What are the folk characteristics of Putian?

Puxian Opera is one of the ancient operas in Fujian Province, formerly known as Xinghua Opera, which is popular in Putian, Xianyou and Xinghua Dialect in the south-central Fujian. Its troupes have traveled all over Fuzhou, Xiamen, Jinjiang, Longxi, Sanming and other cities, and have also been to Malaya, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and other Southeast Asian countries where overseas Chinese live in concentrated communities, and have been well received by overseas Chinese. Puxian Opera has a long history.

According to historical records and investigation and textual research, it was developed and formed on the basis of ancient "hundred operas" Puxian Opera is simple and elegant, and many actions are deeply influenced by puppet show, which is full of unique artistic style. The business of Puxian Opera follows the old rules of Nanxi Opera. Originally, there were only seven roles, such as life, Dan, sticking to life, Ze Dan, beauty (net) and final ugliness, commonly known as "seven sub-classes".

Puxian Opera has a profound musical tradition and rich vocals. Up to now, there are still a lot of southern opera music in Song, Yuan and South China. The vocal cavity of Puxian Opera is mainly "apricot blossom cavity", which is a kind of vocal cavity with strong local color and flavor. It is composed of Puxian folk songs, ten tones and eight tones, Buddhist music, Song and Yuan lyrics, Daqu songs and dances and so on.

There are more than 5,000 kinds of traditional operas in Puxian Opera, among which there are more than 80 kinds of operas that retain the original appearance of Southern Opera in Song, Yuan and South China or have basically similar storylines. After liberation, more than 200 outstanding traditional operas of Puxian Opera were arranged, adapted and performed. Among them, Qin Tiao, After the Reunion, Chuncao Chongtang, No.1 Scholar and Beggars are famous. Famous playwrights are Chen, Ke Rukuan, and famous actors are Lin Dongzhi.

Please "sample shoes" in Putian.

In coastal areas, if "engagement" is the basis for determining the marriage relationship between men and women, then "shoe pattern" is the specific date of marriage, and this ceremony has existed since ancient times.

Please "shoe sample" is a ceremony held in the first few months of the wedding year. As for the specific date of "shoe sample", it is necessary for parents of both men and women to decide after consultation. Generally, even months and even days (a day in August of the lunar calendar or 10) are selected, and even months and even days are paired.

On the day of "Shoe Sample", the man will send a relative to the woman's house accompanied by the matchmaker, and bring gifts besides shoes, as well as trotters and noodles. Let the man buy shoes for the woman, that is, I hope that the woman will wear new shoes after marrying the man, take a new road and take every step in the long life. As far as the woman is concerned, the man wants to buy shoes and hopes that the man will not give the bride "little shoes" (that is, don't embarrass her). In addition, you can only send a pair of shoes, because the word "one" means being loyal to your heart. As for the pig's feet, it means that the woman can develop after marrying the man; Line and face metaphor husband and wife grow old together and live a long life.

On the day of "Shoe Sample", the woman will put on several tables to entertain relatives and friends, and publicly announce the news that the girl will get married during the year, suggesting that after drinking the wedding banquet, don't forget to "hold pollen". In coastal areas, when a daughter gets married, all relatives and friends who are polite to each other should "hold pollen" for her daughter. A gift is usually a piece of cloth as a dowry for a girl. Times have changed, but now, it is out of fashion to celebrate happiness with cloth, and it has changed.

Putian Hakka love song

Sanming Hakka is the hometown of folk songs. After the "Yongjia Rebellion" in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved south to avoid natural and man-made disasters such as war, famine and plague. After many hardships, I came to this paradise in northwest Fujian to live and multiply. For thousands of years, Hakka ancestors and indigenous people have lived in peace, and Central Plains culture and Fujian-Vietnam culture have blended and infiltrated each other. In order to express feelings and express feelings, many Hakka folk songs with unique characteristics have been created.

In the long historical years, Sanming folk songs and local folk customs have merged into one furnace, which has an earthy flavor and has become an indispensable part of people's cultural life. Hakka love songs, in particular, express young people's pursuit of love, longing for happiness, contempt for feudal ethics and resistance to feudal marriage with fiery and healthy emotions, vivid images and humorous and refined language. Like a clear spring, refreshing.

Hakka love songs are mostly seven-character quatrains, rhyming every other sentence, with four names and four paragraphs, and various forms. There are also duets and songs, which are deeply loved by the masses.

