How is ancient house construction depicted?

Development of Ancient Chinese Housing Construction

(I) Primitive and the last three generations, Spring and Autumn, Warring States period (about 1000-4000 years ago)

Primitive society's houses were developed from the ground through the caves, half caves to become the wood bone mud and grass roof mud on the ground building, although it is very simple, but it also marks this human beings from the cave to move to the ground, in terms of the history of development of the housing construction, has a The significance of the milestone.

Summer, Shang, Zhou three generations of the center are basically in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, because the region is a wet loess zone, in order to prevent the foundation of the wet subsidence, the ancients invented the rammed earth technology. Due to the construction technology of this process is simple, and very easy to get materials, so it can be inherited and developed and extended to the present. In addition, rammed earth technology can also be rammed foundation and tall walls, the construction of tall buildings, the last emperor of the Shang Dynasty by Xin (King Zhou) built the "deer platform", may be the product of rammed earth technology. In addition, the archaeological discovery, Shaanxi Western Zhou Zhouyuan unearthed on the bronze decoration appeared between the columns with the appendage, columns with the image of the bucket, which can be seen, China's ancient housing construction of the main system of the city arch has been out of the beginning.

Spring and Autumn, the Warring States period, after the rebellion of the Cannon Rong, Ping Wang eastward, the Zhou royal power declined, there have been five hegemony of the Spring and Autumn period, the seven warring states, the vassal states are to break the etiquette of the system to build a large number of palaces. Due to the construction technology at that time does not have the construction of huge multi-storey pavilions, thus making the "Taisei" came into being. The so-called "Taiseki" is a building based on stepped rammed earth, building houses layer by layer and relying on the gradual elevation of the earth platforms to create a large architectural effect of multi-story pavilions. In addition, the edges of the platforms and the bottom of the partition walls are fixed with horizontal square beams to prevent collapse.

In addition, the palace in the Warring States period in the use of tiles and floor tiles has become more mature, and produce the corresponding decorative tools. As for the decoration of the palace room, mainly to vermilion ground with and wall murals, individual pilasters, wall bands are also decorated with bronze, and inlaid with jade, the scene of luxury.

(2) Qin, two Han period (221 BC - 220 AD)

Qin King Winzheng swept the six, and swallowed the eight deserts, the establishment of the first feudal king in Chinese history Qin Dynasty. Following this, migrated the world's rich merchants in Xianyang, modeled on the palaces of the six kingdoms, and built the Afang Palace in the Shanglin Garden south of the Weishui River, based on the ruins of the existing Afang Front Hall, which is 1,000 meters long from east to west and 500 meters long from north to south. The Records of the Grand Historian says: "The upper part of the palace can be used for ten thousand people, and the lower part of the palace can be used to build a five-foot flag. Zhou Chi for the pavilion road, from the temple straight to Nanshan, the table of Nanshan's upside as a que." After Xiang Yu into the Guanzhong will be put on fire, rumor has it that the fire burned for three months not extinguished.

The two Han periods, despite the continuous wars with the Huns in the north and the internal strife of Wang Mang's usurpation of the Han Dynasty, reached a peak in its architectural level and history of development as the first strong and stable centralized state in China. The most prestigious palace is the Western Han Dynasty built in the early Changle, Weiyang, Jianzhang Palace, Changle Palace for the former Qin Xingle Palace; Weiyang Palace for the Han Dynasty built the first palace; Jianzhang Palace was built in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Taichu, which is equipped with warming rooms, cool rooms, with lakes, gardens, due to the three palaces of the scale of the grandiose, it is a more detailed historical records, subject to the limitations of space will not be here to go into detail. Although the Han Dynasty palace buildings are still dominated by the Taipai, but compared to the past, its scale and construction forms have been greatly improved. And in the palace gate outside the construction of giant que, "que" is established in the palace, temple or tomb canals, shrine road on both sides of a symbolic decorative buildings that indicate the official title, merit, its style and similar to the house of cards, there are stone, wooden two kinds of. In addition, the city is also built in the government offices of the Treasury.

