Introduction to the Political System in Song Dynasty

The system in the early Northern Song Dynasty generally followed the political system of the Tang Dynasty. However, the prime minister is no longer the chief executive of the three provinces, and the other is the official prime minister in the same book. He is a left and right minister, with six assistant ministers or more and three divisions as prime ministers, usually with two members, and sometimes with one or three members. The prime minister also holds the post of a university student in Guansi. There is also a deputy prime minister appointed as an assistant minister, and those who give up more than six ministers in the book are appointed as officials, but they are also fickle, usually two members, sometimes one, three or four members. The prime minister and deputy prime ministers, envoys of the Tang Dynasty, officials of the Privy Council, deputy envoys of the Tang Dynasty, officials of the Privy Council, officials of the Privy Council and officials of the Privy Council are collectively called "Zai Zhi". In the Song Dynasty, the relative power was greatly reduced, and it was only responsible for administrative functions. Zhongshumen and Privy Council are called the "two houses" of the East and West, which are in charge of civil affairs and military affairs. There are also three divisions, namely, Salt and Iron Division, Household Division and Expenditure Division, which are in charge of financial power, the so-called provincial plan. In this way, the three powers, namely, the three divisions, the administration and the Tang Dynasty, balanced each other, thus weakening the relative power and strengthening the imperial power. In Song Dynasty, an admonition court and an admonition officer were set up outside Yushitai, which were the supervisory bodies responsible for impeachment and other affairs. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the prime minister was in charge of civil affairs, the Tang envoy was in charge of military and political affairs, and the third secretary was in charge of finance. After Song Shenzong Yuanfeng political reform, the prime minister actually took charge of finance. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the prime minister also served as an envoy of the Tang Dynasty, in charge of military and political affairs. This makes the prime minister once again master the power of civil affairs, finance and military and political affairs. In the Song Dynasty, the three provinces and six departments were replaced by some newly established institutions. For example, the Imperial Examination Institute, as the official department, audited the officials of the Beijing Dynasty, Taichang Institute and Etiquette Institute as the etiquette department, the Third Division as the most authority of the Ministry of Housing and Industry, and the Imperial Examination Institute as the criminal department to review the case of Dali Temple. It was not until the reform of Yuanfeng that many foreign organs of the imperial court were abolished, and the three provinces were changed into Chinese books, with six departments, ministers and assistant ministers, all of which performed their duties, and the temple supervisors of the provinces only exercised their corresponding functions and powers [see 5 1].

The Zhongshumen under the Forbidden City is the highest administrative organ for deputy prime ministers to collectively handle political affairs. Its prime minister is called "the matter of peace under the same book" and the deputy prime minister is called "participation in politics" The establishment of a deputy prime minister is to disperse the power of the prime minister and expand the handling of government affairs, which is one of the political characteristics of the Song Dynasty. At present, when Yuanfeng was restructured, Zhongshumen was changed to three provinces, namely, Menmen, Zhongshumen and Shangshu, with the servants around Shangshumen as prime ministers, Menmen and Zhongshumen as assistant ministers, and Shangshumen as deputy prime ministers. Song Huizong and Cai Jing called themselves a surname and took charge of the affairs of the three provinces, and changed the left and right servants to Taizai, Taizai and Shaozai as prime ministers. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Gaozong merged the three provinces into one in order to concentrate government affairs to deal with military and political emergencies, and changed the left and right servants into the left and right prime ministers. When Song Zhezong was in charge of military affairs in Pingzhang, he set up military affairs in Pingzhang or co-managed state affairs with Pingzhang, so that he could be a "senior minister and advocate morality", ranking above the Prime Minister, once every few days, and was not in the capital until Asahi. In Song Ningzong, Han Ya was appointed as "Pingzhangjun State Affairs", and once every three days, the Prime Minister stopped his fingerprints. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Jia Sidao was in power, and he was appointed as a "military official". In fact, the left and right prime ministers have been relegated to positions similar to those of deputy prime ministers.

