Comparative Analysis of Chinese and Western Corporate Cultures (2)

Oriental corporate culture management concept

Oriental management philosophy characterized by "emotion"

First, the custom of "meditation". China people are a thoughtful people. Thousands of years of cultural traditions have endowed them with certain values, making it difficult for their thinking problems to cut off the umbilical cord of history and violate the most basic values. Therefore, their behavior is to think clearly before acting.

Second, the standard of "home". Family orientation is another basic feature of eastern society, so its management and economic development cannot be at the expense of family "peace" and social stability. The reason why the social order of the East is better than that of the West, and the internal motive force of the East economy is thicker than that of the West, lies in the fact that the East economy takes "home" as the standard. The reason why Confucius' "benevolence, propriety, wisdom, faithfulness, propriety, faithfulness, sensitivity and benefit" are enduring in China is based on the family-oriented social ethical order. The socialist market economy cannot destroy this ethical order. On the contrary, it is based on this ethical order that the market economy can develop rapidly. At the same time, the management with China characteristics must also be characterized by "family harmony", "family wealth" and "family harmony". It not only shows that enterprises themselves are "everyone" and "manufacturers", but also shows that oriental management is more "emotional". Enterprises have become an important place for employees to communicate emotionally and meet their needs.

Third, the "heavy righteousness" network. Market economy is exchange economy and network economy, and economic ties and networks are very important. This kind of network has been established in different countries and nationalities through different channels, but in China economic circle, if it is combined with the traditional "emphasizing righteousness" network in China society, it can often get twice the result with half the effort.

If a person does not believe, he will stand, and if he is unjust, he will be unjust. If people's economic behavior is treacherous, it will be rejected by society; On the contrary, the words "faith" and "righteousness" constitute the most valuable media in the traditional social network of China, and are constructed as the economic network, information network and exchange network of China society. Obviously, the modern market economy network should adapt to this network, thus effectively promoting social and economic development. The success of overseas Chinese's post-war economic development is based on this network, which enables goods, funds, talents and information to operate rapidly in the Chinese economic circle.

It can be seen that the formation of China's management model should be based on the spirit of rationality, accepting emotions in rationality and empathizing in law, so as to establish a unified management model of "emotion, reason and law". In fact, any management should be the unity of the three, which is nothing more than their different operating mechanisms and management costs, resulting in different management models and systems.

With the development of economic globalization, the integration of Chinese and western cultures has also begun to deepen. Not only the development of western humanism and behavioral science needs oriental humanism as a supplementary gene, but also the further development of western scientism needs oriental wisdom, mysticism and cultural genes as a supplement. 1. Modern western system management and oriental holism. Modern enterprise management is increasingly integrated with production management, sales management and even new product development, trial production, delivery, after-sales maintenance and service. System management has become the basic concept and mode of management. Although modern western countries have developed some holistic thinking foundations such as system theory, cybernetics and information theory, in contrast, eastern culture, especially China, has had holistic thinking since ancient times. It has the characteristics of intuition and aesthetics, generally attaches importance to the overall characteristics and has a vague understanding of the whole. It pays more attention to the discussion of the whole and studies the whole as an object entity, rather than choosing one aspect or one side of the whole to understand things. It can be seen that these precocious systematic concepts and rational and intuitive ways of grasping things in ancient China, as some concrete forms of typical oriental wisdom, have provided an indispensable supplement for the systematic development of modern western management. 2. Western modern strategic management and eastern strategic thinking. ? Shopping malls are like battlefields? Economic competition is also like economic war, so the strategic management in the west can't help but rely on China's ancient strategic thought and military consciousness. Like what? Pre-war calculation, preparing for a rainy day, the first question of business decision; First win the battle, then fight, organize and manage the masses, the core issue of production management; Skill behavior, marketing strategy, market development competition; Assess the situation, respond in time and change business objectives; The soldiers are expensive and quick, winning by surprise, and the business strategy transcends the problem; Endure humiliation, wait for the opportunity, and the restrictions of business expansion; The five virtues are complete, which can be used as generals and lead to core literacy problems. ? Therefore, it is the basic trend, direction and way out to integrate Chinese and western cultures and learn from each other's strengths.