The wooden structures of the two Han periods have not survived, but from the stone queues and wall paintings, the three main forms of ancient Chinese housing construction: post and beam, through the comma type and dense beams with flat roofs have all appeared. Especially in the stone que, craftsmen imitated the wooden structure carved out columns, appendages, arch, edge of the fly and roof, which can be seen in the Han Dynasty wood construction technology. In addition, China's ancient roof is very representative of the five styles, namely: hipped, hiatus, overhanging mountain, hard mountain, save the tip, in the two Han period, has basically formed.

(3) Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties Period (220 AD - 590 AD)

The Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties Period was the first period of great division in the history of China, during which there were constant wars and frequent dynastic changes. During this period, ethnic minorities came to the forefront of Chinese history, with the Xianbei clan uniting the north and establishing the Northern Wei Dynasty. Due to the social unrest during this period, the masses believed in Buddhism and prayed for blessings very much, so a large number of Buddhist temples and pagodas were built in both the north and the south. The Yongning Pagoda, located near Luoyang City in Henan Province, was built during the Northern Wei Dynasty, with a wooden structure and a height of more than 40 feet, which is the tallest wooden pagoda in China and even in the world. Due to the prevalence of Buddhism, so this stage of the architectural style compared to the previous period has also changed, the appearance of the stately type into streamlined, the period of the rafters (eaves from the straight line into the curve of the upward curve), Sumeru (evolved from the Buddha seat, generally used in the high-level construction of palaces, altar temples of the main hall, and the tower, the building's base) and shuttle columns and so on the later generations of buildings have a greater impact. In addition, during the period of Western culture through the Dashi by the Hexi Corridor to the Central Plains, the construction of the period has had a certain impact, such as architectural decorations abandoned the Han Dynasty Yunlei pattern and the use of plant motifs and so on.

(D) Sui, Tang, Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties (590 AD - 1279 AD)

Tang Dynasty for China's second peak of the development of ancient architecture, the most famous during this period for the Daming Palace, Xingqing Palace. In addition, the later Zhou Emperor Wu Zetian in Luoyang to build the "Hall of Light", its plane is square, 86 meters high, 89 meters long; rumor has it that it took only 10 months to complete, can be seen at that time there has been a more scientific and reasonable design and construction organization.

Tang Dynasty architecture has been preserved in the Wutai Mountain Buddha Temple Hall from the scale of materials, structural components and design methods, wooden structures, especially the use of arch to this point has been developed to a relatively perfect point, the treatment of external decorations have also reached the art of architecture in the technology of a unity. A major feature of the ancient Chinese building "wing corner", is also produced in this period.

There are fewer surviving buildings from the Northern Song Dynasty, but Zhang Zeduan's "Riverside Map of Qingming" provided an important basis for the architectural style of the time. In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty compiled the first architectural specification in Chinese history - "Laws of Construction", the book 34 volumes, the book *** mentioned the stone system, large wood system, small wood system, tile system and color painting system, etc., and attached to the illustrations. In the choice of doors and windows, grilles appeared at this stage, thus replacing the pre-Tang panel doors and straight latticed windows.

(E) Yuan, Ming, Qing, period (1279 AD - 1912 AD)

Yuan dynasty in 1267 AD in the JinZhongDu northeast of the flat field above the construction of metropolis (today's Beijing), the city's designer for the han GuoShouJing, YuanDaDu is the last in ancient China in accordance with the perfect planning of the new flat city, but also according to the lane system created by the metropolis.

The Ming Dynasty was the third peak of the development of ancient Chinese architecture, the government set up the Ministry of Public Works, the main person in charge of the title: Shangshu, minister. Its job is to general overview of the royal and national architecture. Ming Dynasty architecture in addition to the magnificent single building, but also the courtyard layout to maximize efficiency, such as the construction of Beijing is based on the central axis, through the main gate of the Imperial City, the main hall, and out of the Imperial City North to the end of the Bell and Drum Tower. In addition, the Yamen in front of the Imperial City, the Imperial ancestral temple is divided into its left and right, heaven and earth, two altars to the "heaven and earth," the theory of the arrangement of the rest of the homes, temples and even warehouses are well-planned, showing a great momentum.

