What are the disposal methods of garbage?

Question 1: What are the ways of garbage disposal? At present, sanitary landfill, high-temperature composting and incineration are widely used methods of municipal solid waste treatment at home and abroad. The proportion of these three main garbage disposal methods depends on the geographical environment; The composition of garbage and the level of economic development are different.

Due to the complex composition of municipal solid waste, influenced by the level of economic development, energy structure, natural conditions and traditional habits, the treatment of municipal solid waste generally varies according to the national conditions, and it is difficult to have a unified model because different regions of a country often adopt different treatment methods. However, in the end, they all aim at harmlessness, resource utilization and reduction. There are landfill, incineration, composting, comprehensive utilization and other ways, with a high degree of mechanization, forming a system and complete sets of equipment. The treatment methods abroad have the following trends: (1) Due to the increasing shortage of energy and land resources in industrialized countries, the proportion of incineration treatment is gradually increasing; (2) Landfill, as the final disposal method of garbage, has always occupied a large proportion; (3) Most agricultural developing countries mainly use compost; (4) Other new technologies, such as pyrolysis, sea reclamation, mountain piling and landscaping, are also making constant progress.

Incineration is a widely used municipal waste treatment technology. Large-scale garbage incineration treatment system equipped with heat energy recovery device is gradually becoming the mainstream of incineration treatment because it meets the requirements of energy recovery. The wide application of incineration technology not only benefits from the developed economy, large investment and high calorific value of garbage, but also lies in the maturity and advanced incineration technology and equipment. Various incineration devices and new incinerators are developing towards high efficiency, energy saving, low cost and low pollution, and the degree of automation is getting higher and higher. At present, the technical countermeasures of municipal solid waste treatment in China are sanitary landfill and high-temperature composting, which will promote the development of incineration technology in cities with conditions, especially in coastal economically developed areas. In recent years, cities have begun to carry out basic and applied research on waste incineration, developed small rotary waste incinerators including NF series reverse combustion, RF series pyrolysis and HL series, and built a number of simple incineration plants (stations) in small and medium-sized cities.

With the development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the contents of combustible materials and calorific value in municipal solid waste have increased significantly. After pretreatment such as classification and sorting, the calorific value of municipal solid waste is close to that of developed countries. Therefore, some cities in China, especially the economically developed coastal areas, have already possessed the foundation for developing incineration technology.

Question 2: What are the main ways to treat garbage harmlessly? Three main treatment methods: sanitary landfill, composting and incineration.

Like other countries in the world, sanitary landfill, composting and incineration are the main garbage disposal methods in Qian Qian garbage treatment plant, most of which are piled up and simply landfilled, and some of them are sanitary landfill, mechanized composting and incineration.

Landfill: For a long time, most cities in China have used open-air stacking, natural ditch filling and pit filling to treat domestic garbage, which can only achieve general anaerobic treatment. However, in recent years, the construction of landfills has become more and more perfect, and a number of high-level landfills have been built one after another, such as Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Suzhou, Beijing, Chengdu, Baotou and our city, all of which have established relatively perfect sanitary landfills according to the actual situation of this city. At the same time, the recycling technology of biogas produced by landfill has also been developed. At present, landfill method is still the most important harmless treatment method of urban landfill waste in our city.

Composting: In recent years, composting of garbage disposal in our city has developed rapidly. Since 1980s, "secondary fermentation process" has been applied. Due to the adoption of forced sealing, the fermentation cycle is shortened, the composting machinery is improving day by day, and the production tends to be industrialized. From a national perspective, the mechanized waste composting production line suitable for China has been designed by itself, but there are not many simple waste composting plants in many cities.

Incineration: Incineration technology is the most effective way of harmless, reduction and resource treatment of garbage, and it is the development way of garbage treatment in the future.

Question 3: What are the best ways to treat domestic garbage? At present, domestic resources are very tight, so although landfill is a common method, it is not a long-term solution, so incineration is the most important method at present, but it is not the optimal method.

The best method should be composting. Although this method is good, there is no sales channel for the fertilizer obtained after composting, and people are unwilling to buy it, so the optimal method does not mean that it can be popularized nationwide.

There are basically three main treatments.

1. Landfill treatment

Landfill is an effective method to absorb a large amount of municipal solid waste, and it is also the final disposal method of all the residues in the garbage treatment process. At present, the direct landfill method is widely used in China.

The so-called direct landfill method is to fill the garbage into the prepared pit, cover and compact it, make it undergo biological, physical and chemical changes, decompose organic matter, and achieve the purpose of reduction and harmlessness.

In Tianjin, the south side of the water park uses garbage dumps to create an artificial environment, turning harm into benefit. The project covers an area of nearly 800,000 square meters. Garbage and engineering waste soil are mixed according to the ratio of 1: 1 as the source of pile soil, and necessary measures are taken for leachate, biogas produced by fermentation and the stability of hillside.

