What are the characteristics of industrialization and urbanization in China?

First, the characteristics of urbanization in China since the founding of New China

The establishment of New China is a new starting point of urbanization in China. Since the reform and opening up 30 years ago, China's urbanization process has obviously accelerated, and it has now entered a stage of rapid urbanization.

1. Metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) has become the leader of regional economic development.

Since the reform and opening up, some cities with location, resources and industrial advantages have developed and reached a high level of economic and social development. These cities have merged with each other and formed a relatively concentrated metropolitan area or urban agglomeration. Among them, the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan area, the Pearl River Delta metropolitan area and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area are relatively mature. Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration, Liaozhongnan Urban Agglomeration, Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration, Wuhan Metropolitan Area, West Coast Urban Agglomeration, Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration and Guanzhong Urban Agglomeration have begun to take shape. Metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) has become the leader of regional economic development, which indicates that China's urban development system is gradually maturing.

The pattern of regional economic development in recent years shows that the competition among regions is no longer the competition of a single city, but the overall competition among regions based on metropolitan area. The formation of metropolitan areas and the division of labor, cooperation and competition among metropolitan areas dominate the development pattern of national economy. In the metropolitan area or urban agglomeration, a certain industrial organization and division of labor and cooperation relationship have been formed, and the regional division of labor and cooperation network is forming and playing a role.

2. The urban investment environment has improved and the infrastructure has been gradually improved.

Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's urban construction has developed rapidly, transportation facilities have been improved day by day, the post and telecommunications industry has developed rapidly, and a green urban living environment is gradually taking shape. In terms of infrastructure, accelerating the construction of urban expressway network is the focus of most urban traffic construction; In the new urban area, strengthening the traffic contact with the central urban area has become the focus of construction; Accelerating the construction of municipal, public, energy facilities and environment, and promoting the construction of supporting infrastructure are the central issues that most cities pay attention to.

Cities have stepped up infrastructure construction and improved investment environment, which has enhanced their comprehensive advantages in attracting foreign investment and created favorable conditions for attracting more high-quality foreign investment. For example, in 2006, 30,024 new foreign investment projects (contracts) were signed in cities at or above the prefecture level (excluding municipal districts), with the project (contract) amount of US$ 65.438+0339 billion and the actually utilized foreign capital amount of US$ 73 billion, which were 654.38+0.3 times, 654.38+0.7 times and 654.38 times that of 2002 respectively. Reflect the achievements of urbanization development from one side.

3. The urban social security system has begun to take shape, and the social public service function has been further enhanced.

With the continuous development of urban economy and the continuous improvement of urban social security system, the service function of urban society has been further enhanced. In the 11th Five-Year Plan, it is clearly stated that what we want to narrow is the "gap between urban and rural areas, regional public services, per capita income and living standards", thus defining the goal orientation of urban development from the guiding ideology, that is, strengthening the social functions of cities and optimizing the development environment of cities.

In 1980s and 1990s, China paid more attention to the gap between urban and rural areas in the level of economic development, but after the 11th Five-Year Plan, it turned to focus on the equalization of basic public services. The city government highlights the basic function of providing public goods and services, and expects to narrow the per capita income gap between urban and rural areas through public finance tools such as transfer payment and social security. The main measures taken are: the central government will increase financial transfer payments to the central and western regions and the vast rural areas, speed up the development of public services such as education, culture and medical care, and create conditions for building a harmonious society.

4. The urban industrial structure has been continuously optimized, and the innovation ability has been further improved.

The optimization of urban industrial structure is closely related to international and domestic industrial transfer. The international industrial chain has shifted to China, from the processing and manufacturing industry in the past to the whole industrial chain such as company headquarters, marketing institutions and operation centers. In this context, domestic industrial transfer will also accelerate. Megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai and major provincial capitals have become headquarters, product research and development centers and marketing centers, and the trend of small and medium-sized cities becoming processing and manufacturing bases is increasingly obvious.

This division of labor between cities is manifested in the coordinated development of regions. While factors of production and some industries spread from east to west and from central cities to surrounding areas, high-end labor, R&D and corporate headquarters show a trend of further agglomeration, and the agglomeration effect of central cities is further strengthened.

Second, the relationship between urbanization and industrialization in China

Cities are the best carriers of industrial development. Industrialization is the economic connotation of urbanization, and urbanization is the spatial expression of industrialization, and the two promote each other. The above characteristics of urbanization in China are undoubtedly inseparable from the industrialization process since the reform and opening up in China.