Putian xiamao custom

Xiamao is located at the junction of Shaxian County, Jiangle County, Shunchang County and Mingxi County. Influenced by history, geography and property conditions, the production, life and customs of Xiamao villagers are very different from those of surrounding areas. It is called: "There is a solar term every month, and you have a birthday every ten days (except for 30 years old)." There are many festivals, busy contacts, many bad habits and complicated social intercourse. A few are desirable and most need to be abolished. Now, to sum it up briefly.

New Year customs

The first month of the lunar year

Spring Festival is one of the biggest folk festivals in Xiamao.

The first day of the first month: it was called shoes in ancient times, New Year's Day, and it was changed to Spring Festival after the founding of the People's Republic of China. On this day, every household, men, women and children, get together at dawn, pack clothes, light incense, set off firecrackers, open the door, throw fruit, tea and wine at the court, pay homage to the ancestors of heaven and earth first, and say "Open the door in the New Year". The younger generation makes a series of New Year greetings to their elders, who reward them with oranges, peanuts, sweets and biscuits.

On the first day, breakfast was vegetarian and the staple food was rice. The rice prepared on New Year's Eve (65,438+03 liters on New Year's Eve in leap years and 65,438+02 liters in normal years) is called "eating annual meals", which means "more than one year". Vegetarian rice includes Beijing potatoes, tofu, carrots, carrots, mustard, garlic and so on. When eating, the first bowl is dedicated to the elders, and the elders carry the dishes to the younger generation. It means respecting the old and loving the young, family harmony, good luck and prosperity in the new year.

The next day: the birthday of the ancient magistrate (actually, it was the second day of February, which was advanced). Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, every household lit incense and set off firecrackers. 195 1 year and gradually abolished.

From the first day to the third day, firecrackers are set off in the morning and evening of three days. Children put on new clothes and go out with their elders (also called "trips") to visit relatives and friends. New friends reward children with boiled red eggs (2 or 4) or peanuts and candy. Exchange of "New Year's Films" during the Republic of China. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, towns, townships and village cadres organized militia, and students paid New Year greetings to the families of martyrs. Before and after the Spring Festival, government agencies and units stipulate a three-day holiday.

Day 6: According to legend, it is "Hermi Six" and "Population Six". Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, every household used incense sticks to set off firecrackers. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, it gradually decreased.

From the first day to the fifteenth day, there are still customs:

The dialect of "delivering dishes" is "playing dishes". In case of the birth of a baby by relatives and friends in the old year, four oranges, four sugarcane knots, two cakes and a red envelope are put on the plate to express congratulations, which is called sending the plate. The receiver asks for a drink in return.

In case of a newly married son-in-law, the father-in-law prepares the "Three Kingdoms Hall" high-grade wine and vegetables, and the new son-in-law gives the chef and chef red envelopes respectively.

[Invite Spring Wine] Relatives and friends hold a banquet for each other, which is called "Invite Spring Wine". Generally, it ends on 15, which is called "to 16, no wine and no meat" (meaning no more wine), and in some cases it is postponed to the end of the month.

There is this custom in the small natural village. Every household brings wine, peanuts and fried beans to the public distribution center, drinking for fun and getting drunk, which is called "rushing to Xi".

In the period before the founding of the People's Republic of China (from the first day to the fifteenth day), fifteen bodhisattvas entered the temple. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, various villages organized competitions such as fish swimming, dragon dancing, walking on stilts, shouldering, spring cattle, floats, lanterns, guessing games, table tennis, chess, calligraphy and painting, tug of war and running.

[beginning of spring] Folk custom takes this day as the official start of the year. On that day, Spring Festival couplets were posted on the front and back doors, halls, barns, pigsty and chicken coops of each family, such as: spring comes to make a fortune, the grain is abundant, the six livestock are prosperous, spring leaves are inserted and tea fruits are prepared. When the time comes, set off firecrackers to make incense and worship. Call it "spring" and pray for a bumper harvest in the new year, peace and prosperity.

Yuanxiao was called Shangyuan Festival in ancient times. Today is the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, and the Spring Festival activities end after reaching a climax today. There was a superstitious activity of "burning old paper" before the founding of the People's Republic of China, which was abolished after the founding of the People's Republic of China. After 1980, the lantern festival in Xiamao Street was very lively. During the day, every household is decorated with lights, and at night, the literary and art teams of surrounding villages gather in the market town street to watch tourists, which is blocked until late at night. This is the day when every family eats taro buns. In ancient times, it was called: "Bodhisattva enters the nunnery, taro is wrapped in soup", and "After eating Yuanxiao, everyone plans" (meaning to pay close attention to spring ploughing).