As the highest military and political organ of the country, the Privy Council is headed by an envoy of the Tang Dynasty or an official of the Privy Council, who recommends doctors and above to six ministers. The deputy heads are deputy ministers or officials of the Privy Council, who live in private houses and are above ministers. Those with less experience are often called bookmarks in the Privy Council. In order to prevent the separatist situation in the Tang Dynasty from repeating itself, most of this position was held by civil servants. The Privy Council is in charge of the dispatching power of the national army, while the management, training, defense, promotion, rewards and punishments of the national imperial army are jointly managed by the three officials. Sanya is the division in front of the temple, the division of guards and soldiers, and the division of guards and soldiers. The Chief Executive of the Privy Council, the assistant minister under the door, the assistant minister in Chinese books and the assistant minister in Chinese books are collectively called consuls. Prime ministers and consuls are collectively called domination.

The third division is the highest institution in charge of finance, namely, Salt and Iron Division, Degree Division and Household Division. It is called "provincial plan" and "phased plan". Its first mate is named San Si, two provinces with more than five products, knowing patents, miscellaneous bachelor, bachelor. The deputy envoy is called the deputy envoy of the third division, which is transshipped by Yuan Wailang on the third route and shipped by the sixth route. When Yuanfeng was restructured, the three departments were abolished and the functions and powers belonged to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. In the Southern Song Dynasty, a consulate general was added to provide money and food for several armies and participate in military and political affairs. Its first mate called "a certain treasure and money and grain as the general manager of the army", referred to as the general manager for short.

Yushitai is in charge of supervision, and its chief says Yushitai is clean, while the deputy chief says Yushitai knows all kinds of things, and is in charge of picketing hundreds of officials and maintaining integrity and honesty. Officials in Taiwan Province have the right to impeach. They can talk about things, comment on state affairs, impeach officials and allow "news" to discuss things. There are three courtyards under the Yushitai: Taiyuan, Dianyuan and chayuan. There are three courtyards: Yushitai, Dianyu Yushi and Monitoring Shi Yu. The organization that specializes in admonition and satire is the admonition association. Song Renzong started to set up an independent hospital, and the person in charge of it said that he knew the hospital or gave advice to doctors on both sides. Any lack of government affairs, dereliction of duty of officials and violations of government affairs at all levels can be corrected. Officials who remonstrate in Taiwan all take impeachment as their own responsibility, and there is little difference in their powers and responsibilities, which leads to the confluence of remonstrance in Taiwan in later generations.

Finally, the institution that drafted imperial edicts, credentials and documents for the emperor was the Imperial Academy, which was composed of Imperial Academy, Imperial Academy, Imperial Academy and so on. Bachelor Hanlin, together with China calligrapher or Zhi Zhi patent, is divided into "internal system" and "external system", collectively referred to as "two systems". Bachelor Hanlin and others also served the emperor and acted as consultants. The highest judicial institutions in the early Song Dynasty were Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment. There is a "trial court" in Song Taizong. Its chief said that he knew the affairs of the trial court, and his officials had a detailed discussion with them. Cases from all over the country are first finalized by Dali Temple, reported to the court for review, drafted and submitted to the Chinese book. Song Shenzong reformed the official system, and the trial court was merged into the Ministry of Punishment.

Official management system

In the Song Dynasty, officials, posts and posts were separated, which was the reason for inheriting the legacy of the late Tang Dynasty and the five seasons. After the Anshi Rebellion, the official was not respected because of the abuse of title, which led to the destruction of the system that the official was the real power and the official was the name. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, a new system appeared, in which the official was the real power and the official was the name. Because of their high positions, they are not easy to give to others, are not responsible for spiritual practice, have nothing to do, or are led by foreign officials, some officials with low ranks become scholars and later take office. In the Five Dynasties, the post station gradually became systematic and rigorous, and finally formed a hierarchical system, which developed into an adult examination and was transferred according to the capital. In the early Song Dynasty, this trend did not reverse, but further developed and strengthened centralization, thus forming an extremely complicated official management system in the Song Dynasty.

