About football

Football is the abbreviation of football sport or football game. Of course it also refers to the ball used in football matches. Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It originated from a ball game "Cuju" in ancient China. It was later spread to Europe through the Arabs and developed into modern football. Many countries have designated football as their “national sport”.

Football is mainly controlled by the feet, but the head, chest and other parts can also be used to touch the ball. A sports event in which two teams compete offensively and defensively on the same field. A wonderful football match attracts thousands of viewers. It has become an important part of TV programs. Reports on football news occupy the space of various newspapers and periodicals around the world. Today, football has become a part of people's lives. indispensable component. According to incomplete statistics, there are now about 800,000 teams that regularly participate in competitions in the world, and about 40 million registered athletes, including about 100,000 professional athletes. Eligibility standards approved by FIFA: circumference between 68.5 cm and 69.5 cm Eligibility standards approved by FIFA: football weight between 420 and 445 grams

Football is a highly confrontational sport, and athletes use it in games. The various actions allowed by the rules include running, emergency stopping, turning, falling to the ground, jumping, collision, etc. to engage in fierce competition with opponents. The long competition time, large number of spectators and large competition venues are unmatched by any other sports. Traditional football is composed of 20 hexagonal pieces, 12 5-sided pieces and 32 pieces of skin. Football matches are divided into 11-a-side, 7-a-side and 5-a-side. The age groups include u15, u17, u19 Olympic group, adult group and youth group.

Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It originated from a ball game "Cuju" in ancient my country. It was later spread to Europe through the Arabs and developed into modern football. Therefore, the hometown of football is China. It is said that the Greeks and Romans had already been engaged in a football game before the Middle Ages. They put the ball on the white line in the middle on a rectangular field, and kicked the ball to the opponent's field with their feet. This game was called "Habastrom" at the time. The origin of modern football is in the United Kingdom. It originated from a war with Denmark around the 12th century. After the war, the British saw the heads of Danish soldiers on the ground. Because the British hated the Danish soldiers very much, they kicked the ball. That head. By the beginning of the 19th century, football was already quite popular in some European and Latin American countries, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rules of football, the Cambridge Rules, were born.

The so-called "Cambridge Rules" are some rules formulated during competitions between Oxford and Cambridge in London, England, in the early 19th century. At that time, there were 11 people in each team competing. Because there were ten students and one teacher living in each dormitory in the school at that time, they played dormitory-to-dormitory competitions with 11 people per side. The current 11-a-side football game started from that time. On October 26, 1863, the British Football Association held a very important meeting in the history of modern football in England. The return schedule was drafted, but some provisions were far from today's rules. For example, there was this article at the time: When the ball enters between the goal posts or passes over the space above, regardless of the height, as long as it is not thrown, hit, or carried by hand, it will be counted as a win. The positions and formations of players at that time were also different from today: each team had one goalkeeper, one defender, one midfielder and eight forwards. Shortly after the rules were established, the formation changed: one goalkeeper, two defenders, three midfielders and five forwards. So the number of players in the game is eleven.

However, numerous data show that ancient Chinese football appeared earlier than Europe and has a longer history. Football in ancient my country was called "Cuju" or "Taju". "Cu" and "Ta" both mean kicking, and "Ju" is the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" was first recorded in "Historical Records Bandai Zhangqi Shu", and was recorded in "Bie Lu" by Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty and "Han Shu·Meisheng Biography" by Yan Shizeng of the Tang Dynasty. By the Tang and Song Dynasties, the "Cuju" activity had become very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. In July 1958, when Dr. Havelange, the former president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitations of feudal society, the ancient Chinese Cuju activity did not eventually develop into the modern football game based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap was accomplished in capitalist Britain.

The Han and Tang dynasties were the most prosperous periods of football development in ancient China, and it developed into a direct confrontational competition. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), the leather ball used in Cuju was changed from being filled with hair to being blown by people's mouth. At the same time, two goals were used instead of the "ju room". By the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), Cuju had developed double-goal and single-goal competitions. There were also ball club organizations called Qiyun Society or Yuan Society, and the balls used were played by mouth. Blowing has developed into using a pump to inflate, which is getting closer and closer to modern football. Cuju in the Han Dynasty was a means of training soldiers, and a relatively complete system was established. If a court is specially set up, it is rectangular in the east-west direction, with six symmetrical "Ju areas" also called "Ju rooms" at each end, each guarded by one person. The site is surrounded by a fence. The game is divided into two teams, with each other's offense and defense, and the outcome is determined by the number of kicks into the opponent's room.

