What are the Folkways and Customs of Datong, Shanxi?

One of the customs of Datong - wedding customs Ancient marriage, young men and women are ordered by their parents, the words of matchmakers to combine together, the marriage rituals are also quite complicated. As the "Datong County Records" said: "Matchmakers Tongyin two parents, both promise, and then send geng post marriage, divining the day, under the recruitment, said: change post, that is, the ancient ask name, Na color gift; marrying day, the line of money gift, said: under the tea; that is, the invitation to the period of time book attached to the book, said: through the book, that is, the ancient Naji, Na levy. Invitation to the ceremony; one day before the wedding, the son-in-law's family to prepare meat, face to the female family, commonly known as the meat is said to be: away from the mother's meat, the face is said to be: away from the mother's face, the name is: promote the makeup; the female family that is funded by the trousseau to the son-in-law's family; and the period, son-in-law family to prepare the shoulder moped, choose the female family in the skilful two people in order to meet the female, the name is: to marry. The woman's family also chooses two of the women's family members who are skillful in the carriage to the son-in-law's door, which is called: sending the bride; the gentleman's family performs the ceremony of welcoming the bride, and the common people do not welcome the bride, but only take the women's family members to take the bride, and the son-in-law is just outside the door; the bride is welcomed in the middle of the hall, and an incense table is set up to perform the rituals; the son-in-law pays tribute to the woman but not to the son-in-law; it is called: worshiping heaven and earth and radio fm radio ceremony is like the ancient system; the next day, the new couple pays tribute to the ancestor and the parents as well as to their long-time relatives, which is called: worshiping the hall, that is, the ancient temples to see the aunt and uncle's rituals; this is the day when the woman furnishes wine On this day, the female furniture, wine and food sent to the son-in-law's home, that is, the ancient feed aunt gift; son-in-law to see the woman's parents, there are in three days line, there are three or five days after the divination of auspicious line, the female also with the son-in-law to save the family, the name: back to the door; to the month of the Mass is also the same, the female live in January is still the same, the name: live on the moon. This is a common ritual." After the liberation, with the change of times, Datong area of marriage etiquette is more simplified than before, but in order to take the wedding auspicious, welcome the bridegroom generally wear red flowers. Bridesmaid by the groom's brother-in-law or a good friend as the groom to bring the bride a red cloth pants belt, called: "happy ending"; bring a bottle, bottle inserted in a green onion, called: "Rooted after"; but also with five ribs of a piece of pork, called "away from the mother meat", said: "five parties auspicious celebration". When the bride gets on the bus, the woman's family must give the groom's family a plate of dumplings, covered with paper cut out of the big red happy words, said: "happy family"; at the same time, the woman's family will be "away from the mother's meat" to split a few ribs to give to the groom to bring back, said that after the wedding couples Harmony, the name is: "tendons and bones are not separated". When the groom and the bride were married, the five-star red flag was hung in the courtyard. Its marriage ceremony procedures are: (Master of Ceremonies a singing ceremony)

one, the beginning of the wedding ceremony;

two, the bride and groom, the bride and the guests into place;

three, to the bride and groom, bride and groom to offer flowers and spreading the color;

four, sounding the cannon, playing music;

five, witnesses to the wedding speech (read out the certificate of marriage);

fixed speech of the officiating party (the parents thanked the guests);

sixth, the officiating party (parents thanked the guests);

fifth, the wedding speech (parents of) Thank you to the guests);

seven, the introducer's speech;

eight, the guests speech;

nine, the bride and groom to the officiating person, witnesses, introducers and the guests of the three bows;

ten, the bride and groom to each other, a bow;

eleven, the bride and groom to introduce the love;

xi, the bride and groom to introduce the relationship;

xii, the interim motion : Anyone who attends the wedding, you can put forward to the bride and groom, a variety of jokes difficult, mostly "wife and children" and other jokes, the bride and groom, no matter how embarrassing, but also can not lose their temper;

thirteen, the rituals;

fourteen, the guests into the table to dine, the bride and groom, the bride and groom, respectively, one by one, to guests to the toast to the wedding!

★Customs of Datong ★ No. 2 - Funeral Customs Funeral customs in ancient Datong, the rituals are quite cumbersome.