At present, the process of urbanization in China is at a turning point, and the evaluation of the relationship between urbanization and industrialization will affect China's urban development policy.

1. Debate on the Relationship between Urbanization and Industrialization in China

It is well known that urbanization lagged behind industrialization in the early days of China's reform and opening up. Practice shows that the rapid advancement of urbanization has solved the problem that urbanization lags behind industrialization.

In the study of urbanization, the discussion on the development level of urbanization and industrialization has always been a central topic. Davies and Golden (1954), Graves and sexton (1979) and WDR(2000) collected and analyzed the observed values of the urbanization process in various countries in the world, and reached the conclusion that with the increase of per capita GDP, the urbanization track of all countries in the world is an elongated S-shaped curve, which first develops slowly, then has a rapid development stage, and finally tends to be flat.

Davis and Henderson (2003) pointed out that not all data support the "S-shaped" relationship. Due to the differences in statistical caliber and economic structure of different countries, the urbanization evolution of all countries in the world will not completely follow a unified development model, and it is not necessarily objective to simulate the relationship between urbanization and economic development with some observed values.

The debate about the coordinated development of urbanization and industrialization in China is a common concern in the global academic circles. Most experts and scholars at home and abroad believe that China's urbanization development lags behind similar industrialization development stages in other countries. Some scholars think that China's urbanization started late and has a poor foundation, but since the reform and opening up 30 years ago, China has been narrowing the gap with other countries, such as Ebanks and Cheng( 1990), Chan9 and Brada(2006). After 2000, a group of scholars in China believed that the level of urbanization and the stage of industrialization in China were in a coordinated development relationship, such as An, (2005), Lu, and Cha (2009). Deng believes that there is "hidden super-urbanization" in China. The rural laborers who have been employed in township enterprises and gone out for more than six months should be multiplied by the average population 1.75, which is regarded as the hidden urban population. Thus, the hidden urbanization rate in China from 65438 to 0997 is 30.4%, and the actual urbanization rate is 29.92% according to government statistics.

The urbanization of China is accompanied by the continuous development of industrialization and the development of economy and society. It is a two-way interactive process in which rural elements are constantly transformed into urban elements and urban elements are constantly spreading to rural areas. From the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) to the initial stage of reform and opening up, due to the constraints of the traditional system, China's urbanization and industrialization were separated from each other, and urbanization lagged behind industrialization, which hindered the development of industrialization. After the reform and opening up, the new road to industrialization has effectively promoted the development of urbanization, and the level of urbanization has been continuously improved. Since the second half of 1990s, the phenomenon of lagging urbanization in China is gradually disappearing, and the relationship between urbanization and industrialization is gradually being established. By establishing an econometric model, this paper summarizes the laws and experiences of urbanization in countries and populous countries around the world, as an objective standard to measure the urbanization process in China, and discusses the relationship between urbanization process and industrialization in China.

2. Metrological research methods

(1) index selection

Urbanization rate is a representative index of urbanization process, and the accepted measure method is the proportion of urban population to the total population of the country. Different countries have different definitions of urban areas, so there is no completely unified standard of urbanization rate in all countries of the world. Although the United Nations proposed that all countries should set a unified population settlement of 20,000 as the standard for building cities, the United Nations Population Division also considered it desirable to have diversified definitions (United Nations, 2002). Therefore, when comparing the urbanization rates of different countries, we should consider the different standards of urban population in different countries.

Urbanization is a complex process, and there are many potential explanatory variables that affect the urbanization process. In addition to per capita income, structural and non-economic factors will also accelerate or delay the urbanization process (Henderson, 2003. The level of economic development represented by per capita GDP can not only reflect the level of economic and social development, but also be a sign of generalized industrialization. At the same time, we choose the proportion of total industrial output value to GDP as a direct measure of industrialization level, and these two indicators as explanatory variables can best measure the relationship between industrialization level and urbanization process.

(2) Data processing

In order to ensure the continuity and comparability of the collected data, we collected and sorted out the complete time series data of countries and regions 1980-2007 using the World Development Index (WDI for short), excluding the urbanization level data of China 160 countries in the past 28 years, per capita GDP data and the ratio of the total industrial output value to GDP in that year, in which the per capita GDP data was $2,000.