After the initial popularity in the Han Dynasty, Cuju activities reached a climax in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even the division of labor according to the position on the field appeared. There were many ways to play Cuju in the Tang Dynasty, including "Daju" where the number of times the ball was scored in the game, "Baiju" where a net was hung in the middle of the field, similar to net football, "Yueju" where multiple people participated in the fight, and In this game, each team has a certain number of players and a fixed position. It is stipulated that the players can only play in their own positions and cannot move.

In early 2004, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and "Cuju" was the earliest football activity recorded in historical materials. "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records" are the earliest documents and classics to record Cuju. The former describes the popular Cuju activity in Linzi, the capital of Qi (now Linzi, Shandong) during the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,300 years ago. The latter records that Cuju was used to train soldiers at that time. The method of examining the physique of soldiers and generals ("Kicking the ball, the strength of the army, so training as a warrior, you will know that you have talent"). The world's earliest football was selected into the world record of the China World Records Association.

The word "Cuju" was first recorded in "Historical Records·Biography of Su Qin". When Su Qin lobbied King Xuan of Qi, he described Linzi: "Linzi is very rich and practical, and its people all play poles, drums and harps, and play juju." "Ta" means "cu", which means kicking. "Ju" means ball, which is ancient football. There are records about Cuju. During the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of Cuju was still popular. In the Tang Dynasty, Cuju was still a very common sport. Du Fu once said in a poem: "In ten years, the young people will be far away from each other, and the customs will be the same for thousands of miles." . However, there have been three main developments:

(1) There is an inflatable ball: "Song Dynasty Fact Garden" contains: "Yan Shigu notes that Huo Qubing Yayu kicked Ju Yun. : 'The Ju is made of skin, but is actually made of hair, and is played by kicking. ’ Yan said that Ju was like this, but it was different in the late Tang Dynasty. "Xu Jian's "Beginner's Notes": "Today's Cuju is called Xihu. In ancient times, hair fibers were used to tie it, but today it is made of skin. "

(2) The goal was set up: "Tongkao of Literature" "The kick ball cover began in the Tang Dynasty. Two bamboos were planted, several feet high, and a net was placed on top to measure the ball; the ball was about two points. Friends, winning or losing with horns, isn't it the change of time? ”

(3) Various kicking methods: double-goal kicking method: recorded in "Qiao Fu" by Zhong Wuyan of the Tang Dynasty. Single-goal kicking method: can be seen from "Cuju Atlas". No-goal kicking method Method: One or several people kicking alone is called Daju; two people kicking against each other is called Baida; three or more people kicking together is called a field household, such as a three-person field household and a four-person field household.

< p>Xiang Chu during the Western Han Dynasty was the first recorded fan, but his experience was unfortunate. "Historical Records: Biography of Bian Quecang Gong" records: The famous doctor Chunyu Yi saw Xiang Chu and told him not to overwork himself. Xiang Chu refused to listen and still went out to play football. As a result, he vomited blood and died. This also made Xiang Chu the first documented "fanatic fan" in the world.

It was listed in "Old Martial Arts" of the Southern Song Dynasty. The rosters and positions of the two teams during the "Thirty-two Players" competition: "The Zuo Army's 16 players: Zhang Jun as the ball leader, Wang Lian as the ball slinger, Zhu Xuan as the head coach, Shi Ze as the head coach, and Ding Zuogan as the net Quan, Youganwang Zhang Lin, Sanli Hu Chun, etc.; the right army has 16 people: Li Zheng, the ball leader, Zhu Zhen, the ball leader, Zhu Xuan, the deputy leader, Zhang Ning, Xu Bin, the Zuogan net, and Yougan net. Wang Yong, Sanli Chen Jun, etc." This is probably the first football "starting list" in history.

In 307 BC, during the Warring States Period, King Wuling of Zhao reformed and implemented the "Hu The people of Zhao learned how to ride horses and archery. The king of Zhao often took his cronies to ride out of the city, which was so majestic. One day, when he came to a forest, he saw several hares in the forest. The king opened his mouth. , "catch the live ones", so the soldiers divided into four groups and caught them together. Unexpectedly, in the fright, the hares ran wildly and fled through the gaps between the horses. They found nothing. Everyone shook their heads and sighed. His eyes lit up, and he stepped forward to offer his advice: "Your Majesty, this kind of siege is very interesting. We might as well use balls instead of rabbits, and we can play with them every day without leaving the palace." "What a great idea," King Zhao praised highly, "I'll leave this matter to you with full responsibility." So, football was born in China. But at that time, it was still a horse-riding sport, called "Cuju".