Generally, it can be divided into small convergence, large convergence, burning paper, sending lamps, resignation of the spirit, funeral, resumption of the third and other procedures. As stated in the Datong County Records: "the pro beginning of death, the擗 and crying countless, small convergence, obituaries in the relatives and friends, more than the great work of the hemp bracket hair, called: scattered head; family members cracked cloth wrapped the head, three days into the service of Qi mourning, the following service, the beginning of the convergence of the big; funeral in the center of the hall, the night and day of laying; every meal must be sacrificed. Is the day, relatives, bureaucrats and friends, all hanging comfort with kozo paper, said: burning paper; is the night, crying obituary in the city temple, said: send light; seven days of family and friends contribute to the laying of money, said: Sheng letter, also said: open hanging; especially must be delayed Risheng line of the family laying; the poorer members of the common people more than seven days, nine days of the funeral, the rich also have a long time after the burial of the person, is not a rite of passage. However, the gentleman's family and the common people's people who know the rituals, within a hundred days of the day of burial. A few days before the funeral, obituary period in the friends and relatives, when the funeral. The first three days of family and friends contribute to the laying of funeral, said: resignation of the spirit; Yan Li Sheng such as the opening of the hanging, and the funeral as well, where to set the seat of the spirit, set up the soul of the silk, set up the inscription of the flags, painting the image of the face, create a bright instrument, for the Lord of the gods, tell the bier to move, set up to lay the groundwork, and sacrifices to the soil God are like the system. But the common people revere Buddhism, both buried three days, the owner of the sacrifice in the tomb, the name is: re three, and back: round tomb. The gentleman's family also has between three, five days that is crying in the tomb." After liberation, with the changing times, funeral customs greatly simplified, especially in 1966, Datong City, built after the crematorium, burial has been gradually phased out, the general staff only use the form of a memorial service, family and friends to pay their respects, and then the dead will be sent to the crematorium cremation. This civilized and simple form of funeral, has gradually been generally accepted by the people. Its memorial service procedures are: (the master of ceremonies a singing ritual)

One, the memorial service began, all stand;

Two, offering wreaths, offering eulogies;

Three, playing the mourning music; four, silence (three minutes of silence);

Five, to the eulogy; six, to the deceased to perform a three-bow salute;

Seven, burn the wreaths, burning eulogies;

VIII, ceremony into the .

Burial couplets A crane returning to the west, the voice is still there, the life of the old return to the real, the virtue of hope is always clear, hard work for a lifetime, a thousand years of fame and sorrow, the ambition is not yet rewarded, the faded Fang fell show in the life of self-serving hard labor in the end of the revolution a whole world of simplicity for the people, a whole world of spirit of the Huabiao, the bright section of a full of blood and tears flying clouds of the sky, the bad news of the song moving the ground, I want to see the voice of the empty tears, following the will of the iron oath of the sky, I want to hear the teachings of the apricots. -The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a newborn baby and give him or her a gift of clothes, bedding, pillows, shoes and socks. When a child is 12 days old, women from the family and friends should come to visit the mother of the child. They must bring the mother some brown sugar, noodles, cakes and other gifts to express their condolences. Maternity home must also be set up to entertain guests. In the maternity period, taboo outsiders into the maternity ward, especially taboo outside the male into the maternity home door, in order to prevent people from intruding, especially in the door to hang a red cloth strip, said that there is a woman in labor at home, outsiders are prohibited from entering the house. Before the full moon, by the baby's parents or other elders to give the baby a name, at first there should be a "milk name", also known as "nickname", called up not even the surname, after a few days and then up a name, also known as "official name After a few days, a name is given, also called "official name", which is connected to the family name, and is used for household registration and schooling in the future. A month after the birth of the baby, the parents to give the "full moon", a hundred days to the "100 days", the first anniversary of the birthday.