China's data also comes from WDI, on the one hand, in order to keep consistent with the urbanization rate of other countries as much as possible; On the other hand, since the founding of New China, China's National Bureau of Statistics has been constantly adjusting the statistical caliber of urban population. The caliber of urbanization rate in different years is inconsistent and the comparability is not strong. It is more convincing to use WDI data uniformly.

(3) Analysis method

In order to make our evaluation of the relationship between urbanization and industrialization in China more convincing, while analyzing the relationship between urbanization and industrialization in China, we provide different levels of reference standards for the relationship between urbanization and industrialization in China, and we design three types of * * * five estimation equations. ① The world global estimation equation selects * * * 160 countries that do not include China's data in the world development indicators during the period of 980-2007. Considering the lack of data in some countries in some years, we keep the observation value of 40 14; (2) Estimation equations of four income countries. According to the income levels of different countries in the world development indicators, we divide these 160 countries into high-income countries, middle-high income countries, low-middle income countries and low-income countries. It is also selected from the world development indicators for the period of 1980-2007, including 39 high-income countries. Considering the lack of data in some countries in some years, * * * kept 998 observation values, 34 in high-income countries, * * 843 in low-income countries, * * 165438. ③ The correlation estimation equation of urbanization and industrialization in China, the data is also selected from the world development index 1980-2007, with 28 observed values. Among them, the estimation equation of the world population and the estimation equation of four types of income countries use the fixed effect model. Because all indicators of China's estimation equation have obvious time trends, all variables are stable at the significance level of 5% after the first-order difference. The standardized cointegration equation can be obtained by Johansen cointegration test. See table 1 for all regression results.

3. Comparison of the relationship between urbanization and industrialization at home and abroad

From the regression results of the relationship between urbanization and industrialization in five different countries in table 1, we can draw the following three conclusions:

First, the development of world industrialization is generally a process of improving the level of urbanization, in which the level of urbanization will increase by 0.0 13 percentage points for every percentage point increase in the proportion of the world total industrial output value to GDP, and by 0.0148 percentage points for every percentage point increase in per capita GDP. However, there is no significant correlation between industrialization and urbanization in the world, which may be because there is a significant negative correlation between industrialization and urbanization in high-income and middle-high-income countries, while there is a significant positive correlation between industrialization and urbanization in low-income and low-income countries. Among the sample countries, the number of low-income and low-income countries is slightly dominant, which leads to the insignificant positive correlation between industrialization and urbanization in the world.

Second, the industrialization process in developed countries has promoted the level of urbanization in the opposite direction. Every time the proportion of gross industrial output value to GDP in high-income countries increases by 1 percentage point, the urbanization level will decrease by 0.0 19 percentage point, and every time the per capita GDP increases by 1 percentage point, the urbanization level will increase by 0.092 percentage point. The urbanization level of middle and high income countries will decrease by 0.065 percentage points for every increase in the proportion of gross industrial product to GDP, and will increase by 0.2 1 5 percentage points for every increase in per capita GDP. The explanation of the above regression results is that both high-income countries and middle-and high-income countries belong to developed countries, and their economic development level is relatively high. The industrialization process of developed countries has also advanced to the late stage of industrialization or post-industrialization stage, and the leading industry has replaced the tertiary industry from the secondary industry, and the status of industry in the national economy has declined, so the development of industrialization has a negative correlation with the level of urbanization.

Third, the development of industrialization in underdeveloped countries has promoted the improvement of urbanization level. For every increase of 1 percentage point in the proportion of total industrial output value to GDP in low-and middle-income countries, the urbanization level will increase by 0.073 percentage point, and for every increase of 1 percentage point in per capita GDP, the urbanization level will increase by 0.222 percentage point. For every increase of 1 percentage point in the proportion of total industrial output value to GDP in low-income countries, the urbanization level will increase by 0.054 percentage point, and for every increase of 1 percentage point in per capita GDP, the urbanization level will increase by 0.05 percentage point. Most underdeveloped countries are in the early or middle stage of industrialization, and their economic development level is not high. Most countries regard the secondary industry as a pillar industry, and industry plays an important role in the national economy. Therefore, there is a significant positive correlation between the development of industrialization and the improvement of urbanization level.