Kansas City, USA is a small city with a small population, surrounded by vast countryside. To prevent secondary pollution, the following measures are taken:

(1) Anti-seepage layer shall be laid at the bottom and around;

(2) Laying in layers, that is, stacking a layer of garbage, and then covering it with soil for compaction. According to reports, some garbage dumps are also equipped with gas and water pipes, and the generated biogas is used.

In jiangdong district, Tokyo, there is a land with dense forests and lush flowers, which is called "Neverland". Neverland is all caused by garbage collection.

However, most of the garbage in many cities in China is still piled up in the open air without any protective measures. Every garbage dump has become a source of pollution. Mosquitoes and flies are rampant, rats are infested, and the smell stinks. A large amount of garbage and sewage seeped into the ground from the surface, which caused serious pollution to the urban environment and underground water sources. In Shenyang, 10 of 35 landfill sites was drilled and sampled, and the fault samples of waste and groundwater quality were analyzed. The analysis results show that:

1, the groundwater quality deteriorated, the pollution was serious, the water quality was turbid and smelly, and anaerobic Escherichia coli was detected in the water;

2. Toxic and harmful substances were detected in the faulty samples of garbage. Every day in Shanghai, 10,000 tons of garbage are transported to the suburbs and piled up at the seaside. The garbage mountain as high as twenty or thirty meters has caused serious pollution to the surrounding environment.

Landfill is one of the most common garbage disposal methods, which is characterized by low cost and simple method, but it is easy to cause secondary pollution of groundwater resources. With the increase of urban garbage, there are fewer and fewer suitable landfills near the city, and the opening of long-distance landfills has greatly increased the cost of garbage discharge, even unbearable.

2. Incineration treatment

Incineration is a method of putting garbage into a high-temperature furnace to fully oxidize the combustible components in it, and the generated heat is used for power generation and heating. The garbage conversion energy system jointly developed by Westinghouse and O 'Connor Company has been successful. The incinerator of this system can convert garbage with humidity of 7% into dry solid for incineration, and the incineration efficiency is over 95%. At the same time, the high temperature on the surface of the incinerator can convert heat energy into steam, which can be used for heating, air conditioning equipment and steam turbine power generation. The main technical indicators of some incineration plants in the United States are listed in table 1.

There is an incineration station in Shijiazhuang, China, and the Shenyang Institute of Environmental Science introduced a Japanese garbage incineration device to treat the special garbage in hospitals and other units harmlessly. The residual ash produced in the incineration process accounts for about 5% of the weight of biological waste before incineration, which is generally high-quality phosphate fertilizer. In recent years, China has paid more and more attention to the technology of generating renewable energy from garbage incineration.

The advantages of incineration treatment are good reduction effect (after incineration, the residue volume is reduced by more than 90%, and the weight is reduced by more than 80%), and the treatment is thorough. However, according to American reports, the construction and production costs of incineration plants are extremely expensive. In most cases, the value of electricity generated by these devices is far lower than the expected sales, leaving huge economic losses to the local * * *. Because garbage contains some metals, incineration is highly toxic and will cause secondary environmental harm. Incineration requires the calorific value of garbage to be greater than 3.35MJ/kg, otherwise combustion improver must be added, which will increase the operating cost to an unbearable level for ordinary cities.

3. Composting treatment

Domestic garbage is piled, stored and fermented at 70℃, with the help of the decomposition ability of microorganisms in garbage. & gt

Question 4: What are the disposal methods of municipal waste? (1) compression processing. For some municipal solid waste with low density and large volume, the volume can be reduced after compression treatment, which is convenient for transportation and landfill. Some garbage can become high-density inert materials and building materials after compression treatment. (2) Landfill. We can make use of the basic conditions provided by various places and adopt different landfill methods to meet the requirements of operation and consumption. Landfill can not only treat the mixed garbage in the city, but also absorb the leftovers and unrecoverable garbage from other garbage disposal processes. (3) Garbage incineration. The heat energy generated by garbage incineration can be used to produce steam or electric energy, and can also be used for heating or production needs. According to the calculation, every 5 tons of garbage can save 1 ton of standard fuel. However, garbage incineration plants must be equipped with smoke and dust removal devices to reduce pollutants discharged into the atmosphere. (4) Composting. Composting is a biochemical process that decomposes garbage by microorganisms, separates carbon dioxide, water and heat, and generates humus at the same time.

Question 5: How many ways are there to deal with garbage? Food waste: refers to the waste produced by people in the process of buying, selling, storing, processing and eating various foods. This kind of garbage has strong corrosiveness, fast decomposition speed and bad smell.

Ordinary garbage: including waste paper products, waste plastics, rags and various textiles, waste rubber, leather products, waste wood and wood products, broken glass, waste metal products, dust, etc. Ordinary garbage and food garbage are the main objects that can be recycled in urban garbage.

Construction waste: including mud, stones, concrete blocks, broken bricks, waste wood, waste pipes and electrical waste. This kind of garbage is generally handled by the construction unit itself, but a considerable amount of construction garbage often enters the city garbage.