When a baby has a full moon, a 100th day, or a birthday, the parents' friends and relatives bring gifts to celebrate the occasion, and a banquet is set up to entertain the guests. Nowadays, the largest number of only children, babies over the "full moon", "100 days" and birthday are very grand, and some have to feast on guests, to be a child to 12 years old, but also to celebrate some of the so-called "round locks The birth of a child is also celebrated as a "round lock". The first thing you need to do is to get a good deal of money from your family, and then you'll be able to get a good deal of money from your family, and then you'll be able to get a good deal of money from your family. Tatung area to the child's name there is a custom, each parent or parents should be based on their own values, aesthetic point of view, hobbies and interests, expectations of admiration ......, etc. to the child's name, and its standard requirements are: read up to sound, called up to loud, write up to look good, and recalled far-reaching meaning. To be able to meet the requirements of these four standards, is a good name. Any good name, must be their own favorite, family favorite, more will win others like. So, how to be able to achieve the above four standard requirements? With this problem, I visited some seniors, celebrities, experts, scholars, synthesized, roughly the following five rules:

One, according to the genealogy of the name: Datong region as far back as the Sui and Tang dynasties, Confucianism has been the development of a number of prestigious families gradually arise, in order to flaunt their own family prestige, so that it is hereditary, hoping that for generations to come, will be the genealogy of the family tree. Writing genealogy, generally in accordance with the number of generations to record the names of ancestors, official positions, eunuch achievements ...... and so on, each generation can be renewed. This renewed genealogy of the wind, to the Ming and Qing Dynasties more prevalent, not only the prestigious families have, even the general well-off families also have, especially in rural areas, more common. Whenever a child is born, first check his father belongs to which generation? Then check with the child's name of the same generation? Children next to the name of the siblings should be called what? Then the child's name will be determined. This kind of name according to the seniority of the most elaborate family, to belong to the Confucian Confucius, Meng, Zeng, Yan four big famous family (i.e.: Kong Qiu, Meng He, Zeng Sen, Yan Hui four families). According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Liu Bang, the first Han emperor, "returned from Huainan in December of the 12th year of the Grand Historian, passed through Lu, and sacrificed Confucius with Taijuan (a pig, a cow, and a sheep)", and later, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Tuoba Hong, Emperor Gaozong Li Zhizhi of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong Li Longji of the Xuanzong Dynasty, Emperor Taizu Guowei of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Zhenzong Zhao Heng of Song Dynasty, and Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty all went to Qufu in order to respect In order to show their respect for Confucianism, the Qing Emperor Kangxi and the Qianlong Emperor all went to Qufu to worship Confucius, especially the Qianlong Emperor, who made eight pilgrimages to Qufu and gave the Confucius House thirty characters in the ninth year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign: "Xiyan Gongyan Cheng, Hongwen Zhenshangyan. The Confucius House is a place of worship for Confucius. The name of the house is "令德维垂佑", and the name of the house is "钦绍念显扬". In 1920, Confucius 76th generation grandson Kong Lingyi renewed 20 words: Jiandao Dun stability, orange repair Zhao Yi Chang. Yu Wen Huan Jing Rui, Yong Xi Shi Xue Chang. Since Emperor Qianlong gave the characters, not only did the Kong family name themselves accordingly, but also the Meng family, the Zeng family, and the Yan family followed suit, all naming themselves according to these fifty characters. Since the Spring and Autumn period, these four families have a lot of descendants, all over the country and abroad, Datong area is also a lot, they meet in other places, as long as the name of the family name, we will know which generation, to catch up with the generation, set the name, there will be a banquet, ask for information, if the economic difficulties, but also to each other's financial support.

Two, according to the expectations of the name: each child is born, parents have a child's character, temperament, as, career expectations, some expect fame and fortune, some expect glory and wealth, some expect loyalty and filial piety and righteousness, some expect benevolence, wisdom, propriety and righteousness ...... and so on, when the name, use these words; for girls are is to expect her gentle and virtuous, like a flower like jade in general, so the name more flowers, grass, orchids, Jane, Ying, Ling, branch, plum, e, phoenix, Chin, Chin, Xia, chrysanthemums, peaches, Xian ...... and other words.