Differences in basic values

Performance values: Western culture often encourages employees to pursue excellent performance and pays attention to the growth, development and expansion of enterprises; On the balance between starting a business and standing still, China culture tends to the latter. Of course, China's corporate culture does not deny that it is necessary to make the enterprise bigger and stronger, nor does it deny that employees should grow, mature and develop, but it pays more attention to the development of enterprises and employees on the basis of maintaining and stabilizing their posts. Guiding values: western culture encourages employees to be more innovative, more adventurous and pay attention to the process and means of work; China culture tends to be cautious and even timid in innovation and adventure, and pays more attention to the results of work. Peter drucker's management by objectives provides an effective way to transform the overall goal of an organization into the goals of subordinate units and individuals. It pays attention to process participation, process supervision, and the completion of goals and results. After it was introduced to China in the early 1980s, it became a pure result assessment method in many domestic enterprises or other departments, with little attention paid to the implementation process. Personnel values: Western culture attaches importance to rights and directly discusses and discusses what rights people have. Western corporate culture actively advocates and advocates the decentralized decision-making of employees' participation in management, so that the interests of employees can be considered to a greater extent; China culture permeates rights and obligations into patriarchal human relations, and rights and obligations are unified and matched, while China corporate culture often emphasizes more? Obligation? Therefore, it is more inclined to the collective decision-making of upper-level leaders, and the interests of employees are in the hands of leaders and are thoughtless, incomplete or even ignored and deprived for a time.

Differences in behavioral norms

Job support norms: Western culture emphasizes cooperation on the basis of competition and encourages employees to cooperate with each other to achieve work goals. One? Only in? how much is it? Only in conflict, opposition and difference can harmony and order be created. Harmony is not about eliminating differences, on the contrary, differences themselves and their existence are the premise of harmony. China culture emphasizes competition on the basis of cooperation, while China corporate culture advocates the ethical principles of familism, attaches importance to overall harmony and stability, emphasizes that individual achievements depend on the prosperity of the collective, and advocates the overall concept that the group is supreme and the collective interests are greater than individual interests. This concept developed to the extreme, and once it became public, collective interests deprived of personal interests. Social relations norms: in terms of paying attention to and involving the relationship between employees and groups, western culture respects individuality, pays attention to discussing groups from personal aspects, and interprets group interests from personal interests, and often cares more about individuals than groups; China culture attaches great importance to interpersonal relationships, emphasizes group order, then discusses individuals, and expounds individual interests according to the generational order of groups. There are generations in a group, and individuals in the group must act according to their respective identities, and must not go beyond the rules or act excessively, and pay attention to the social ethics of the group? Mean? Tao, individuals must abide by the principle of human relations, otherwise it will violate heaven and humanity. As far as the relationship between individuals and countries is concerned, both Chinese and western cultures were supporters of the monarchy. Personal freedom norms: How to stimulate people's subjective initiative (initiative, creativity and potential) as a special factor of production has always been a problem that Chinese and western management have to face and solve.

Differences in the expression forms of corporate culture

Stories and heroes in western corporate culture? Stories? On the one hand, help employees understand whether the work they have done is correct, and tell employees how the enterprise will react if they violate discipline or subordinates report to their superiors; On the other hand, it shows the good performance of enterprise leaders, which is not foreseen or foreseen by ordinary employees, but they are considered to be out of proportion to the status and identity of enterprise leaders. Ceremony: In western corporate culture, any ceremony that can improve employees' performance and satisfaction can be adopted, including welcoming ceremony, commendation ceremony, integration ceremony, renewal ceremony, replacement and demotion ceremony, and conflict reduction ceremony; Rituals in China's corporate culture have a strong human touch, pay attention to face and be harmonious. They pay attention to strengthening employees' integration and sense of belonging, such as New Year's Eve. What was originally a year-end summary and continuation ceremony for identifying and solving problems often evolved into a jubilant commendation meeting, and the identification and solution of problems were mostly sketchy or understated things rather than people. As for demotion, replacement of senior executives, easing or eliminating contradictions, there is generally no ceremony, but a piece of paper is quietly rolled into a small thing.