From the early to the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the official ranks were composed of officials from six departments, nine halls and five hospitals in three provinces of the Tang Dynasty, which were called "local officials" or "official officials". Although they have official names, they have no real duties, and they only use official ranks, salaries, official uniforms and order to carry out activities, so they are also called "order officials" or "poor officials". Those who have this official are collectively referred to as "Jing Chao officials" other than Jing Chao officials. The rank of low-level civil servants is composed of curtain officials of local counties and counties and two officials of counties and counties, with "candidates" as the number. A few candidates can keep their jobs, but most of them exist in name only. As for the military attache, the rank of military attache is composed of three classes in the inner class, namely, borrowing from other provinces or prohibiting posts. The rank of the military attache in the inner class is higher than that of the imperial city, and the military posts are all at the head. If you are promoted again, you should add secretariat, regiment, prevention, inspection and observation (from Hui Zong to Chengxuan). Ranks are still regarded as military posts of the inner class, and they are respectfully called "Yao Jun". The military attache of Yao county was promoted again because of his merits, and then he was reduced to the rank of imperial court, leaving only the rank of shepherd. The official rank begins with the official rank of herding and guarding, and is called "upright person" and honored as "noble official". At the highest level, they can be promoted to second-class shepherds and keepers. According to the system of Song Dynasty, if the military attache wants to take power in Xifu, he must first be promoted to full-time post, and Sanya was also appointed as the full military attache. When Song Shenzong Yuanfeng was restructured, the imperial court intended to reverse the current situation that the central government was redundant and costly by restoring the official system of the Tang and Six Codes. It abolished the civil and military officials, changed the rank of officials to rank, changed the former civil servants to officials stationed in Lu, and changed them to Luger of Yuanfeng, starting from the opening ceremony and the third division and reaching the twenty-fifth level of officials stationed in Lu. Song Huizong increased to level 37 (including the selection of candidates), and the officers in the military attaché changed to level 52. After Shaoxing clarified the slightly chaotic military attache, until the death of Song Dynasty, the system of civil and military officials was basically finalized.

Posts include secret cabinet officials in three halls (bachelor of Zhao Wenting, national history supervisor, bachelor of Jixian Hall and bachelor of Jixian College), bachelor of each hall (Guan Wenting, Senior Minister Hall, Duanming Hall, Baohe Hall), bachelor of each hall, bachelor of the Council, and cabinet (Longtu Pavilion, Tianzhang Pavilion, Baowenge Pavilion, Xianmo Pavilion and Huizhou Pavilion).

Dispatch refers to the title temporarily appointed by officials, that is, "professional officials", with verbs such as "judging, knowing, handling affairs, controlling hook, power, promotion, promotion, signing books and supervising". In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, in view of the disadvantages of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, officials from Beijing and North Korea were appointed as officials of the prefectures and counties to take over the judicial and financial rights of local military officials such as politics and our military envoys, while the local military commanders of separatist parties were deprived of their power. The governors of six-level counties, from the secretariat to the special envoy of our army, are often served by local military commanders and become the ministers of the military department. Before Yuanfeng's political reform, the central court followed the system of dispatching foreign ministers to manage affairs in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and the officials basically took dispatching as their duty. However, after Yuanfeng's political reform, most of the dispatched officials were integrated with their own officials according to the model of the Six Codes of Tang Dynasty, and the central civilian dispatched officials basically disappeared.

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the official products followed the system of Tang and Five Dynasties, and the civilian products were * * * nine products, including positive, subordinate and self-correct, which were divided into 30 orders: upper, lower and * *. However, official products and official positions are not commensurate. Yuanfeng changed its system, righting its name and taking real responsibility, lowering the rank of official products to nine products and eighteen products, and unifying officials and dispatching officials at the same time. The imperial court has formulated laws for officials at all levels, such as grinding (assessing merits and demerits), moving, making up and stopping (intermediate officials will no longer be promoted through formal grinding when they reach a certain level, but only if the emperor has a special purpose and is promoted because of great achievements or achievements). The treatment of middle and superior officials is relatively generous, including salary, professional field, memorial service and reward. After Song Shenzong, some officials who stepped down or were about to step down were granted or invited to serve as temple officials, such as temple officials and temple officials. In addition, various temporary rewards from the imperial court have also become another important economic income for officials. The separation of officials, posts and factions has led to the emergence of a large number of redundant staff.