Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Gulf of Oman-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Cape of Good Hope-Atlantic Ocean-Western Europe and North America (the largest amount of oil transported).

Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Gulf of Oman-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Gulf of Aden-Mande Strait-Red Sea-Suez Canal-Mediterranean Sea-Gibraltar Strait-Atlantic Ocean-Western Europe and North America.

Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Gulf of Oman-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Malacca Strait-South China Sea-Pacific Ocean-Japan.

Phosphate rock: Morocco

Three. Overview of economic geography

(1) population

400 million, white, multi-ethnic (Arabia, Persia, Georgia); Half Arabs, Arabic; The birthplace of Islam, Christianity and Judaism; Holy cities: Mecca (Islam), Jerusalem (Islam, Christianity, Judaism), most of which believe in Islam.

(2) Industry

Oil export processing is the pillar.

(3) Agriculture

1. Agricultural development conditions: the plateau is humid, and there are areas with groundwater exposed in the desert.

2. Agricultural sector:

Animal husbandry: nomadic, products: Ankara wool, purple lamb skin, carpet.

Irrigation agriculture: the representative crop of oasis: date palm fruit: date palm.

Subtropical fruits: Mediterranean coast, olives, oranges, grapes; Morocco-"The Country of Olives"

(4) Tourism

Desert tourism, Egyptian pyramids