Ming Dynasty palaces were built on the top of the nanmu, using a single architectural design model for the mouth of the bucket, the appearance of red walls, yellow tiles, white platform, the style of the previous dynasty is distinctive.

One of the main architectural achievements of the Qing Dynasty was the gardens, and the three mountains and five gardens in the western suburbs of Beijing and the summer resort are excellent evidence of this. In addition, private gardening was also more prevalent at that time, the southern size of the business armor, especially the canal, salt vendors, etc. have their luxury gardens.

The political and social system of the Qing Dynasty continued the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Ministry of Public Works in 1733 A.D. promulgated the "engineering practices," the rules compared to the Song Dynasty "Laws of Construction," the degree of standardization is high, conducive to a large number of prefabrication, to ensure that the unity and coordination of the building complex. In particular, the increase in the degree of standardization played a significant role in accelerating the progress of the project. However, on the monolithic architecture, the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the original large-scale renovation and repair of the former Ming housing buildings, did not have its own unique development; after 1840, with the door was opened by the Western invaders, during the period of the introduction of Western architecture, but as a whole, most of the flashy, exaggerated prevalence of the wind, failed to get the main point, and therefore ultimately with the end of the foreign affairs movement and buried in the wheels of history together.

Second, the basic characteristics of the ancient Chinese housing construction

(a) the main structural form of wooden frame for the house

The main feature of the ancient Chinese building is to build a wooden frame, wooden frame for the skeleton of the house to bear the load of the roof. Its main form has two styles:

1, beam and column type: this kind of building is very widely used in China, most of the royal, official buildings are built according to

this construction. Its main features are: ash rammed, in the column top stone columns, the highest indoor column called the column, followed by the gold columns, before and after the shortest eaves called toad columns. The top of the columns horizontally set up between the beams, commonly known as "five beams". And then overlap the small beams on it, forming a triangular roof frame. The beams are connected by "melon pillars", and the local beams are also equipped with square beams. Columns longitudinal between the beams set up purlin, generally from top to bottom order: ridge purlin - on the gold purlin - under the gold purlin - gable purlin; purlin under the square, and set up a baffle connection, and then in the puisne rafters on the purlin. The advantages of the structure is less indoor columns or no columns, can get a larger space, space is relatively flexible; disadvantage is that the columns and beams, such as larger timber, consume more wood. Its specific structure is shown in Figure 2-1:

2, through the comma type: the building form is mainly in China's southeastern, southern and southwestern regions to build. Its main feature is different from the columns and beams of the columns on the beams, beams on the purlin way, but the height of the columns are divided into different equal parts, and directly into purlins on them; the other through the square directly through the columns, so that they become one; purlin on the puisne with the beams and columns of the same type. Advantage is that the material is small, the overall rigidity is good; disadvantage is that the indoor column is dense and the space is not open enough. Its specific structure is shown in Figure 2-2, in addition, there is a dense beam flat roof type structure, its main feature is the emergence of load-bearing walls, the top of the flat rauisne, the internal columns, beams, purlins structure. The building is mainly in Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, due to the above areas of rainfall is rare, the building roof commonly used flat roof.

(2) the appearance is divided into three sections

Ancient Chinese house building is mainly composed of three parts, namely: the foundation, the body of the roof, the roof.

1, the pedestal: is the part of the base under the building. With the Shang and Zhou period of the Taipai similar, but the material is no longer mainly rammed earth, changed to stone masonry. Its function is mainly two: one is to show the grandeur of the building; the second is to play the role of moisture. In feudal society, the height of the foundation of the building on behalf of the grade of the building itself and its owner's class, identity and social status. There is Sumeru pedestal, it is evolved from the Buddha seat, generally used in high-level buildings, such as: palaces, altars and temples of the main hall, and tower, the base of the building. Terrace foundation exposed in the ground above the part called "Taeming", Taeming's structure includes three major parts: the structure under the column, the structure between the columns and the structure of the platform side. Under the structure of the main plinth piers, foundations; between the structure of the columns to stop the soil; columns on the structure of the column top stone.