Comparative Analysis of Chinese and Western Corporate Cultures 3 [Abstract] Corporate culture innovation is the core of enterprise development. Understanding the development, current situation and characteristics of corporate culture innovation at home and abroad is particularly important for China enterprises to maximize their comprehensive strength in their operations. Therefore, through the dialectical analysis of Japan, the United States and other countries with excellent corporate culture development, this paper studies the characteristics of corporate culture innovation at home and abroad, compares the similarities and differences of corporate culture innovation at home and abroad, and draws inspiration for the development of corporate culture innovation in China.

[Keywords:] Chinese and foreign enterprises; Culture; Innovation; contrast

In today's world, with the rapid development of economic globalization and new technologies, enterprises have entered the global fierce competition, and the economic environment, market environment and technical environment in which enterprises are located have undergone drastic changes. In order to survive and develop in the market competition, enterprises basically have a set of culture suitable for their own development. In China, the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward that we should stick to the road of independent innovation with China characteristics and implement the innovation-driven development strategy. The fact of enterprise development proves that enterprise culture is very important to the development of enterprises, and it is the soul and core element of enterprises, which determines the success or failure of enterprises. By analyzing the development status of corporate culture innovation at home and abroad, comparing the similarities and differences of corporate culture innovation, drawing on the excellent experience of foreign corporate culture innovation, this paper puts forward constructive suggestions for corporate culture innovation in China.

First, the development of domestic corporate culture innovation

Since the reform and opening up, with the establishment of socialist market economy, corporate culture has aroused more and more discussions. Invisible corporate culture innovation can create tangible value. To build corporate culture, we should constantly absorb and learn from the new culture in the historical process, integrate modern science and education, and constantly innovate corporate culture, so that enterprises can inject advanced ideas such as competition consciousness, democratic consciousness and legal concept into their production and operation. In China, the all-round development of corporate culture innovation has effectively promoted the rapid growth of enterprises. Through the discovery and summary, we are committed to the discussion of corporate culture innovation, which is roughly described from the following aspects.

First of all, the innovation of corporate culture in China develops dialectically. Materialist dialectics emphasizes that we should look at problems from the perspective of development. With the continuous development of the world economy, the living environment faced by enterprises in China has also changed. The construction of enterprise culture must change ideas in time, establish new ways of thinking, adopt new development strategies and develop new growth points. Economic globalization, knowledge economy and sustainable development are the three major themes of the development of human society today. The new economic movement has changed the competitive environment and rules of enterprises, and these changes involve all enterprises. In the mid-1990s, great changes have taken place in the external environment of Chinese enterprises, which have the greatest impact on enterprises in two aspects: first, the market economic system has been basically established and improved, making the market play a fundamental role in resource allocation; Second, the seller's market turned to the housing market, and the position of buyers and sellers in the market changed, which accelerated the competition among enterprises. With the deepening of reform and opening up, both the economic field and the political system have been touched. How to overcome risks and how to form a strong corporate culture to meet challenges has become a new topic. Through continuous development and reform, enterprises in China have improved their comprehensive quality, enhanced their competitiveness and resilience, and gradually formed a corporate culture that adapts to the development of enterprises.

Secondly, the internal mechanism of corporate culture innovation is constantly improving. Corporate culture innovation is carried out under certain environment and conditions, and its process is stimulated and restricted by various factors and formed under certain mechanisms. Corporate culture innovation is a cyclical process. From conception to implementation, to application and practice, its content can be roughly divided into external mechanism and internal mechanism. The philosophical and cultural basis of corporate culture innovation is the external mechanism of corporate culture innovation. China has a long history and rich national culture, emphasizing people-oriented and educating people. Pay attention to harmony and stick to it, emphasizing the whole and neutral spirit; The rational spirit of controlling desire with Tao and profit with righteousness. In modern enterprise culture, cultivating talents is the key to the greatest resource, and talents are the foundation of the rise and fall of enterprises. We should scientifically adjust the idea of attaching importance to harmony and wholeness, inject more competitive consciousness and advocate cooperation based on competition. Facing the reality of market economy, the internal and external mechanism of corporate culture innovation in China has been continuously improved, which has fully mobilized the enthusiasm of enterprises and employees.