In the Han Dynasty, there was a football field specially used for competitions, which was called "Jucheng". The Jucheng was rectangular, with 6 Jucha chambers at each end, in the shape of a moon cave, symmetrical to each other, and surrounded by Wall. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period for Cuju activities. During this period, not only did it develop greatly, but also football began to be exported to the outside world. Cuju was first exported as a complete product to the United Kingdom. At that time, transportation was underdeveloped and the means of transportation were very backward. After several months of long journey, when Cuju arrived in England, the horses were exhausted and only one ball was left. But even such a ball was still regarded as a treasure by the British. As an exclusive activity of the royal family, it was forbidden for the public to enjoy this entertainment. One day, when the Danes were digging the battlefield, they accidentally dug up several Dane skulls. These English people were extremely angry. They kicked the skull hard with their feet. In addition to relieving their anger, they also found it fun to play football. As a result, more and more English people dug into the battlefield participated in this game." A group of children also came to kick the ball, but they found that the skull hurt their feet when they kicked it, so they replaced it with cow bladders and blew air - this was the birth of modern football.

This patriotic behavior impressed the British King. In order to reward the people, the British King ordered the royal football to be open to the public. Soon, football spread among the people and became a popular sports and entertainment activity. At the beginning of the 12th century, football games began in England. The competition is a recreational event held twice a year, usually between two cities. The host throws the ball into the air and the game begins. The two sides will pile up, yelling, kicking and hugging. Whichever side can kick the ball into the other side's downtown area will win. If the ball enters a residential house on the way, the players will rush in and kick it around, often smashing things in the house to pieces, and the homeowner will have to lament his own misfortune. Pedestrians on the road will suffer a sudden disaster if they encounter a rolling ball. Therefore, at that time, when the football game came, people had to avoid disasters and close their doors until the game was over before returning to normal. Such football matches were strongly opposed by citizens, and the British government issued a ban: football matches must be played on open spaces, and those who entered the downtown area were severely punished, so special football fields appeared. On October 26, 1863, the world's first football organization, the English Football Association, was established in London, and the rules were unified, and modern football was officially established.

In ancient China, kicking the ball was called "Cuju". As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, the Cuju game existed. In the Western Han Dynasty, "Jucheng" was built specifically for competitions. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period for Cuju activities. Inflated balls were used instead of balls filled with hair in the past, called "air blankets", and goals were used to replace the Juju room. In the West, after the 10th century AD, some countries such as France, Italy, and the United Kingdom had football games. By the end of the 15th century, it was known as "football" and gradually developed into the modern football game. On October 26, 1863, the British established the world's first football organization, the British Football Association, in London, and unified the rules of football. People call this day the birth day of modern football. There are 14 football rules formulated this time, which are the basis of today's football rules. Starting from the 2nd Olympic Games in 1900, football was listed as an official Olympic event, but it did not allow professional athletes to participate. On May 21, 1904, FIFA was established in Paris. Since 1930, the World Football Championship (also known as the World Cup) has been held every four years, and restrictions on professional athletes have been lifted. Since then, modern football has developed day by day.

In medieval England, football became an activity that many young people were passionate about. They chased the ball through the narrow streets, often kicking it into the windows of homes on the street. So the King of England had to ban football. From the 12th to the 16th century, the British king issued "football bans" four times. However, due to the special charm of football, the ban failed to kill it.

In 1835, the world's first football club was established in Sheffield, England. In 1863, the first football association was established in the UK. From then on, organized football under certain rules began to spread from the UK to Europe and the world. At the end of the 19th century, football was quite popular in Western European countries. In the first Olympic Games in 1896, football was included as one of the events. As a result, the Danish team defeated the Greek team 9:0 and became the first Olympic football champion.

In 1904, the football associations of seven countries, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland, established the International Football Federation in France and elected the Frenchman Guélain as the first international football federation. Chairman of the United Nations 2010 World Cup in South Africa.