2, the body of the house: the part is mainly composed of columns, panel walls, doors and windows, and its upper part is equipped with a sparrow. The sparrow is to the beam square under the intersection with the column of the short wood, can shorten the net span distance of the beam square.

3, the roof: in ancient Chinese architecture, the roof is an important part of the form of a variety of forms, in a great enrichment of the overall shape of the building at the same time, large volume of the roof can also be snow and rain directly to the base of the discharge outside, thus effectively ensuring that the building's moisture control measures. Its structural form of two-slope roof and four-slope roof, and supplemented by a single eave double eave points. There are five main forms of ancient Chinese roofs: hipped, hiatus, overhanging hill, hard hill and save the tip.

(1) hipped, hiatus

hipped roof is a four-slope roof, is the highest level of ancient architecture in the roof style. Generally used in palaces, temples in the most important ceremonies, available single eaves, especially grand with heavy eaves. Single-eaved with the center of the ridge and the four corners of the ridge, *** five ridges, so also known as the "five ridge hall". Heavy eaves of the other four around the body of the temple under the eaves of the four wrestling ridge and is located in the corner of the four corner ridge.

Heshan is four slopes and two slopes overlap the roof, its rank is second only to the hipped roof. It consists of the main ridge, four hanging ridges and four bump ridges, so it is called "nine-ridged hall". It also has single-eaved and heavy-eaved forms. In the palace in the secondary buildings and residential gardens, there is no ridge of the scroll shed heshan. In addition, the roof of the Tiananmen Gate tower belongs to the heavy eaves heshan style.

2) overhanging mountain, hard mountain

Overhanging mountain is a kind of two sloping roof, but also in China's general construction is the most common form. It is characterized by the eaves overhanging beyond the wall. Hanging mountain generally have a ridge and hanging ridge, there is also no ridge of the roll of the shed, the tip of the mountain wall is often made into a five-flower mountain wall.

Hard mountain is also a kind of two-slope roof, but the roof does not overhang out of the mountain wall. Most of the mountain wall with masonry load-bearing wall and above the roof, the head of the wall has a variety of forms. This style is predominant in southern China.

(3) save the tip

Save the tip is mostly used for the roof of the building area is not too large, such as towers, pavilions, pavilions and so on. Characterized by a steeper roof, no ridge, several ridges and the top of the ridge, and then finally add the top.

(C) arch for the important architectural structure

Archives are unique to China's wooden frame building structural components, by the square bucket, rising and rectangular arch, oblique ang composition, the lower part of the sitting bucket and warping (Figure 2-8). Its role is:

1, in the structure of the pick out load-bearing, and will be the roof of the large area of the load through the arch transfer to the column

2, there is a certain decorative effect, but also building the roof and the body of the building elevation of the transition

3, as a symbol of the hierarchy of the feudal society and an important architectural scale of measurement standards.

(4) between the unit, the modulus system design method.

The space between the two roof frames of an ancient Chinese building is called a room, which is also the basic unit of calculation of a house. When building a house, as long as the nature of the determination, the number of rooms, according to the specified grade and "points", can be built in proportion to the appropriate size of the components of the basic reasonable house, thus also reached the modulus system, so that even if there is no drawings can be organized construction, and can maintain the unity of the building complex.

(E) courtyard layout, focusing on the wholeness of the complex.

Ancient Chinese buildings are often combined into a group of architectural groups, large to the palace, small to the mansion, and so on. Its layout is often in the form of north-south, square and neat layout ideas, mainly from the geographical location of the middle reaches of the Yellow River in ancient China and the influence of Confucianism in the positive thinking.