February

There is a "spring festival" five days before and after the "vernal equinox". According to legend, an ancestor of Li Ke Village, surnamed Zhang, was killed by a tiger on the day of the vernal equinox, and later generations made a "spring society" in memory of him, which has been passed down to this day. It's Japanese. Did the Zhang family eat it? @, Duck, the meat passed the Spring Club.

[February 19] is referred to as "Guanyin Nine" for short, and the ancient legend "Guanyin Birthday". This is a superstitious activity. Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), everyone cooked rice on this day. In the morning, men and women, old and young, dressed in new clothes and dressed in superstition, flocked to Dabuqiao guanyin temple (which was abandoned after the founding of the People's Republic of China) to occupy incense and worship Buddha, seek wealth and protect the well-being, and there were numerous people in all directions, with numerous booths and loud prices, which was very crowded. Unmarried young and middle-aged women pray for a good husband, while infertile women pray for "Guanyin to send their children"; Those who buy cakes are called "buying cakes for promotion" and those who buy dried tofu are called "buying fields and land". Migration is useless, and everyone laughs. Poor people beg, perfumers must? Kissing? . After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), these superstitious activities were gradually abolished.

March

[March 3rd] Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was called: "On March 3rd, the prince left an tang" and made rice fruit as a "sacrifice to the gods". On this day, there was a superstitious activity of women "listening to divination" at Liulian Temple in Bang Wei, Ruyuan Village. Abolished after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

[Qingming] In ancient times, there was a superstition that young women went to Qixin or outside the village to pick flowers, commonly known as: "If you meet a sage (husband) during Qingming, you will be born when you pick green." There has been no such custom since the fifties.

[Grain Rain] In ancient times, there was a custom for women to "go to Grain Rain", that is, young Japanese women went to visit relatives in the village, and some came back after walking in the wild. There has been no such custom since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

April

The villagers have the custom of baking rice cakes. There is a folk saying that "snakes are poisonous since April". In order to prevent children from buying things to eat, every household bakes rice cakes for their children. There are two kinds of harrows, salty and sweet. Raw materials are milled from indica rice, baked with wild vegetables (commonly known as "April vegetables" and "yellow starter vegetables") into rice chaff, and some are mixed with flour to bake rice chaff, which is very common and continues to this day.

The long summer marks the arrival of summer. Every household in the village makes ginkgo and Ciba, and some households make dozens of pounds for relatives and friends in Xiamao Street. There are also some people in Xiamao Street who went to relatives and friends in the village to eat cakes the night before. This is called "spending the summer".

The eighth day of April is called "April 8th" for short, and the younger generation prepares coffins and "shroud" (clothes worn when they die) for the elderly. On this day, carpenters and tailors were invited to make them at home. Before the old man died, he had to turn over the sun every day to prevent his illness from getting worse. Until today, some time is flexible.

May

Dragon Boat Festival is one of the grand folk festivals. In ancient times, Xia Mao also celebrated the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. From the end of the Ming Dynasty, the shanzhai men stationed in Niuyazhai (the high mountain at the junction of Xiamao North and Shunchang) started to form gangs on the fifth day of May, and went to Xiamao to rob others of food. Every year, one year, the houses in East Street are demolished. In order to celebrate the festival with peace of mind, the clever Xiamao villagers unanimously celebrated the Dragon Boat Festival one day in advance. In this way, the fourth day of May became the "Dragon Boat Festival" time in Xiamao area, forming a habit that has been passed down to this day.

On the eve of the festival, all families will make zongzi, except those who lost their loved ones that year. Send 200-400 palms to the in-laws related to the deceased relatives. Before the festival, the son-in-law will send three Jin of pork and cakes to her husband's family, year after year, until the death of her parents-in-law. This is the so-called "section cutting" and "section sending". Newly married son-in-law should add glutinous rice, noodles and so on.

On the fourth day, every household inserts calamus and mugwort leaves, and children hang a string of five-color sachets, which is called "exorcism". Scatter realgar in the corner of the house. It does have a disinfection effect.

[May 13] Legend has it that it is Guan Yu's birthday, also called "Guan Gong Sharpening Day", and it will only be pleasant when it rains. Folk eat duck, meat, noodles and so on. It's improved Spread to this day.

[May 25th] According to legend, on the birthday of "Five Grains Are Immortals", Shennong gave farmers the right to grow five grains, which was popular before the founding of the People's Republic of China and has been reforming since then. It is Japanese villagers who make Ciba. America, in memory of Shennong.