1. The essence of sports: Football itself embodies the characteristics of various human sports. The players suddenly start and compete for the ball, just like sprinting; the goalkeeper jumps up and down, and dives sideways. Flopping is like a jumping event; those flexible athletes hang upside down on a golden hook and dive to the top, like gymnastics; the reasonable collision between two athletes is a bit like the expressive power and beauty of rugby...

2. Popularity: Football does not have high requirements for participants, which is an important reason. For athletes who play football, it doesn't matter whether they are tall, short, fat or thin, unlike other sports. For example, in rugby, those who are small will definitely suffer a big loss; basketball is a world dominated by "old people". But football is different. This provides all children around the world with the opportunity to dream of becoming a superstar.

3. Unpredictability: The contingency of football match results is an important reason for the fanaticism of fans around the world. Because in the football world, there is no absolute strong team. Liverpool may be "overthrown" by an unknown second division team or even an amateur team. The Brazilian team, which was full of stars, was defeated by the then immature Japanese team in the Olympic football match. In 1966, the "Third World" football team of North Korea defeated the Italian team and entered the World Cup quarterfinals. In the just-concluded World Cup warm-up match, the Chinese team unexpectedly defeated the French team, the former world champion and the runner-up in the last World Cup. So, in a football match, you never know the outcome until the last moment.

4. Handsome Guys: The handsome guys on the football field are the reason why football has become the "number one sport in the world" that cannot be ignored.

The reason is very simple. The beauties all rushed to the stadium to watch the football with admiration on their faces (mainly to watch the people), so how can their boyfriends not be anxious? Even men who are not very interested in football still have to follow their girlfriends to the stadium. The most important thing is to keep an eye on their girlfriend and not let her be snatched away by the "heartthrobs" of the stadium.

5. Environment: Fans are like diners. They have a mouth-watering football feast, but the "eating" atmosphere is better. Lively, atmospheric and spectacular, these football stadiums have it all. Compared with the hot and stuffy badminton hall, compared with a small table tennis table, the wide green field looks so majestic and exciting.

6. Freedom: Tens of thousands of fans cheered together and it was lively. To be honest, if watching football can be done in peace and quiet, then who would watch football?

7. Controversiality: "The greatest charm of football is that it is controversial." A far-sighted old man said a far-sighted remark. This old man is former FIFA president Havelange. Yes, if football matches are all very "dead" and mechanical, then football will lose its great charm. Precisely because referees are human and may make wrong judgments, may take bribes to manipulate games, etc., there are huge controversies and more people pay attention.

The charm of football is not only due to the rich connotations of football, but also to the characteristics of football.

1. Holisticness. In football matches, each team consists of 11 players. The 11 people on the field have unified thoughts and actions. They must be fully active in attack, fully defensive in code, and have a strong overall awareness of participating in the war. Only by forming an overall offense and defense can we gain the initiative in the game and achieve good results.

2. Overall situation. The football match venue is large and the number of people is large. How to make good use of the venue and the number of people is a key to victory or defeat. Both sides use effective passing and cutting and smooth cooperation to break through layers of defenses, and mobilize the opponent through large-scale ball transfers in space in order to find loopholes or tear apart the defense. At the same time, the season in the football league is very long and the games are very heavy. Reasonable distribution of physical fitness and proper rotation of players are all factors that take the entire season into consideration.

3. Precision. Football is a game of coarse and fine, and big guys are actually very smart. Personal dribbling requires meticulous technique and good timing. Sometimes a short time difference or a few steps can lead to a breakthrough, a wonderful pass or even a goal! Players from both sides not only compete in football, but also have a constant psychological battle: harassment with small moves, pressure with big moves to cause fear in the opponent, provocations with words to anger others, and handling the ball under high pressure at critical moments (such as a shooter during a penalty kick) and the goalkeeper's mentality, whether he can stay awake during overtime) are all the highlights and chewing points of football.

4. Confrontation. Football is a highly competitive and confrontational sport. During the game, the two sides compete for control and achieve the purpose of scoring the ball into the opponent's goal without letting the ball enter their own goal. They engage in hand-to-hand combat, especially when two teams compete for control. The competition for time and space near the penalty area is extremely fierce and exciting. In a high-level match, the two sides fell to the ground more than 200 times due to fighting and collision, which shows the fierceness of the confrontation.