Ancient Chinese architectural complexes are always arranged with a major vertical axis, the main buildings are arranged on the main axis, the secondary buildings are arranged on both sides of the main buildings, east and west confrontation, composed of a square or rectangular courtyard. The layout of this courtyard not only meets the needs of safety and sunshine to prevent wind and cold, but also conforms to the patriarchal and ritualistic system of ancient Chinese society. This strict layout is not rigid, but will be more into the courtyard space, arranged to become a change of quite personalized space series. Like the courtyard houses in Beijing, its four courtyards are different. The first one is a horizontal long inverted courtyard, the second one is a rectangular triple courtyard, the third one is a square quadrangle courtyard, and the fourth one is a long horizontal cover house courtyard. The four courtyards of different planes, with different facades of buildings, in the courtyard of dill flowers and trees, set rocks bonsai, so that the spatial environment is fresh and lively, quiet and pleasant.

Three, the main types of housing construction in ancient China

(a) Palace

China has built a large number of palaces since ancient times, the best-preserved is the Ming and Qing Dynasty Imperial City - Forbidden City, this building is a model of China's ancient palace architecture. The former Taihe, in the and, Paul and three halls, after the Qianqing, Kuning, Jiaotai three palaces, this layout for the traditional "before after the bed" type layout. The Forbidden City has no less than a hundred courtyards, each courtyard in the building has the main and from the main hall to set off the main hall. The entire palace is the image of the building reflects the royal hierarchy and the supremacy of the imperial power.

(B) residential

Feudal hierarchical concepts of the impact of most of the private homes, no Taipai, the roof is only two kinds of overhanging and hard mountain. However, they are also arranged in courtyard style, with the north room in the bright room as the hall, and the east and west rooms and the ear room as the living room, with the east room as the top; in the multi-courtyard residence, the upper courtyard on the central axis is the top; they are also arranged to live in accordance with the traditional etiquette.

(C) religious buildings

Religious buildings in ancient China to Buddhism as the main, only the Luoyang area had built more than 1,200 monasteries, most of China's famous Buddhist grottoes began to be built in this era. Its main part consists of tower, hall and gallery courtyard, take the central axis symmetrical layout, the center of the three-story pedestal on the nine-story square tower, the tower north of the building of the Buddha Hall, surrounded on all sides of the enclosing wall to form a rectangular courtyard. Courtyard of the east, south and west of the central door, the door are built on the door. In the north of the courtyard is the simpler Wu Tou Gate. Monk's house and other ancillary buildings in the back and west of the main building. Temple wall corners built corner tower, the wall has short rafters and cover tile, outside the wall dug trenches around, planted acacia trees. In addition, the Taoist architecture of Baiyun Guan and Qingyang Palace are also very famous buildings.

(4) Mausoleum

Because ancient Chinese masonry architecture is mainly embodied in the construction of mausoleums, so it is described. According to traditional Chinese thought, wood is Yang, so make Yang house, stone is Yin, and then make Yin house. Ancient Chinese emperors had the concept of "seeing death as life", which was used during his life, and after his death, they were moved to the ground. According to the evidence, the earliest for the Chu Kingdom, the Western Han Dynasty to develop, but still mainly made of wood, its name is "yellow intestines question together". The Eastern Han Dynasty appeared stone masonry chamber, the development of the top of the tomb by the flat beam top, arch top to the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty has been developed for the dome roof. In the Ming and Qing tombs of the equation of the Ming building and the door beams and columns in the crypt, is also built of masonry, but because of the dominance of wood, in the door beams and columns and the roof are carved out of the arch and the wing angle and so on. This shows that the use of masonry by our craftsmen is also at a high level.

Four, the development of ancient Chinese housing a few drawbacks

To this point, has been close to the end of the line, there are disadvantages of all things favorable, China's ancient construction, although passed down through the millennium, but there are most of the drawbacks, in this case, I would like to analyze one or two:

1, the concept of hierarchy in feudal society and a high degree of centralization of the imperial power of the system, the development of the housing construction of China's ancient caused a great impediment to the people, the height and specifications of the form of building houses. The height and specifications of the building form can not exceed the countersigning, and the countersigning shall not exceed the Imperial City, so that the craftsmen, even with the new construction concepts, but also do not dare to build.