4. The conclusion of the relationship between urbanization and industrialization in China.

Now we do unit root test on the time series of China variables corresponding to the international samples from 1980 to 2007, and judge whether it is unitary. The upper part of Table 2 is the unit root test of the original sequence difference of each variable. It can be seen that, except for the stationarity of LNGDPPC time series, the test t value of LNURBAN and LNIND time series is greater than the critical value of significance level of 10%, so the original hypothesis cannot be rejected. Moreover, the series has unit roots and is non-stationary, so OLS regression cannot be performed, which will lead to OLS pseudo-regression. In the second half of Table 2, we test the first-order difference stationarity of variables LNURBAN and LNIND. From the test results, all the sequences are stationary, so it can be judged that the variables LNURBAN and LNIND are first-order simplex I( 1).

Based on the previous test results, we can carry out co-integration test on the above variables. Because there are more than two variables to be investigated, it is adopted. Johansen cointegration test. Through the joint test of model selection and considering the trend of variables, the model with linear trend of intercept term of sequence and cointegration equation is determined as the most suitable cointegration test model. The standardized cointegration equation (1) can be obtained by Johansen cointegration test.

Compared with the reference standards obtained from the above five estimation equations, on the whole, the equation of urbanization level and industrialization level in China is closest to the regression equation of middle-and high-income countries, and industrialization level is negatively correlated with urbanization rate. This does not mean that China is also in the late stage of industrialization or post-industrialization stage, but reflects the continuous optimization of industrial structure in China and the increasing contribution of the tertiary industry to the economy. Because the selected industrialization index is the proportion of industrial added value to GDP in that year, it can also be understood as the contribution rate of industry to the national economy. In recent years, due to the rapid development of the tertiary industry, the contribution rate of industry hovers around 45%, and the urbanization rate is increasing at a rate close to 1% every year. Compared with other countries' coefficients, the relationship between China's industrialization level and urbanization rate is flexible, and the change of economic development level to urbanization level is also flexible. With the economic development and the optimization and adjustment of industrial structure, the phenomenon that urbanization lags behind industrialization in China is being corrected.

New problems and their causes in the process of urbanization in Lanzhou and China

Urbanization and industrialization are basically compatible with each other, which puts forward new topics for us in the following aspects:

1. Urban population agglomeration and the problems of large-scale cities in general

A large concentration of urban population will generate huge consumption demand and improve the utilization rate of public facilities. When urbanization lags far behind industrialization, it is the choice of most cities to gather population first. In 2007, the average urban population in China was 65438+ 1990, which was 0.7 times of that in 1990.

When the phenomenon that urbanization lags behind industrialization gradually disappears and manufacturing enterprises begin to transfer to small and medium-sized cities, it becomes a problem whether they should continue to pursue the average size of large-scale cities.

2. Urban industrial agglomeration and its path choice.

Industrial agglomeration is conducive to the formation of specialized division of labor and cooperation, promoting the establishment of related industries and markets, reducing the production and circulation costs of enterprises and improving economic benefits. The density, fineness and frequency of division of labor and cooperation in industrial development can only be realized in cities. Cities are an important environmental foundation for the formation of industrial clusters, and the development of cities usually forms a certain number of industrial clusters. China has formed a large number of cities with developed industrial clusters, and their economic development and urbanization levels are relatively high.

When enterprises follow the industrial chain layout as a trend, the distinction between central cities focusing on the development of headquarters economy and peripheral cities focusing on the layout of production workshops is very obvious. The tertiary industry is essentially a consumer industry, which is brought about by the change of human living style. Second, the high degree of division of labor and cooperation within and between tertiary industries has promoted the prosperity and development of economy and the division of labor in society.

For a city, is it an office or a workshop? It is a difficult choice for all kinds of cities to choose what type of industrial agglomeration.

3. Land occupation and landless peasants in urban and rural development

Judging from the course of industrialization and modernization in all countries in the world, urbanization is a process of transforming from a dual social structure to a unitary structure and transferring rural population to cities and towns to engage in non-agricultural industries with marketization and industrialization. In this process, the occupation, identity and lifestyle of farmers have undergone profound changes, that is, from farmers to residents, from rural life to urban life. Urbanization is essentially the process of simultaneous urbanization of population and land.

