Recognition and Measurement of Green Accounting

Green accounting in China's current accounting system, has not yet been established with the environmental costs supporting the accounting system, only in the enterprise "administrative expenses" accounting account set up "sewage charges" and "greening fee "The former refers only to the sewage charges paid by the enterprise in accordance with the regulations, and the latter refers to the costs incurred by the enterprise for greening the plant. Therefore, attention should be paid to the establishment of additional accounting-related accounting items on the basis of the original enterprise accounting items, such as environmental assets, environmental costs, environmental liabilities, and accounting items reflecting the damage and compensation of the enterprise to the environment, natural resources and human beings, and reflecting the social benefits extracted by the enterprise from the improvement of the ecological environment and natural resources, as well as from the safe production. In the specific recognition and measurement process can refer to the relevant methodological principles of financial accounting.

Environmental information report is the main form of environmental accounting, and the existing financial statements mainly provide economic benefit indicators, and the ecological benefit, social benefit indicators are not disclosed. In view of the demand for enterprise environmental accounting information has been increasingly beyond the traditional concept, people require information about the enterprise's future development prospects, the enterprise disclosure of environmental costs and liabilities information is very important for a clear reflection or further explanation of the statement items. Therefore, it is necessary for enterprises to reflect the fulfillment of their social responsibilities and their social benefits and costs by preparing environmental reports on the basis of their daily accounting.

Because of the impact of environmental factors, compared with traditional accounting, green accounting recognition and measurement has changed a lot. These changes are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. Changes in Accounting Elements

Green accounting is based on traditional accounting, taking into account the impact of environmental factors and the development of a kind of accounting, so in the division of accounting elements and traditional accounting to maintain consistency, that is, it should be divided into assets, liabilities, owner's equity, revenues, expenses and profits, but in the specifics of the content should be be different in terms of specific content. For example, in the element of assets, green accounting should set up "environmental assets", "environmental assets depletion provision" and "net environmental assets"; in the element of liabilities, "environmental liabilities" should be set up; in the element of liabilities, "environmental liabilities" should be set up; in the element of environmental assets, "environmental liabilities" should be set up. Environmental liabilities" should be set up in the liabilities element, including environmental resource depletion fees payable, environmental resource protection fees payable and environmental pollution control fees payable; "environmental capital" should be set up in the owner's equity element; "environmental income" should be set up in the income element; "environmental revenue" should be set up in the income element to account for the environmental impacts of the enterprise. Environmental Income" is set in the income element to account for the subsidies, bonuses and tax exemptions granted by the state due to the adoption of environmental protection and environmental management by the enterprise, the "three wastes income" recycled by the enterprise, and the income from environmental damages or penalties handed over by other units and individuals; "Environmental Expenses" is set in the expense element, and "Environmental Expenses" is set in the profit element. Environmental costs" in the cost elements set up in the profit element to increase the "environmental profit" and so on, used to account for the enterprise in the course of the economic business related to the environment, which is also recognized that the environment has the value of the inevitable result.

2. Changes in accounting assumptions and accounting principles

(1) Changes in accounting assumptions. The accounting assumptions of traditional accounting include accounting subject, going concern, accounting staging and monetary measurement. Green accounting accounting content with traditional accounting compared to the existence of large differences, appropriate adjustments to its accounting assumptions are inevitable, but do not have to start a new stove, so the basic premise of green accounting can be identified as the main body of accounting, going concern, accounting phasing and multiple measurement. Multi-measurement assumptions means that in green accounting, the main monetary measurement, but taking into account the complexity of environmental factors, many times can not be measured in monetary terms, and therefore should be in-kind, percentage or index measurements as an auxiliary way, and in some cases, but also can be illustrated with charts and text notes.

(2) Changes in accounting principles. In view of the changes in the content of green accounting and its assumptions, its accounting principles should also be inherited and developed in the traditional accounting principles at the same time, the establishment of its own characteristics of the principles can be summarized in three aspects, namely, the policy principle, the principle of social, mandatory and voluntary combination of principles.

The policy principle of green accounting means that the national guidelines and policies should be fully reflected in the accounting of green accounting, and the relevant national laws and regulations should be strictly complied with, so as to correctly deal with the relationship between corporate profits and environmental resource protection, corporate benefits and social benefits. The principle of sociality refers to the fact that green accounting requires enterprises to consider the interests of enterprises from the perspective of society and from the perspective of being responsible for environmental resources. Society's evaluation of the enterprise must abandon the current concept of taking the enterprise's operating profit as the standard and replace it with the green profit created by the enterprise. At the same time, the accounting information provided by enterprises must be conducive to national management and macro-control. The principle of combining mandatory and voluntary refers to the fact that in the green accounting system, the relevant government departments or organizations should make clear and mandatory provisions for the minimum disclosure of environmental resource information by enterprises, and at the same time, encourage enterprises to provide as much environmental resource information as possible to the public and the relevant government departments or organizations.

3. Measurement and disclosure of green accounting

Measurement of green accounting refers to the process of determining the amount of economic transactions involving environmental resources as an accounting element to be formally recorded and included in the accounting statements. However, the value of environmental resources is difficult to measure. In general, the value of environmental resources can be measured using the direct market method, alternative market method and fuzzy mathematical method, etc. The direct market method specifically includes the restoration cost method or the replacement cost method, the protection cost method, the market value or the productivity method, the human capital method or the loss of income method.

Green accounting disclosure of accounting information is to provide accurate and effective green information to all parties concerned to meet the needs of decision-makers to analyze and make decisions. It can be divided into two parts in general: one is the specific disclosure in the enterprise's accounting statement and its notes of the enterprise's environmental expenditures and environment-related capital expenditures incurred in the current period that should be recognized in the current period's profit and loss; the other is the disclosure of the enterprise's environmental policies implemented in the enterprise's accounting statement's notes, the implementation of the situation as well as the enterprise's long-term goals of environmental governance and protection of the environment, and so on.