June

The vegetarian festival was called "vegetarian festival" in ancient times. From the first half of June to the fifteenth and a half months of June, most folk families will light incense, arrange "worship Buddha" and eat vegetarian dishes. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was forbidden to slaughter pigs and cattle, and restaurants used vegetable oil to cook vegetables. On the 16th, they slaughtered meat, pigs and cows, and each family got better, and some held a banquet for each other. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the festival was reformed.

According to legend, June 24th is the birthday of Tian Gong, the father of traditional Chinese opera. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the countryside invited a troupe to perform and celebrate. It happened at the end of the sun-cured tobacco harvest period, which was called "making tobacco leaves blessed". Farmers bought wine, duck, meat and noodles for banquets, and some invited relatives and friends to have dinner together to congratulate the tobacco harvest, which has continued to this day. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was no acting on this day.

July

[July] In Xiamao area, the "Chinese Valentine's Day" was held for new school children from the first day to the seventh day of July. It is the grandmother's family of Japanese children who choose the big gift. Common gifts include new clothes, shoes, umbrellas, abacus, pen and ink, sugar towers (towers made of sugar, such as "worshipping the champion" and Kirin), as well as dried tofu, watermelons, pears, peanuts, candy and popcorn. The children's parents will hold a banquet to thank them. On the seventh day, the elders also told their children to get up early and study in front of the court.

The fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, also known as Ghost Festival, is a superstitious festival. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, villagers in Xiamao worshipped their ancestors, and from 1 1 to 15, they burned incense, gold and silver foil and so on, surpassing their ancestors. On the fifteenth day of the first month, Buddhists gathered at Purdue in Yujingzhai, Tielu Village, Lishu. These superstitious activities gradually disappeared after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). People usually make three-layer cakes, sweet and salty cakes, or kill ducks to improve their lives.

August

Mid-Autumn Festival is one of the grand folk festivals. On the eve of the festival, relatives will send moon cakes to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival. On August 15, every household will slaughter ducks, make taro buns, and invite friends and relatives to eat together. It is a night for the whole family to get together, drink tea, eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon, and celebrate the reunion.

September

[Chongyang] On the ninth day of September, children fly kites (there were kites in ancient times, but now there are no kites), and every household makes rice fruit, rice cakes, taro buns, and some add delicacies such as duck and meat. It's called "Double Ninth Festival".

October

October is the winter Tibetan season. On this day, farmers around Xiamao make rice cakes with newly produced seeds and send them to relatives and friends in Xiamao Street. This is the so-called "October Festival".

1October 13, people usually eat taro buns, ducks, meat, noodles and so on. , known as the "thirteen sections", the source is unknown.

November

【 Winter solstice 】 The custom of "mending winter" prevails. Wealthy families eat ginseng, antler, astragalus, angelica, longan and black dates soaked in Yulu wine, and some use chicken, rabbits, pig's trotters and other foods; Ordinary families eat eggs and black dates to soak in wine. Nowadays, every household uses indica rice to make glutinous rice balls, which is called "taking tonic pills".

December

[Sacrifice Society] The 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month is said to be the day when the kitchen god went to heaven, and it is also a festival of superstitious activities. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xiamao village generally began to "worship the stove" on the evening of 23rd 12, and then on 24th (1 1 to 1 point). On that day, every household set up vegetarian dishes and wine, lit incense sticks and set off firecrackers, and sent the "Kitchen God" to heaven, praying that "God will speak well and keep the land safe". After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), festivals became less common.

Every year at the end of December in the lunar calendar, the son-in-law sends three Jin of pork, noodles and rice cakes to his parents' home until his parents die, which is called "Nian".

A few days before New Year's Eve, every household cleaned up, washed furniture, put up Spring Festival couplets to exchange old ones for new ones, and ushered in the new year cleanly.

[New Year's Eve] The market will be held for three consecutive days after the end of New Year's Day (New Year's Day1February 28-30, and New Year's Day 27-29).

New Year's Eve is the last day and the busiest day of the year. Japanese families are busy cooking delicious food and relatives are busy giving gifts to each other. On the night of "New Year's Eve", the whole family get together for dinner, which is called "reunion dinner". After the feast, elders often give children red envelopes, which is called "lucky money".