Finally, China's corporate culture innovation has distinct characteristics. Due to the enterprise nature, traditional culture and historical background of different countries, enterprise culture presents different national characteristics. Influenced by traditional culture and institutional culture, corporate culture in China has distinctive China characteristics. Chinese civilization with Confucian culture as the core gambled on the diversified traditional culture of Taoism, Buddhism, law, military and Mohism, which had a far-reaching impact on the construction of modern corporate culture in China. China's corporate culture is effectively combined with corporate ideological and political work, and the construction of corporate culture is conducive to strengthening corporate ideological and political work. The main content is to educate employees in patriotism, collectivism and socialism, and comprehensively improve the quality of employees. The goal of ideological and political work in corporate culture is to fully arouse people's enthusiasm and creativity in production by cultivating correct values, and devote themselves to the cause of building socialism with China characteristics with more enthusiasm.

Second, the status quo and characteristics of foreign corporate culture innovation

(A) the status quo of foreign corporate culture innovation research

Western research on corporate culture began in 1970s and 1980s, and mainly focused on basic theories, such as the concept, elements and types of corporate culture. Since 1980s, with the popularization of enterprise culture, standardized organizational culture has played an important role in the development of enterprise organization, and gradually changed from hard management to soft management. In the upsurge of corporate culture research, there are not only theoretical and practical breakthroughs, but also some shortcomings in some research fields. Through the dialectical analysis of corporate culture research, it is found that corporate culture research overemphasizes the quantification of corporate culture and ignores its social attributes; The study of corporate culture is limited to the analysis of some cases, but it has not reached the height of rational analysis, so it has not achieved theoretical innovation. Foreign corporate culture innovation emphasizes rationalism and market concept, pays attention to establishing flexible and diverse organizations, centralizes management, and is pragmatic and rational. The general manager of the enterprise and the heads of various departments are selected through the examination, with a clear division of labor and attention to work efficiency. Attach importance to research and development, constantly update products and technologies, attach importance to employees' participation in management, and attach importance to employees' labor enthusiasm.

(B) the philosophical basis of corporate culture innovation

Japanese culture can organically combine eastern traditional culture with western civilization to form a philosophical culture with its own characteristics. Japan is an island country with a single nation. Its harsh natural conditions and poor resources make it constantly reform its social structure and make it culturally compatible. Japanese corporate culture is based on familism. And then what? As the main vein, Japanese employees have a strong sense of belonging and absolute loyalty to their companies, attach importance to the collective, advocate that collective interests are higher than personal interests, and employees and enterprises form a community of destiny. The company organization is people-oriented rather than subordinate functional departments, with unclear rights and responsibilities and emphasis on mutual coordination. Under the background of western culture, the protection of private property and personal freedom of speech and action is emphasized. It is the integration of this cultural background and the capitalist system that forms the social background of corporate culture in capitalist countries. America is a country of immigrants. The harsh environment and free air of the new world have cultivated its residents. The nationality of the American nation has gradually formed, and a corporate culture of freedom, equality and the pursuit of individualistic values has been nurtured in its national cultural soil. This corporate culture pays attention to individual ability, emphasizes autonomy, fully respects customers and puts customer interests first. (C) the characteristics of corporate culture innovation in developed countries

The characteristics of corporate culture innovation are related to the historical development level of the country. Different national cultures profoundly affect people's way of thinking and behavior, and corporate culture presents regional characteristics. Japanese enterprises are full of sense of hardship and crisis, emphasize the importance of business philosophy, face customers through excellent products and thoughtful services, and thus realize their own development. The value goal of Japanese enterprises has a dual trend, on the one hand, it pursues economic benefits, on the other hand, it pursues social benefits. Emphasize the tradition of familism, have a strong spirit of cooperation and group consciousness, and advocate team spirit and collectivism. Corporate culture innovation in the United States is different from that in Japan, which pays more attention to personal ability, respects personal dignity and value, recognizes personal ability and achievements, encourages bold innovation and is willing to take risks. Emphasize personal decision-making and personal responsibility, and have clear and strict work norms and responsibilities. Emphasize rationalism, pursue clarity, directness and efficiency, have the spirit of seeking truth, attach importance to material rewards, and determine a strict organizational system and strict working standards. American enterprise rationalism culture is different from Japanese perceptual culture, which attaches importance to the rule of law and less entanglement with human relations in management.