Three, according to the location of the name: the parents' ancestral home, the child's place of birth, birth time, the parents' marriage location and memorable time and place can be used as a name. For example, a People's Liberation Army chief's son was born in the battle to advance into the Taihang Mountains, in order to commemorate the years of fighting in the Taihang Mountains, to express the infinite affection for the people of the Taihang Mountains, he gave his child a very loud name - Taihang; a child was born in 1960, it is the time of the country's poor and poor, his parents in order to keep him in mind, they are A child whose father's place of origin is Shaanxi and mother's place of origin is Shanxi, they named the child Qin Jin; another parent gave birth to the first girl named Ling Ling, and when the second child was born, they hoped to raise a boy, but they gave birth to a girl, and the parent hoped that in the future, Yu Wan would not give birth to a girl again, and so they named the girl "Stop Ling". ", in order to cultivate this girl to have success, the future release of flowers like fragrance, and will be prohibited to stop the word above the addition of a grass-letter head, which happens to be a dahurica character, according to the meaning of the word, is a small white flowers, releasing fragrant dahurica. This thing sounds interesting and funny at first glance, but on the other hand, it also reflects a way of thinking about names.

Four, to coincide with the name: before and after the birth of the child, the parents did what a good dream, go out and meet what things and things, what is worth remembering, are the name material. For example, a child's mother in labor, dreaming of a snake, the child named Dream Dragon; a child's father dreamed of a leafy tree, the child named Big Tree; some parents dreamed of gold, the child named gold; no matter how bad the dream and things, but in order to take a good luck, figure a good luck, are rounded up into a good omen, and use the words "evil dream for The first thing I want to do is to make sure that I have a good dream, and that I can comfort myself with the phrase "a bad dream for a good dream.

Fifth, according to the admiration of the scene name: everyone has their own aesthetic point of view, admire a certain scene, such as animal species have tiger, leopard, ox, dragon, horse, etc.; plant species have pine, cypress, forest, flowers, poplar. Willow, etc.; landscape class has the mountain, sea, river, peak, stone, water, etc.; mineral deposits class has gold, silver, iron, tin, jade, etc.; color class has red, yellow, blue, white, etc.; and even natural phenomena class of light, bright, bright, sun, moon and so on. According to these sights name, the effect is also good, especially in recent years, only born in more, the name can not have to consider the arrangement of their siblings, with the changes in society, the gradual fading of the concept of family, and even less need to consider the arrangement of cousins and siblings name, the child's parents can give the child a satisfactory name as they wish.

★Datong customs ★ of five - Wang custom Datong area coal resources are relatively rich, it is inevitable with the local people's clothing, food, housing and transportation of all kinds of links. Therefore, the role of coal in ancient times has been penetrated into the customs and folklore, which is a local custom to make a fire. Every Spring Festival New Year's Eve night, in front of the courtyard of every house to use a large piece of coal into a tower, the name is Wang Huo, for good luck, congratulations on the meaning of prosperity throughout the year. Inside the firewood, written on top of a large red note "Wang Qi Chong Tian".

When the firecrackers go off at midnight, the fire is lit. When it is lit, flames come out from countless small holes, resembling a floating map, which is both cold and spectacular. Adults and children gather in a circle, some play games, some set off firecrackers, and men, women, and children of all ages come to roast the fire in an attempt to "make the fire go up to the sky". Children can also walk the streets and alleys to observe the size of the comment fire, who's fire is big, with a strong, whose family's prosperity is also big. As the Qing Dynasty "Datong County" said: "New Year's Day, the family chiseled charcoal payroll base high up, like a small floating map. In time, the name is Wang Huo, that is, the provincial capital of Dada Huo also." Nowadays, the custom and practice of having a prosperous fire has been developed in Datong. Not only in the New Year, even the weekdays to do wedding and funeral events or major festivals are born, some in the winter in order to keep warm; some in the summer for good luck. In terms of the grand scale of the fire, the shape of the elaboration, when the wai ren wang fire for the most. It has four major features:

One, the coal selection is excellent. In the Lantern Festival before the pre-selection of high-quality raw coal, with mechanical or artificial excavation, and then carefully cut into neat squares;

Two, beautiful modeling. Must hire smart masters will be wang fire base into the bottom small, big belly, top, empty bottle shape, only then, in order to achieve the burning net exhaust and wang fire does not collapse;

Three, year by year increase. In order to achieve a year better than a year of the metaphor, the requirements of the base of the fire, each year than the previous year to increase some of the size of the specific increase in size, the master's heart expectations;

