What are the building materials of ancient buildings in China?

Wood. The ancient buildings in China have a long history and brilliant achievements, mainly wooden frame structure, that is, wooden columns and beams form the framework of houses. The weight of the roof and eaves is transferred to the column through the beam frame, and the wall only plays the role of partition, not the structural part that bears the weight of the house. Frame structure This is the most important feature of ancient architecture in China.

The old proverb "The wall falls down but the house doesn't fall down" generally points out the most important feature of China architecture as a frame structure. This structure can make the house meet the changing functional requirements of life and production under different climatic conditions. At the same time, because the house wall is not load-bearing, there is great flexibility in the setting of doors and windows.

In addition, this frame-type wood structure has formed a unique component unique to high-rise buildings such as palaces and temples in the past, that is, a bunch of "bucket arches" under the eaves. It consists of bucket-shaped wood blocks and bow-shaped cross bars, which are criss-crossed and picked out layer by layer to form a support with a big top and a small bottom. This kind of member not only has the function of supporting the load-bearing beam frame, but also has the function of decoration.

Only after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the simplification of the structure, the beam was directly placed on the column, which led to the structural function of the bucket arch almost completely disappearing and almost becoming a pure ornament.

Extended data:

Elements of ancient architecture:

1, general rules

It is a constant law to determine the scale and proportion of all parts of the building. These laws stipulate the large proportion relationship and scale relationship between the parts of ancient buildings. It is a key and important principle to make all kinds of buildings have a unified style.

2. Elements

Area width and depth, column height and radial direction, area width and column height, separation and lateral foot, up and down, stepping and lifting, platform height, closing the mountain, pushing the mountain away from the temple, balance and proportion of various components of the building.

3. Width and depth

Every four pillars form a room, and the width of the room is "area width", also called "area width", and the depth is "depth". The sum of the widths of several single rooms constitutes the total width of a building, which is called "total width"; The depth of several single rooms constitutes the depth of a single building.

The determination of the width of ancient buildings (indicating the width between floors) should consider many ethnic factors, that is, actual needs (so-called applicable principles) and actual possibilities (such as the length and diameter of wood), and is limited by the feudal hierarchy.

In ancient times, the determination of the width of the Ming Dynasty was also bound by feudal thought. When considering the width, the size of the doorway must conform to the size of the auspicious words such as "official", "Lu", "wealth" and "righteousness" on the door ruler. The width of the second floor should be reduced, generally 8/ 10 of the width of the open floor, or determined according to actual needs.

4, column height and column diameter

There is a certain proportional relationship between the height and diameter of columns in ancient buildings, as well as the height and width of columns. For small buildings, such as long purlins or six purlins, the ratio of bay width to column height is 10: 8, which means that the width is one foot and the column height is eight feet. The ratio of column height to column diameter is 1 1: 1. For example, as stipulated in the Code of Engineering Practice of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce:

"Each cornice column should be set at eight tenths of its width, and should be set at seven tenths (should be seven percent). If the surface is ten feet and one foot wide, the column is eight feet and eight inches high and seven inches and seven minutes in diameter. " For a small building with five purlins and four purlins, the ratio of area width to column height is 10: 7. According to these regulations, we can calculate that knowing the surface width can get the column height and knowing the column height can get the column diameter. On the contrary, knowing the height and diameter of the column can also calculate the width.

5, points, side feet

The upper and lower ends of columns in ancient buildings in China are not equal in diameter. Except for short columns such as melon columns, any column is not a cylinder with the same diameter up and down, but the root (column foot and column root) is slightly thicker and the top (column head) is slightly thinner. This practice of thick roots and thin tops is called "closing slip" and "closing points" It is stable and light, giving people a comfortable feeling.

The division size of various buildings is generally1100 of the column height. For example, if the column is 3 meters high and divided into 3 centimeters, assuming that the column root is 27 centimeters, then the diameter of the divided stigma is 24 centimeters. The division of columns in large buildings is specified as 7/ 1000 in the example of building calculation.

6, water, backwater,

The eaves of ancient buildings in China are far-reaching, and the size of the eaves is also stipulated. The Qing Code stipulates that the horizontal distance from the middle of the eaves to the eaves rafters (if there is no eaves to the old eaves rafters) is the size of the eaves, which is called "upper eaves" or "upper eaves" for short.

Because the eaves run down and come out vividly, it is called "water comes out". For buildings without bucket arches or small buildings, the overhang size is set to 3/ 10 of the height of the eaves column. If the eaves column is 3 meters high, the overhang is divided into three equal parts, of which 2 is the eaves rafter and 1 is the flying rafter.

The ancient buildings in China are all built on the abutment, and the exposed part of the abutment is called Tai Ming. The exposed height of small-sized buildings is 1/5 column height or twice the column diameter.

The part of the terrace exposed from the eaves column is the exposed edge of the terrace, which corresponds to the upper eaves of the roof, also called "lower eaves". In the small-scale method, the size of the lower eaves is 4/5 of the upper eaves or 2 times the diameter of the eaves column, and in the large-scale method, the height of the lower skin of the cantilever beam exposed from the upper surface of the floor is 1/4. The exposed edge of the large platform is 3/4 of the upper eaves.

There is a scale difference between the upper and lower exits of ancient buildings, which is called "backwater" The function of backwater is to ensure that the water flowing from eaves will not be poured on terraces, thus protecting column roots and walls from rain erosion.

7, step frame, lifting frame

Walking platform: In the wooden frame of Qing-style ancient buildings, the horizontal distance between two adjacent purlins is called walking platform. According to different positions, the step frame can be divided into corridor step (or eaves step), golden step, ridge step and so on. If it is a double-ridge purlin shed building, the middle step at the top is called the "top step". In the same building, except the veranda (or eaves steps) and the top steps, the dimensions of other steps are basically the same.

Small verandahs are generally 4D-5D, and each step of the golden ridge is 4D, and the size of the top steps is generally smaller than that of the golden steps. Taking the four-purlin rolling shed as an example, the method to determine the top step size is generally: divide the middle size of purlins at both ends of four beams into five equal parts, with one top step and two eaves steps, and the minimum top step size should not be less than 2D and the maximum top step size should not be greater than 3D.

Lifting frame: The so-called lifting frame refers to the coefficient obtained by dividing the vertical distance (lifting height) between two adjacent purlins of a wooden frame by the corresponding step frame length. There are five lifts, six five lifts, seven five lifts and nine lifts commonly used in architecture in Qing Dynasty. It means that the ratio of lifting height to step frame is 0.5, 0.65, 0.75, 0.9, etc. The eaves step (or corridor step) of Qing style practice is generally defined as five lifts, which is called "five lifts to take the head"

Small houses or garden pavilions, eaves and steps also use four or five ladders, which should be handled flexibly according to the specific situation. Small huxing house steps generally do not exceed eight or five steps. Generally speaking, the steps of large buildings do not exceed ten steps, and the change of the lifting frame of the ancient building roof determines the quality of the roof curve, so we should pay great attention to the effect of the roof curve when using the lifting frame to make it natural and soft.

For thousands of years, architects of ancient buildings have accumulated a set of successful experiences in the application of lifting frames and formed a relatively fixed procedure. For example, there are five steps on the roof and seven steps on the back of a small-sized five-purlin house. Seven rooms, the steps are five stairs, six or five stairs, eight or five stairs and so on. The steps of a large building can be five lifts, six lifts, five lifts, seven lifts, nine lifts and so on.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient Architecture in China

Baidu encyclopedia-ancient buildings