What are the cultures in Chongqing?

Chongqing belongs to Bayu culture, including hot pot culture and beauty culture. Chongqing is a famous city with a long history. In the Paleolithic Age more than 20,000 years ago, human beings lived and multiplied here. By the Neolithic age, there had been dense primitive villages inhabited by eight ethnic groups, including Yi, Pu and Ju. It is these earliest Chongqing residents who created the oldest historical civilization in Chongqing.

Battle of Bachu

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Ba people mainly lived in eastern Sichuan, western Hubei and Hanzhong, Shaanxi, and were adjacent to Chu, Shu and Qin. With the strength of Pakistan, Bachu became hostile and was attacked many times. In 689 BC, Ba and Chu fought fiercely in that place (now southeast of Jingmen County, Hubei Province). The two sides were deadlocked for several months and the Palestinians lost.

The war in Bachu was intermittent, almost running through the history of Bachu. Bashouguan, Yangguan and Mianguan resisted Chu. However, under the strong offensive of Chu, Pakistan lost all three customs and lost ground. Finally, Chu occupied the capital city of Zhi (now Fuling), and the Pakistanis had to retreat to Langzhong.

Zhangjiang zhoucheng

In the ninth year of Qin Huiwen's reign (3 16 BC), after Zhang Yi entered Shu and destroyed Ba, he stationed troops in Jiangzhou and built Jiangzhou City, which is located at the intersection of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in Yuzhong District. It is the beginning of Chongqing's urban construction. Jiangzhou City in Han Dynasty extended to the north bank of Jialing River and was called Beifu City.

Battle of Fishing City

Yuzhen site was built in the second year of Southern Song Dynasty (1242), with the history of Sichuan appeasement, and Yuzhen is in Chongqing. In the sixth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1258), Mongolia launched a large-scale war to destroy the Song Dynasty. Mongolia Khan led an army to invade Sichuan and arrived in Hechuan Fishing City in February of the following year.

Mengge's Western Expedition was invincible, but under the tenacious resistance of Wang Jian, the general commander of Fishing City, and Zhang Jue, the deputy commander, he was unable to cross the line. In July, Mongo was wounded by artillery on the city and died in Wenquan Temple.

Fishing City has been defending for more than 36 years, and has written a rare example of defeating the strong with the weak in the history of Chinese and foreign wars. Therefore, Fishing Town is praised by Europeans as "Oriental Mecca City" and "God's Broken Whip Land".

Chongqing opens its port.

In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), on March 3rd1day, China and Britain signed the special extension clause of Yantai Treaty, and Chongqing became a commercial port. On March 1 the following year, Chongqing Customs was established, and Englishman Hobson became the tax department of Chongqing Customs, holding the power of customs administration and tariff collection, and was also in charge of port affairs.

Countries have set up consulates in Chongqing, opened up concessions and established "a country within a country". After the opening of Chongqing, Chuanjiang shipping was gradually controlled by outsiders. With the loss of shipping rights of Chuanjiang River, western powers set up foreign companies in Chongqing, set up factories and mines, dumped goods, plundered raw materials and exported capital, bringing Chongqing and its affected areas into the world capitalist market.

wartime capital

After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, 1937, 10/0 on October 30th, the National Government decided to move its capital to Chongqing, with Chongqing as the wartime capital. 1939 Chongqing was changed into a municipality directly under the central government, 1940 was designated as the "capital", and the urban area was expanded to 164 square kilometers.

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, on June1942 65438+1October 2 1 day, the Allied China Theater Command was established in Chongqing, responsible for commanding the allied forces of China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Malaysia and other countries. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, more than 30 countries, including the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France, set up embassies in Chongqing, and more than 40 countries and regions set up foreign affairs agencies, and established various anti-fascist war international organizations and Chinese and foreign cultural associations, making Chongqing an important city with international influence.

With the relocation of the National Government to Chongqing, 245 factories and a large number of commercial, financial, cultural, educational and scientific research institutions in coastal areas and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River moved to Chongqing. In addition, a large number of industrial and commercial enterprises and science, education, culture and health units needed to be built in wartime made Chongqing a political, military, economic, cultural and information center in the rear area of China.

Chongqing talks

1On August 5th, 945, Japanese imperialism declared its unconditional surrender. The two parties in China are faced with the great choice of forming a coalition government peacefully or waging a full-scale civil war. 13 days later, Chiang Kai-shek invited "* * * Shang Guo" for three times, and Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei, accompanied by Zhang Zhizhong, flew from Yan 'an to Chongqing to negotiate with the Kuomintang.

Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek held 43 days of ***9 direct negotiations. During this period, Mao Zedong had extensive contacts with democratic parties and people from all walks of life, and met with Soong Ching Ling, Shen Junru, Zhang Lan and Feng Yuxiang. And hosted a banquet in Guiyuan to entertain representatives of aid organizations from various countries and international friends.

Chiang Kai-shek mobilized troops to attack the People's Liberation Army in the negotiations in the face of the situation that the people of the whole country demanded peace. Finally, on June 5438+00,/kloc-0, he signed the Minutes of Talks between the Government and Chinese Representatives (agreement on October 10), saying that he would end "political training", recognize the equal and legal status of all parties, release political prisoners, hold political consultation meetings, avoid civil war and establish an independent and prosperous country. The agreement of 10/0 was not observed, and a full-scale civil war broke out soon.