2, the Ming and Qing dynasties, although the establishment of the Ministry of Construction in charge of domestic construction, but has not been able to form a discipline, the construction of things confined to the craftsmen, and good building technology is either banned from storage in the interior, or hidden in the private sector in the bag narrow, and thus play a role in restricting the further development of the ancient housing.

3, by the feudal concepts and other factors leading to masonry has not been able to play a leading role in the building, so that the ancient Chinese housing construction has lost the opportunity for qualitative change.

4, China's 2,000 years of civilization, the frequent change of dynasties, and by the North and South Dynasties and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of the two major divisions, the ancient architecture caused great damage. And the victor of the war is often on the former relics of the great burning,

This is one of the main reasons why most of China's ancient buildings can not be preserved.

The forms of wooden structures from ancient times to the Han Dynasty are still being explored and are not fully understood. From the half-slope site to the Shang Dynasty Panlong City site, the Western Zhou Dynasty Zhouyuan architectural site, the Han Dynasty ceremonial buildings, stone queues, etc., although there has been a restoration of the study, but have not been able to draw systematic conclusions, can only be seen in a number of veins: ① Yinshang's burial chambers are used in the well-drying type of structure, the later generation is not in common use, but in the history of the development of wood structure but has an important role. ② from the Shang dynasty to the Warring States palace site has been excavated in the plane of the column network arrangement, are longitudinal rows and rows and horizontal often not rows and columns. According to this can be inferred that the structure of the roof frame, the system is mainly vertical frame, until the Han Dynasty is still applied, so the vertical frame should be the early common use of the structure of the form. Later, the Liao and Jin dynasties also occasionally use the longitudinal frame to support the structure of the horizontal frame, that is improved by improving the longitudinal frame. (3) since the Western Zhou Dynasty has been used as a combination of columns and beams of the capital, and later gradually developed into the capital with arches, ang and other combinations of paving the complex structure of the form.

Now we know the earliest record of specific structural forms, is the Song Dynasty "building method" in the hall structure, hall structure, cluster angle beam structure of three. Based on the surviving examples, it can be inferred that these three structures were commonly used at least in the early Tang Dynasty. Their characteristics are described below.

The hall structure: the entire structure is horizontally divided into columns, pavement, the roof of the three integral construction layer, installed layer by layer from the bottom to the top, stacked and become. If you build a building, you only need to increase the columns and paving layer (flat sitting) can be. The houses with this structure are rectangular in plan. There are four kinds of floor slots form, namely the gold box bucket bottom slot, double slot, single slot and distraction bucket bottom slot.

Hall structure: with horizontal vertical roof frame. Each roof by a number of columns and beams of varying lengths combined, only the use of paving on the outer gable columns. Between every two roof racks with rafters, loops, etc. connected to the room. The number of rooms in each house is not limited, as long as the number of rafters, the corresponding step frame rafters equal length, the number of beams and columns used in the roof, the combination can be different, so there is no need to specify the plan form. Hall structure construction is simpler than the hall structure, but not suitable for building multi-storey houses. The hall structure is used to build small-scale houses without the use of paving, which is called "column and beam work" and is commonly used. Existing examples, there is a comprehensive hall and hall structure of the form, such as the temple hall, with vertical, horizontal, vertical three directions of the columns, beams, paving and other components, interlocking, composed of a whole, the construction is difficult, after the Liao and Jin have not been used again.

Tufted angle beam structure: used for the square or polygonal plane of the building, each column on the head of the angle beam and the center of the post (Lei Gongzhu) intersected, composed of round or square conical roof.

In the Ming and Qing official buildings, the hall structure only exists in the form of surface, the actual structure of the hall, known as the "big wood big style". The universal application of "columns and beams", known as "large wood small style". The cluster of corner beams, known as "save the tip", mostly used for small pavilions.

In addition, in the Yangtze River Basin and the southeast and southwest, used to wear bucket frame. It belongs to the same horizontal vertical roof frame with the hall structure, but the hall structure is raised by layer by layer and shorten the beam to withstand the weight of purlins and roof, so it is called lifting beam frame. Through the bucket frame with columns directly bearing purlins, without beams, columns through the square is only a connecting component.