The stimulation of urban domestic demand is narrowly understood as the development of urban real estate industry, and the phenomenon of indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land has risen. In recent years, the spatial out-of-control phenomenon of urban development in China is serious, which is manifested in the disorderly expansion of cities, occupying a large number of cultivated land and causing a large number of landless farmers. The central government's policy of strictly controlling the red line of 65.438+0.8 billion mu of land has curbed this trend, but now it faces new threats. In 2000, the urban built-up area of China was 22,439 square kilometers, and it reached 33,659.8 square kilometers in 2006, with an average annual growth rate of 8.3%. In contrast, the total urban population of China was 459.06 million in 2000 and increased to 577.06 million in 2006. The average annual growth rate of urban population is only 4.3%, and the ratio of the growth rate of built-up area to urban population is 1.93: 1. This urban expansion has caused about 40 million to 50 million farmers to lose their land, resulting in social problems such as employment, security and compensation for land acquisition.

4. Urban and rural population mobility

With the acceleration of urbanization, the scale of population mobility has increased year by year. According to the national 1% population sampling survey data published by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2005, the floating population in China is147.35 million, accounting for about 10% of the total population in China, among which the floating population across provinces is 47.79 million. Compared with the fifth national census, the floating population increased by 2.96 million, and the inter-provincial floating population increased by 5.37 million. The basic direction of population mobility is from rural areas to cities, and large-scale cross-regional population mobility has become an irreversible socio-economic phenomenon in the process of social and economic transformation in China.

With the large-scale cross-regional migration of population, migrant workers have made great contributions to the prosperity and development of cities, but their employment and social security problems cannot be properly solved. Employment is unstable, income level is low, living conditions are poor, and social security is lagging behind. Although migrant workers live and work in cities and towns like locals and contribute to the economic development of cities and towns, they can only become marginal groups wandering in cities and towns. Cities and towns have not fully accepted migrant workers, and migrant workers are far from being truly integrated into cities and towns.

The above problems in the development of urbanization have seriously affected the healthy development of China's urbanization process. To solve these problems, we need to find out the causes of the problems and put forward countermeasures to solve them. We think the main reasons are:

First, the positioning of the city is inaccurate, and the understanding of the location conditions and industrial base of urban development is biased.

The orientation of a city includes two aspects: hierarchical orientation and functional orientation. Hierarchical positioning refers to the position of a city in the regional urban system. Functional orientation refers to the functional division of cities in the regional urban system, which is the key to avoid repeated construction in the same industry (department). In the process of urbanization in China, there are some limitations and defects in the development orientation of many cities. For example, many small towns require the formation of medium-sized cities, which are planned to be big cities or megacities, and many cities require the construction of international metropolises.

To sum up, first, the functional orientation of cities is high, and many cities do not make scientific grade orientation and functional orientation according to local location conditions, industrial base and development, which is very blind; Second, local governments pursue the growth pole of large areas and unilaterally emphasize the primacy of cities. City primacy reflects the city scale structure and population concentration of a country or region, and primacy is a neutral word. There is no theoretical study that the higher the primacy, the better.

Second, the huge difference between the management system of urban-rural division and urban-rural development has caused a large number of urban-rural population movements, making rural resources flow to cities at almost no cost.

In recent years, China's household registration system reform has made many achievements, but it has not fundamentally changed the dual management system of urban-rural division in China. The urban-rural dual management system institutionalizes the urban-rural dual structure. Under the constraint of a strong national system, rural areas provide a lot of resources for urban development, rural development lags behind cities, and the gap between urban and rural areas is widening.

The urban-rural dual structure system is the most direct reason for the widening economic gap between urban and rural areas and the imbalance between urban and rural development, and it is the institutional basis for the imbalance between urban and rural development. In view of the expectation of higher wages and better living conditions in cities, many rural residents began to move to cities. The thrust of rural social differentiation and the attraction of urban economic development are the main reasons for urban and rural population mobility. Due to the urban-rural dual structure system formed by the traditional household registration system, it is difficult for migrant workers to truly integrate into the work and life circle of the local society, that is, to live and work in peace and contentment, resulting in a large-scale return of the transferred rural labor force. Therefore, the process of urbanization cannot be effectively transformed into the process of absorbing rural population and the process of population structure transformation covering urban and rural areas.

Third, the land management system is not perfect, and there is a huge profit space between land acquisition and land supply.