Cleaning garbage: including garbage in public garbage bins, cleaning supplies in public places, garbage after pavement damage, etc.

Hazardous waste: including dry batteries, fluorescent tubes, thermometers and other chemical and biological dangerous goods, inflammable and explosive goods and wastes containing radioactive substances. Generally, this kind of garbage can't be mixed with ordinary garbage.

There are three main ways to treat garbage harmlessly:

Landfill: Landfill investment is small, and the treatment capacity is large; The technical requirements are not high. However, it has a large permanent area and great pollution potential. In the United States and other developed countries, there have been incidents of landfill pollution for decades.

Composting: Garbage can be turned into organic fertilizer through composting. But this kind of garbage has low fertilizer efficiency, limited sales and little room for development.

Incineration: waste incineration has the most thorough advantages of recovering heat energy and reducing waste (waste volume is reduced by 80% ~ 95% after incineration), but this method is costly. It will cost about 700-800 million yuan to build an incinerator with a daily garbage disposal capacity of 1 1,000 tons and attached heat energy recovery equipment.

Question 6: There are several ways to deal with garbage. First, the basic status quo. China's garbage treatment started late, and its harmless treatment capacity is low. The situation that garbage surrounds the city is very serious. In recent years, China's sanitation industry has made great progress, improving the level of urban garbage disposal and alleviating the phenomenon of garbage siege. According to the statistics of 1994, there are about 380,000 sanitation workers and 34,400 sanitation machines in cities across the country, with a garbage disposal rate of 35.8%, and 609 harmless treatment plants have been built. The harmless treatment capacity and treatment rate of garbage have been greatly improved in recent years. Major cities in China have established environmental health research institutions to carry out research on technologies and equipment for municipal waste treatment. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the state allocated nearly10 million yuan and loaned tens of millions of yuan for the construction of scientific research, development and demonstration projects for composting, landfill, incineration and resource utilization of municipal waste. Second, the application of garbage disposal technology to treat urban garbage is a systematic project, including garbage collection, transportation, transshipment, treatment and resource utilization. 1. Collection of urban garbage At present, most urban garbage in China adopts mixed collection (except hospital garbage). The garbage operation methods and equipment used mainly include: fixed garbage bin, garbage storage and collection, mobile garbage bin, garbage collection, garbage bin collection and plastic bag collection. Sealed container collection and ground garbage station collection. Most cities can collect garbage in time and keep the environment of residential areas clean. 2. Urban garbage transportation In general, the mechanized collection and transportation rate of urban garbage in China is low, the labor intensity of sanitation workers is high, manual operation is insufficient, and the equipment performance is poor. About 40% of the country's sanitation appliances and vehicles need to be updated, and about100000 tons of urban garbage can't be delivered to the disposal site in time every year. 3. Urban garbage disposal At present, the garbage disposal sites and recycling technologies adopted in China are the same as those in other countries in the world, mainly using sanitary landfill, composting and incineration. Most of the urban garbage is disposed by stacking and simple landfill, and sanitary landfill, mechanized composting and incineration are also used in some cases. The treatment methods of municipal solid waste in China mainly include building materials (bricks) and comprehensive utilization. (1) application of landfill technology for a long time, most cities in China have adopted the methods of open-air stacking, natural ditch filling and pit filling. Only general anaerobic treatment can be achieved. However, in recent years, the construction of landfills has been improved day by day, and a number of high-level landfills have been built one after another, such as Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Suzhou, Beijing, Chengdu, Baotou and other cities, which have established relatively perfect sanitary landfills according to the actual situation of this city. At the same time, the technology of biogas recovery and utilization produced by landfill has also been developed. At present, landfill is still the most important harmless treatment method of urban landfill waste in China. (2) Application of Composting Technology In recent years, garbage composting in China has developed rapidly. Since 1980s, "secondary fermentation process" has been applied. Due to the adoption of forced sealed aerobic fermentation, the fermentation cycle is shortened, the composting machinery is improving day by day, and the production tends to be industrialized. At present, Wuxi, Changzhou, Tianjin, Shenyang, Beijing, Wuhan and other cities have designed mechanized waste composting production lines suitable for China's national conditions, and many cities also have quite a few simple waste composting plants. (3) Application of Incineration Technology The research of waste incineration technology in China began in the mid-1980s. Incineration technology is the most effective way to make garbage harmless, reduce and recycle, and it is the development model of garbage disposal in the future. At present, only a few cities in China, such as Shenzhen, Leshan and Xuzhou, have established waste incineration plants and conducted demonstration tests of incineration power generation. The system runs well, but the scale is small and the daily processing capacity is low. Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Beihai, Guangzhou and other large and medium-sized cities are currently planning to build large-scale waste incineration plants.

Question 7: What are the disposal methods of domestic garbage now? According to different levels of development, different places have different ways to treat domestic waste, so at present, this way of garbage disposal is more scientific.