Four, the scale is huge. Every year, the streets of Huairen County have to build fifty or sixty huge fire, the largest of which was built with 80 tons of coal, as high as three zhang, can be described as a huge scale. Whenever the Lantern Festival lights up, all of these Wang fire spit out a long tongue of fire, licked the earth dome, red, brilliant, just like a cloud swallowing and spitting fire of the dragon, invited to swim in the embroidered world, bringing people "good luck", "get rich! It brings people the omen of "good luck" and "getting rich". Therefore, the crowd of people in a hundred-mile radius have to rush to watch the fire, and some people also surround the largest fire for three turns, three turns, in order to the whole family peace and good luck, wishing for success. These bustling scene once stirred abroad, some Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, international friends also came one after another to feast their eyes, for this in the Guinness Book of World Records, for Datong tourist area added a new color ......

The same people said Datong, people quickly thought of coal, and the Yungang Grottoes. These natural long-standing reputation, there is more knowledge of Datong also visited the upper and lower Huayan Temple, the Nine Dragon Wall, Drum Tower and so on. But as a life here more than thirty years of Datong people, I just want to say their feelings about Datong.

On the elementary school every year on June 1, we have to go to the Yungang Grottoes, did not see what the door decided to come, have long been accustomed to its majestic, great. As for the coal, living in the place out of this black carbon, every day to burn the fire first pounded carbon, its existence is always a little blind.

Datong is located in the northern tip of Shanxi, seven counties and four districts of the Star Chamber. In my understanding, the difference between the people of Datong is to pronounce as the standard.

The people of Datong have a characteristic of speaking, curly tongue is not curly tongue is not curly tongue sound, the front nasal sound after the nasal sound is not divided. But people in Datong County, although they also speak the same kind of dialect sound of Datong, but they are divided into rolled tongue or not rolled tongue, but also special emphasis. If you buy something in Datong, people tell you: four dollars. You have to inquire clearly, must be very necessary to add body language, hand gestures: is it four? Or ten? Because the four and ten sound the same in Tatung's Tongpu dialect.

Datong County is not far from the city, you can grow some fruits and vegetables to subsidize the family, the day is also over. And away from the city of Yanggao, Tianzhen will not be able to, where the land is barren, the farmers' life is very poor, saving to the point of grams.

Eating oat yam egg grew up Zuoyun people, talking with an accent. Zuoyun man face always with a simple smile, few words, quietly bear everything. The women of Zuoyun seem to be able to speak well. I have always admired the women of Zuoyun, can turn out so many patterns to eat oat noodles: push the nest nest, roll the fish fish, pinch the dumplings, wrapped with stuffing, rolled the Tuntun, stirred to take the cake, the pressure of the noodles Cheese ...... If it is not born in this place is long in this place Zuoyun people, it is very difficult to do it.

Hunyuan County has the famous Mount Everest, the famous wonders of the Hanging Temple, and delicious small daughter-in-law cold powder, Hunyuan is also out of the beauty of the place, the show can be eaten ah. Hunyuan population language habit with a: mumble jar. The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a new one, and you'll be able to do it.

In my mind, Huairen is also a part of Datong, although now Huairen returned to Shuozhou. The people of Huairen do have "benevolence", the men are emotionally attached, stable and generous, the women are tolerant and hardworking, and they work hard. Huairen's famous food "sugar dry stove" is also a great ah.

The people living in the south of Datong City used to call themselves "Chuan's people". The people of Chuan are located in the city week, the land is fertile, but also can be near the city to increase the income of other things, own a special cultural flower heritage. Although Chuan's people also belong to the suburbs, but Chuan's people used to distinguish themselves from the suburbs. The people of Chuan like to build a neat and spacious courtyard with a flower pond, in which they plant plantains and roses. They don't grow onions or other vegetables like suburbanites do; they have vegetable plots. The people of Chuan are also thrifty, and when you walk into the compound and are greeted by a woman in patched clothes, don't be surprised to learn that she is the lady of the house.

Suburban men generally show is full of care, spend money full of care, eat full of care, make friends full of no matter, but they are not lack of interest, usually said: go home to tease the wife and play children to go. Putting their wives and children together also shows their machismo. Suburban women are especially capable, they house and outside of all kinds of pick up well organized, although the men put them on a level with the children, but their bones are the women's.

Being the first to be able to see the world's most important city, the city's most important city, the city's most important city is the city of the world.