Putian double ninth festival custom

Following the old custom, villagers in Pu Xian steamed nine-year-old rice fruits and used the opportunity of climbing mountains to pay homage to their ancestral graves. The Story of Jingchu Times says: "At the banquet on September 9, ... eating dogwood, eating bait and drinking chrysanthemum wine will make people live longer." "Bait" is today's cakes, rice fruits and the like. The Jade Candle Collection in the Song Dynasty says, "Those who eat chrysanthemum wine on the 9th will get millet and glutinous rice at that time, and it will become a habit to taste new things because of their sticky taste." There are more worshippers in Puxian than in Tomb-Sweeping Day, so there is a saying that March is little Tomb-Sweeping Day and September is big Tomb-Sweeping Day. Song Zuqian, a poet in the early Qing Dynasty, said in "Nine Songs of the People": "When you hear the festival approaching the Double Ninth Festival, you are shocked to hear the wild incense, and you can pick up the wild incense with a basket in your hand. The jade pestle is smashed into green powder and the pearl is called Langwei. " Self-note cloud: "Pu people take nine days to collect grass as rice koji, and their children are like ants. When they return, they will be pounded into rice." This is a kind of rice qu popular hundreds of years ago. In modern times, people have turned Miqu Miguo into a unique nine-fold rice fruit. Wash high-quality late rice with clear water, soak it for 2 hours, take it out and drain it, mix it with water and grind it into slurry, add alum (dissolved in water) and stir, add brown sugar (boiled with water to make a thick sugar solution), then put it on a steamer, spread a clean cooking cloth, then scoop in rice slurry for nine times, steam for a few minutes and cook it out, and coat peanut oil on the rice noodles. This rice fruit is divided into nine layers, which can be uncovered and cut into water chestnuts. Four sides are distinct and translucent. It is sweet, soft and delicious, and it doesn't stick to teeth. Respect for the elderly is the best gift for Chongyang.

Lin Dongfu of Wutang went up the mountain to worship his ancestors on the Double Ninth Festival. Their ancestors left a sacrificial field, and the rent collected was paid by the sacrificial households on duty every year to buy sacrifices. According to the national regulations, every man who goes up to the mountain to worship his ancestors and sweep the grave will be divided into four small pieces of cooked pork, a red persimmon and a pair of diced cakes, and he will go down to the priest's room to eat a full meal of "big powder rubbing", or dry rice with broth and drink rice wine. On Puxian Coast, Chung Yeung Festival and Commune celebrate the birthday of Commune Gong and the autumn harvest. The ninth day of September is the anniversary of Mazu's ascension to heaven. Villagers often go to the Mazu Tempel in Meizhou or the temple dedicated to the Temple of Tianhou Ancestor.

After the founding of New China, the activities of the Double Ninth Festival have enriched new contents. 1986, according to the suggestion of Oriental Health and Longevity Center, 1989, China Double Ninth Festival was designated as the festival for the elderly. 1990101On October 26th, the Double Ninth Festival was designated as the "Festival for the Elderly" by Fujian Provincial People's Congress. During the Double Ninth Festival, all localities in Puxian should organize the elderly to climb mountains, extensively carry out mass mountaineering activities, exercise, and cultivate people's moral habits of knowing nature, loving their hometown and loving the motherland.

Putian Huinv village

Wear Hui 'an clothes, speak Minnan dialect, and follow Hui 'an customs-there is such a "Huinv Village" floating leaf village in Rinan Island. According to legend, 380 years ago, the pioneer forest of the village (locally called Kaijizu) drifted to this island when fishing in the wind and waves, and found that the aquatic resources here were very rich. Subsequently, some Lin clan people moved here one after another, which made the isolated island flourish and gradually formed villages. After several generations of hard work, they built beautiful homes on the mountains and by the sea. Today, Fiona Fang Village covers an area of 1.7 square kilometers and has a population of 4,300. They still retain the dialects and costumes brought by the pioneers. "Save shirts, waste pants, feudal head, democratic belly" Hui women's clothing, the old ladies in the village are still romantic, plus the bun on the back of the head with shiny silver hairpin on it, which is still visible in young women who love beauty. Keep the original quaint flavor. Here, a group of shots from Huinv Village in Rinan Island are selected to freeze their industrious and quaint figures.

Putian folk dance

Nine-level lotus lanterns have long been popular in Putian and Xianyou, and there are still many folk artists who are good at performing. "Nine Carp Dance" is popular in Huangshi Town, Putian City. At first, it was a folk performance with the color of praying for blessings and exorcism, and then it gradually evolved into a festive dance with auspicious meaning. Walking in the rain, also known as umbrella dance, was originally a performance of the mother and daughter of Sweden and Lan walking in the rain in Puxian Opera "Walking in the Rain in the Moon Pavilion". Because of its strong dance, gentle movements and distinctive features, it has become a part of the artistic essence of Puxian Opera and has been passed down from generation to generation. Some old artists also use this passage as an opera performance. Later, it gradually flowed from opera to folk.