Types of components large wood structural components, according to function can be divided into 12 categories. Among them, the arch, ang, Jade head, bucket 4 types of store components.

Song lifting beam frame

Based on the "building method" as follows:

①Shape. The inner and outer columns of the hall-type frame are of the same height, and above the column head is a horizontal paving layer, and then the beams that run through the whole house in the direction of the depth of the house are stacked up with the slope of the roof. Hall-type frame within the columns rise, there is no through the entire house depth direction of the beam, the use of shorter beams stacked up between the columns.

2 columns. Most of the work into the shape of a pike, the columns around the outer gable with the rise and side feet.

③Beams. Exposed beams are called Ming Vo, the beams covered by the ceiling are called grass Vo, Ming Vo, some of which are processed into the form of moon beams. According to the length of each beam and the location of the different titles, such as eaves, milk volts, flat beams, hitching and so on. The length of the beam to the rafter frame to measure, a rafter frame that is, a frame in two volts above the horizontal length of the rafters, the general length of the beam for the length of several rafters that is called a few rafters gable volts, but two rafters long beams in the frame of the uppermost level is called the flat beams, in the internal and external columns between the called Milk Volts, in the milk volts on the top of the rafter frame length of beams is called a hitching.

4 store. In the beam-column intersection of the arch of the formation of paving layer, which can strengthen the integrity of the frame, but also can skillfully absorb, transfer the load from different directions, is an important part of the structural role of lifting the beam frame.

Ching dynasty raised beam frame

According to the Ministry of Public Works of the Qing Dynasty, "engineering practice" is introduced as follows:

Ching seven purlins, hard hill, large wood and small frame.

①Shape. Qing official building frame has a big style, small style. Big style building higher grade, more arch. Some of the eaves, the same height of the columns, plus the main decorative role of the arch layer, bearing the beams, similar to the Song-style hall frame, most of which is similar to the Song-style hall frame. There is also a big style without the arch, the material is more stout. Small building scale is small, do not use the arch, the material is also more economical. But whether large or small buildings are no Ming Fu, grass Fu difference.

2 column. Raise the beam frame in the columns by location named. Located in the front and back of the eaves of the outermost row of columns known as the eaves, located in the middle of the wall columns known as the mountain columns, in the longitudinal center line of the building of the columns known as columns, in addition to columns other than columns within the columns, are known as the gold columns. Existing buildings from the Palace, the Ming Dynasty architectural columns still retained the side foot, raw up the practice, the Qing Dynasty is very inconspicuous.

3 beam. Each beam in the main beam, according to the number of purlins supported by itself called, for example, nine purlins on the known as the nine beams, in order of eight beams, seven beams, up to three beams. The length of the beam is measured in steps (i.e., the horizontal distance between purlins), and the length of the nine-frame beam is eight steps, the length of the seven-frame beam is six steps, and the length of the six-frame beam is five steps, etc. In addition, there are several kinds of secondary beams. In addition, there are several minor short beams, such as the beam between the gable column and the gold column, only one step long, in the big style building called peach tip beam, in the small style building called holding head beam. If the corridor is two steps wide, the peach tip beam is doubled in length, called double step beam; this time there is often a one-step long short beam above, called single step beam. Various types of beams, cross-section height and width ratio, more nearly 6:5, or 5:4, cross-section nearly square.

4 arch. After the Yuan Dynasty, beams, columns nodes on the arch gradually become smaller, compared with the Tang and Song buildings in the arch, the structural role of the weakening of the decorative enhancement. To the Qing Dynasty arch almost metamorphosed into a decorative component.

⑤Other. Forks and feet in the beams were canceled, and the longitudinal linkage components were reduced, and the loop and string were unified into purlins, pads, and square square as a standard practice, which is called "one purlin and three pieces".

The structural system formed by the lifting beam frame played a decisive role in the development of ancient Chinese wooden buildings, and also provided materials for the development of modern architecture.

Through-double frame

A form of wooden frame in ancient Chinese architecture, this frame is directly bearing purlins by columns without beams, which was originally known as through-double frame, and was simplified to "through-tease frame" and "through-double frame" later.