Admission event

1946 65438+ 10, under the pressure of peaceful and democratic forces, the Kuomintang held a political consultation meeting attended by all parties and adopted a series of resolutions conducive to peace and democracy.

On February 10, 23 units, including "Beijing Federation of Political Consultative Conferences", jointly hosted the "Celebrating the Success of CPPCC in Beijing" in Jiaochangkou Square, with nearly 10,000 participants. The Kuomintang Chongqing Party Department arranged for secret agents and thugs to destroy the venue and created the "school gate incident". More than 60 members of the presidium, including Guo Moruo, Ma Yinchu, Li Gongpu, Shi Fuliang, journalists and the Federation of Industry and Commerce, were injured by mobs, and they were only rescued by the participants.

After the incident, the * * * delegation and representatives of the participating units of the CPPCC jointly protested to Chiang Kai-shek, and Xinhua Daily and Chongqing progressive literary and art circles successively published comments and articles to protest and expose them. Students, workers and organizations from all walks of life formed the "2 10 bloody case support club" to express their condolences to the injured and issued a statement to protest against the atrocities of the spy.

Chongqing

From 65438 to 0992, Chongqing became an open city along the Yangtze River. 1September, 1996, the central government approved Chongqing to take charge of Wanxian City (now Wanzhou City), Fuling City and Qianjiang District.

1March 997 14 was reviewed and approved by the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress, and Chongqing was restored as a municipality directly under the Central Government. It was officially listed on June 1997. Chongqing became the fourth municipality directly under the Central Government of China after Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, and the only municipality directly under the Central Government of China, thus opening a brand-new page in the history of Chongqing's construction and development.

culture

Bayu culture

Bayu culture is one of the most distinctive national cultures in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Bayu culture originated from Ba culture and refers to the regional culture formed by Ba people and Ba country in the historical development. Ba people have always lived between mountains and rivers. Influenced by nature and dangerous environment, Pakistanis are tough, tenacious and brave, so they are famous for their bravery and good fighting skills. Mountains and rivers have created passionate, tenacious and heroic Chongqing men, as well as tender and heroic Chongqing daughters. (The complete Ba cultural area also includes Guangyuan, Nanchong, Bazhong, Dazhou and Guang 'an in Sichuan Province, roughly bounded by Jialing River. Southern Shaanxi, western Hubei, northwestern Hunan and northern Guizhou are the radiation areas of Ba culture area)

Sichuan opera

Sichuan Opera is one of the main representatives of Bashu culture and a bright pearl in the treasure house of China opera. It has a long history and has preserved many excellent traditional plays, rich music and exquisite performing arts. It is a folk art loved by people in southwest provinces such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan and Guizhou. Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang Opera, Huqin Opera (Pihuang), Tanxi Opera and Sichuan Folk Lantern Opera, which were originally introduced from other provinces, were performed in all parts of Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty (1736- 1795). Due to these five vocal arts, the unique skills such as "changing face", "fire breathing" and "sleeves" in Sichuan Opera are unique, and the stylized movements of freehand brushwork imply endless wonderful atmosphere. Sichuan opera is deeply loved by the world and spread all over the world. The famous Sichuan operas "The Legend of the White Snake" and "Jinshan Temple" are widely circulated at home and abroad.

Chuanjiang haozi

On the Qianlichuan River from Chongqing to Wushan, the waterways are narrow and curved, there are many reefs and rocks, and there are countless dangerous beaches. In the old society, ships sailing on the river were mostly pushed or pulled by manpower, ranging from dozens to hundreds of people working collectively on the river, and only the chant was used for unified command. Therefore, on the rolling Chuanjiang River, there are many water ballads praising the boatman's life-Chuanjiang Haozi. Since ancient times, the people of Bayu and Chongqing have loved to see the "dragon gate array" (meaning chatting and telling stories). Folk oral literature has a broad mass base, and it is still a major feature of Chongqing folk literature to like to "put on a dragon gate array".

Wharf culture

Chongqing has always been a waterway transportation hub in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, with numerous wharves along the river and frequent exchanges between merchant ships and passengers. The urban cultures of central Sichuan, southwest Sichuan and even the whole Yangtze River basin blend here, and the unique market culture of Chongqing forms the dock culture. The dock culture in Chongqing mainly includes dialect art and teahouse culture. Paoge culture refers to the part in which the loyalty of rivers and lakes within secret folk societies such as Brothers' Club, Heaven and Earth Club and Paoge Club influences urban culture. Now in the main city, only ciqikou ancient town in Shapingba District can feel the ancient culture a little. The unique Bayu culture has created a profound cultural heritage in this land of Chongqing. Cultural talents are constantly emerging, cultural products are colorful, and culture and art are unprecedentedly prosperous.

Famous painters include Luo Zhongli, Pang Maokun, Zhu Xuanxian, Su Baozhen and Ye Yongqing.

Representatives of Bayu culture: Sichuan opera (face changing, fire breathing, Ba opera, Chongqing opera), Paoge culture, dock culture, Chuanjiang chant, Shu embroidery, Longmen array, Chongqing dialect, Sichuan cuisine, etc.

Chongqing culture embodies the unique mountain city landform culture.