Third, the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign corporate culture innovation

(A) Chinese and foreign corporate culture innovation has the same values

Through the innovation of corporate culture at home and abroad, we can see that corporate culture can be divided into four levels: one is material and variable, that is, surface; The second is behavior culture, which is relatively shallow; The third is the system culture, which is the middle-level culture of the enterprise; Fourth, spiritual culture, as the deep culture of an enterprise, is also the most essential part with the least change. Looking at today's successful enterprises, it is not difficult to find that excellent corporate culture contains the same values: justice, integrity, quality and service, and these enduring principles guide the development of enterprises.

(B) Chinese and foreign corporate culture innovation focus is different

Enterprises in different countries have different cultural backgrounds. When studying corporate culture innovation, we should analyze specific problems in order to solve them effectively. Japanese corporate culture innovation focuses on education, not entirely from the interests, taking into account the needs of employees' self-realization, so that employees can improve their ability in receiving education and grow together with the enterprise. American corporate culture innovation emphasizes rationality, pursues clarity and directness, and production and operation activities are based on reality and logic, and there is no fixed model. China's corporate culture innovation takes Marxist theory as the guiding ideology, inherits excellent traditional culture, effectively combines with corporate ideological and political work, permeates ideological and political work into economic activities, closely combines employees' ideals and beliefs with economic work, and transforms spiritual strength into material strength, thus making corporate culture innovation flourish.

Fourthly, the enlightenment of foreign corporate culture innovation to corporate culture innovation in China.

Through the comparison of corporate culture innovation between China and foreign countries, it can be concluded that excellent corporate culture plays four roles: first, it plays a guiding role and sets consistent goals for employees; Second, create a healthy, harmonious and civilized working environment; Third, the incentive function, to stimulate employees' sense of honor and belonging; Fourth, standardize roles, guide employees' code of conduct and establish correct values. Corporate culture is the comprehensive embodiment of business philosophy and value orientation, and market competition is cultural competition in the final analysis. Establishing a good corporate culture and continuous innovation is the key to enhance the cohesion and competitiveness of enterprises and has a far-reaching impact on the development of enterprises.

If modern enterprises want to be in an invincible position in the international economic development and market competition, they must make changes from the corporate culture level, innovate constantly in the way of thinking and working methods, establish innovative learning enterprises, and promote all-round innovation with cultural innovation. Marxist epistemology emphasizes that man is the subject of practice, and the subject of enterprises engaged in material production practice is man. Marxist view of practice is the philosophical basis of people-oriented corporate culture. Therefore, corporate culture innovation should pay attention to people's initiative in practice, people's spiritual factors should act on the objective world in the process of practice, and people should be placed in the main position. China's corporate culture innovation is unique. Through ideological and political work, educate employees on social responsibility and establish a sense of social responsibility. Customer first? Values, improve the ideological realm of workers serving the people, and establish a corporate culture that meets the requirements of the times. We should adhere to the guiding ideology of Marxism, respect, understand and care for people, enhance the sense of ownership of workers and staff, and form? People-oriented? Corporate culture. Carrying out collectivism education and forming collectivism spirit have become the spiritual pillar of enterprise survival. The innovation of corporate culture in China should strengthen the guidance of ideological and political work, effectively combine corporate culture with ideological and political work, explore the trend of social development, embody the spirit of the times, and build a road of corporate culture construction with China characteristics.

With the gradual improvement of the market economy system, the deep-seated contradictions left by the traditional enterprise system are constantly highlighted, which brings new impacts on ideas and values. Facing the new situation, the role of corporate culture is very important. The vitality of corporate culture lies in innovation, which is the essential feature of cultural development. Advanced culture is inseparable from innovation. We should give full play to the cohesive force of corporate culture, stimulate employees' sense of responsibility and promote the innovative construction of corporate culture in China.