As far as land system factors are concerned, it is generally believed that the motive force of large-scale urban enclosure in China comes from the huge profit space between land acquisition system and land supply system, which leads local governments to make use of the defects in land acquisition system to "make money from land". The defects of the land expropriation system include: the scope of land expropriation is too large, and a lot of land is expropriated for commercial development rather than public interests; If the compensation for land requisition is too low, the land requisition shall be compensated according to the original land use. This calculation method does not conform to the laws of market economy, does not reflect the potential benefits and utilization value of land, does not consider the dual functions of land for farmers' means of production and social security, and does not reflect the supply and demand situation of land market. The resettlement of landless farmers is not implemented; Non-standard land acquisition procedures, etc. The land expropriation fee encroaches on a part of the premium income of agricultural land urbanization that should be shared by farmers, and even makes the level of land rent lower than the requirements of normal rural economy. The huge rent-seeking space created by the land expropriation system induces developers and the government to distort their behavior, artificially increases the speculation of the land market, and it is extremely common for development zones to "open without development" and industrial parks to "circle without construction". As a result of interest-driven, local governments, especially urban governments, regard land as the main source of fiscal revenue, make money from land, and are keen on managing land and cities.

Fourth, the new idea of urbanization in China.

From the above analysis, we can see that there are many reasons for the problems in the process of urbanization in China. With the sustained growth of China's national economy and the enhancement of the country's comprehensive strength, urbanization, as an important development strategy for China to achieve peaceful rise and modernization in the 2/kloc-0 century, has now entered a critical period; With the arrival of the basic adaptation stage of urbanization and industrialization, it has also reached the transition period of strategic thinking in the process of urbanization. For the upcoming "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the author puts forward three new ideas:

1. Get rid of the idea that urban development only provides a carrier for the industry.

With the economic and social development of China entering a new stage, urban development will inevitably be influenced by economic globalization, new technological revolution, building a harmonious society and other factors. Urbanization lags behind the gradual solution of the industrialization problem, which determines that we must determine the development goal from the urban development itself, endow China with new connotation of urbanization, and build a brand-new urbanization road that conforms to Scientific Outlook on Development and develops healthily.

In the process of new urbanization under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, it is necessary to grasp the degree of urbanization development in each stage, understand the state of cities with different economic development models, and adjust the development of cities to benign urbanization in the foreseeable period. In other words, we need to pay more attention to the construction of livable cities.

2. From emphasizing big cities to striving for strong cities.

Accurately understand various indicators to measure urban development and position the city from the overall situation of urban comprehensive development. As mentioned above, urban primacy is a comprehensive index, which cannot be blindly pursued. The urbanization rate is also a comprehensive index, which cannot be measured only from the urban population. Attention should be paid to various constraints to prevent false urbanization. The speed of urbanization should follow the law of economic development and the carrying capacity of resources and environment. In some areas, with rapid economic development and more employment, the pace of urbanization can be accelerated. Urbanization does not mean the expansion of urban space, the increase of urban population and the improvement of urban facilities, but the need to improve the level of urban modernization, urban residents enjoy the fruits of modernization, the quality of urban living environment is constantly improving, and urban social security is stable and orderly.

In the new stage of development, when we promote the process of urbanization, we should not only increase the amount of regulation, but also pay attention to the improvement of quality. The process of urbanization is a compound process, involving all aspects of economy, society and system. Accelerating the process of urbanization, improving the quality of urbanization and ensuring the connection between urbanization and economic and social development are the top priorities of current work. From the obvious improvement of urbanization rate to the obvious optimization of urbanization quality, it is a process of continuous improvement.

3. From the independent urban development path to the strategic thinking of coordinated development between cities and regions.

The city is a part of the regional system, the center of the region, and the region is the foundation of urban development. Urban development should be based on regional planning, make overall consideration, give full play to the advantages of big cities, tap the potential, break the administrative shackles, focus on the big market, realize the scale and collectivization of regional economy, and establish regional markets. It is necessary to overcome the city's narrow understanding of regional competition, engage in regional division, uncompromising and self-contained, leading to small and complete, functional convergence.

Take the region as the carrier, traffic as the link, and economic division and cooperation as the basis to form urban agglomerations and give play to their development advantages. Combined with the existing strength and development potential of existing cities, the urban agglomeration is positioned according to the functional division of labor, so as to give full play to the complementary functions of adjacent cities, realize the development of pairing and integration, and promote the all-round economic and social development of urban agglomeration areas.