The oldest people like to play with the old, if you ask for a road, they are four streets, seven alleys, seventy-two sheep alley. The first thing you need to do is to get a good deal of money to pay for the services. The "street" here is the sound of "solution". The reddest department store in the last century is also y rooted in their hearts, the department store is not called department store called red flag shopping mall.

The men of Datong are very bold, drinking tempered cups, white and then drink beer. What time to say: "Not yet drink well! Waiter! Get some more wine!" That's when you're already drunk. The men of Tatung are very handsome and dashing, and they are used to spitting, and if you stare at him, he will coolly say, "No spitting, no spitting."

There are also many beautiful women in Datong. Walking on the street, you're busy turning back, tall, compact, white pretty black attackers, dressed in fashion, clean and generous ...... cold almost bumped into the beauty in front of you, you are panicking at a loss for words, the beauty of the light of the lips, a delicate smile whispered: "Chen color! " You that beauty ah, probably can beauty on ten days and a half months.

Tatung people wedding, round locks, opening all celebrations to eat a food, that is, fried cake. Cake, meaning: high rise Wang Chang, section high, high official salary. Anyway, it is a good wish that is connected with high. Gao is one of the most elaborate foods. If you come to Datong, the host treats you to the staple food is cake, you may not be used to eating, but you must know, only the host thinks you are a VIP, honored guests will give you fried cake to eat.

Cake is very complicated to do, first of all, the millet skin peeled, then ground into flour, with cool water and into a block of base-like, evenly spread in the cage drawer on the steam, steamed with a hand after guessing (after half a day's dictionary did not find and the vernacular pronunciation of the word match). Guess the cake is the most difficult work, I still can not learn, too hot. A good guessing hand just use cool water to cool your hands, not much water on your hands, and the resulting cake is very strong. Then, on the surface of the cake guessed to smear a bit of sesame oil, a little while on a layer of small oil bubbles. It's called Sukkake. Some people like to eat vegetarian cake, with scrambled eggs or broth soup, gulp down the stomach. Vegetarian cake pulled into small pieces, wrapped in filling, on the pot to fry. That is called fried cake. Cake filling is also a lot of fancy, egg leek filling, soybean sprouts carrot filling, rose bean paste filling and so on. Do bean paste filling is also very tedious, to use the kind of specially selected red beans, high fire into the warm fire simmering, do out of the filling required to look red, eat up the sheep. Now it is convenient to buy a bag of bean paste filling from the supermarket, eliminating a lot of procedures. It can also be wrapped in sugar, or fried in slices, and then sprinkled with sugar after frying. The table has already been set a plate of red and green table pressure dishes: mung bean sprouts mixed with vermicelli, how about it, greedy, right?

February 2, when the dragon carries its head, is one of Datong's main folk customs.

Old Datong on the second day of the second month of the lunar calendar, early in the morning, each household according to the number of the year's water dragon money placed in a teapot, the so-called number of water dragon money refers to the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar for the first few, that is, a few dragons to rule the water; and then is to rule the number of dragon money to predict the year's prospects for the good and the bad. Each household carries a pot to draw water from the well, and after filling it with water, sprinkle it while walking, stop at the door of the house, and pour the rest of the water and money into the water urn together, which is called "attracting dragon money". At noon, each family ate noodles or potato vermicelli, known as "picking the Dragon's Tail". On this day, men and women, young and old, hair trimming, called "dragon head".

With the development of society, every household uses running water, like "draw the dragon money" this activity has lost its function. I remember my mother buying a piece of white bean curd and peeling a green onion planted in the first month of the year, inserting a green onion into one end of the bean curd and a coin into the other end as if it were a dragon, placing it in the water urn or beside the pool to draw water into the house.

Now the traditional February 2 customs, or to push the head, hair trimming the most popular, this day the barber store more than welcome customers into the door, out of all glowing, everything from the beginning of the feeling. But more than men push the head of more, the woman stinks of beauty, not a few sheer trimming.

February 2, there is always a kind of the end of the year, the beginning of the next year's feeling, in the psychological always feel that after the February 2 year is over. However, the pace of life is accelerating, the Spring Festival is thinning, traditions and folklore in people's minds is not so important.

Source: Folklore Words