5. Variability. Football is a non-periodic sport that is technically colorful, tactically unpredictable, and the outcome is unpredictable. The use of skills and tactics during the game is subject to direct interference, restriction and resistance from the opponent. Techniques and tactics are used and developed flexibly according to the specific situation on the spot.

6. Ease of operation. The rules of football competition are relatively simple, and the equipment requirements are not high. The time, number of participants, venues and equipment of general football matches are not strictly restricted, so it is a very easy-to-carry out mass sports event in national fitness.

The earliest famous football stars

In the Song Dynasty, football players organized their own group, called the "Yuan Society", to promote Cuju activities and competitions. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Gao Qiu was born in Yuanshe. According to Wang Mingqing's "The Record of the Hui Chen Hou", Gao Qiu was highly skilled in football. Because he accompanied Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty to play football, he was promoted to the commander of the palace. This can be regarded as the earliest famous football star. One of them.

"Zhongshan Poetry" by Liu Bin of the Song Dynasty records another person who became famous for playing football. The scholar Liu Sanfu had outstanding football skills. He knew that Prime Minister Ding Wei liked playing football. In order to get promoted, he played football every day. Waiting outside the wall of the Prime Minister's Mansion Stadium, one day the ball finally flew out of the wall. Liu Sanfu picked up the ball and entered the Prime Minister's Mansion in the name of returning it. When he met with Ding Wei, he threw the ball in the air and said: He knelt down and knelt down while hitting the ball with his head, shoulders, back and other parts. The ball never hit the ground. Ding said he was overjoyed and gave Liu Sanfu an official position.

From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Cuju experienced a process of development and climax. However, by the Qing Dynasty, this activity entered a decline. In 1863, modern football was born in the UK, opening another historical chapter in the development of football. The birth of modern football

Spectators watching the game in 1893

From the 8th century to the 19th century, the predecessors of modern football existed in Europe in various ways until 1863, when the first The first formal rules of football were created in the UK, which also marked the birth of modern football.

A Boy's Impulse

In the 19th century, football was revived and widely played in some colleges in the UK.

At that time, there were no unified rules for football matches. The match was played in a rectangular field. The time and number of participants were temporarily agreed upon by both parties. The score was scored when the ball was kicked into the opponent's goal post. During this period, colleges such as Cambridge University, Hatton College, and New Clifton University all had their own ways of playing, and no one thought of unifying the rules of football. At that time, the unluckiest people were the "notary mediators" specially appointed for the game. They were the predecessors of referees and were responsible for recording goals and mediating disputes and disputes. However, because there were no unified rules, these mediators were always difficult to convince the public. , often being chased and besieged by dozens of people in the audience.

A boy's impulse changed everything. On November 21, 1823, during a game, a 15-year-old boy named William Webb Eisley suddenly picked up the ball with his hand, held it and rushed to the opponent's field to attack. This action later triggered a great debate about football rules, and people also realized the need to set unified football rules. In the debate, those who supported the use of both hands and feet gradually developed the game into today's rugby, while those who insisted on using only the feet began to explore and create the rules of modern football games.

The world’s first sport was born in a pub

The birthday of modern football

The Franciscan Tavern on Queen Street, London, is the birthplace of modern football. A landmark meeting in football history was held here. Prior to this, in 1848, the Cambridge University Branch tried to create a rule for football matches. Although it was not recognized by the public, unified rules have become common knowledge. On October 26, 1863, representatives from 11 London clubs and colleges held a meeting at the Franciscan Tavern to formulate rules and create an authoritative football organization. This day is also recognized as the birthday of modern football. The debate over the rules was fierce at the meeting. A few people represented by Gambel insisted on using both hands and feet. The final vote was 13 to 4, and the iconic rule that does not allow hands in modern football was passed. For this reason, Gambell and others left the venue angrily, and later founded the Rugby Football Union in 1871.

***The Franciscan Tavern

At this meeting in the *** Franciscan Tavern, the English Football Association was also established, and the world's first football association was recorded in writing. Two months later, on December 26, 1863, the Football Association held another meeting in a small hotel on Crummisor Street in London to refine the football rules into 14 rules and began to The football game was promoted across the country, and the world's number one sport that is now popular around the world was born. Eleven clubs and academies participated in the meeting at the Franciscan Tavern:

Forest Club (later renamed Rangers); Kilburn; Barnes; War Office; Crusaders; Percival ;Blackhays Club;Kensington College;Sowerbyton;Blackhays College;Crystal Palace.