The characteristics of the bucket frame are along the direction of the depth of the house according to the number of purlins in a row of columns, a purlin on each column, purlin rafters, the roof load is transmitted directly from the purlin to the columns, without the use of beams. The roof load is transmitted directly from the purlin to the columns without the use of beams. Each row of columns runs horizontally through the columns by means of square beams that penetrate the columns to form a single-bay frame. Between every two bays, a space frame of a room is formed by connecting them with a square and a fiber. The doufang is used between the columns of the gable columns, like the appendages in the beam-raising structure, and the fiber is used between the inner columns. Doo Fang, fiber is often also used as the keel of the attic of the house.

Each purlin has a column under the floor, is its initial form. According to the size of the house, can be used "three purlins three columns a through", "five purlins five columns two through", "eleven purlins eleven columns five through" and so on different structures. With the increase of columns, the number of layers also increases. After the development of this method to a more mature stage, in view of the columns are too dense to affect the use of housing, and sometimes will be wearing bucket frame from the original every column to every other one to the ground, the columns will not be ridden in the square through the square, and the number of layers of these columns through the square is also increased accordingly. Wear square through the gable column into a pick square, supporting the eaves. At this time, the wear square also part of the role of both beams. The roof of the house is generally flat, not concave surface. Sometimes to pad tile or increase the length of the stack of tiles close to the ridge of the part of the slightly arched, to achieve the effect of similar concave roof.

Through the bucket type frame with columns to bear purlins, may have a certain relationship with the early longitudinal frame, has a long history. In the Han dynasty portrait stone can be seen in the image of the Han dynasty through the bucket frame house. Through the bucket type frame with less material, the construction of the ground first assembled into a whole roof frame, and then erected, with labor-saving, material-saving, easy to construct and more economic advantages. At the same time, the closely spaced columns make it easy to install siding and build mud walls. Therefore, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, a large number of Ming and Qing Dynasty dwellings with pierced-double frames have been preserved. Some buildings in these areas, which require large space, adopt the method of combining the pierced-double frame with the raised-beam frame: the pierced-double frame is used in the part of the mountain wall, and the raised-beam frame is used in the middle of the rooms, which are in harmony with each other and complement each other.

Through the bucket frame is a light frame, column diameter is generally 20 ~ 30 cm; through the square section but 6 × 12 to 10 × 20 square centimeters; purlin distance is generally within 100 centimeters; rafter material is also thin. Rafters directly on the tiles, do not add a lookout board, lookout brick. The roof is lighter in weight and has excellent anti-seismic performance.

Well-dry structure

Yunnanhua well-dry structure residential houses.

A kind of house structure that does not use columns and beams. This structure of round or rectangular, hexagonal wood parallel to the upward layer stacked, in the corner of the wood end of the cross-bite, the formation of the four walls of the house, such as ancient wells on the wooden fence, and then in the left and right sides of the wall on the short columns bearing the ridge purlin composition of the house.

Chinese Shang Dynasty tomb has been applied to the well dry structure, the Han tomb is still applied. The earliest images and documents of well-drying houses are from the Han Dynasty. In Yunnan Jinning Shizhai Mountain unearthed in the copper has a double slope roof of the well dry house. In the Huainanzi, there is a record of "Yanlou Trestle Road, Chicken Roosting in the Well Dry".

The well-dried structure requires a large amount of wood, and is very limited in absolute scale and the opening of doors and windows, so the degree of generalization is not as good as that of the lifting-beam structure and the piercing-double structure. China is only in the northeastern forest area, the southwest mountainous area there are still individual houses built using this structure. The Nanhua well-dry structure houses in Yunnan are examples of well-dry structure houses. There are bungalows and two-story buildings, all of which are rectangular in plan, with a two-room face and overhanging roofs. Roofing practice is the top of the left and right side walls are neutral short column bearing ridge purlin, rafters on the ridge purlin and front and rear gable walls on the top of the well dry wood, the house is only two rafters deep.