What is Chinese National Painting

The main type of traditional Chinese painting. From the point of view of art history, before the Republic of China's national paintings we are collectively referred to as ancient paintings. Chinese painting in ancient times no certain name, generally called Danqing, mainly refers to the painting on silk, rice paper, silk and framed scroll painting. Since modern times, in order to distinguish it from foreign paintings imported from the West, such as oil paintings (also known as Western paintings), it has been called Chinese painting, or "national painting" for short. It is a painting created with Chinese unique brushes, ink and pigments, in accordance with long-established forms of expression and artistic rules. According to the materials used and the methods of expression, Chinese painting can be subdivided into ink painting, heavy color, light-red, brushwork, writing, white drawing, etc.; according to its subject matter, there are figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting, etc. The form of painting is more diverse. There are various forms of Chinese paintings, such as horizontal scrolls (also known as hand scrolls) and horizontal ponchos, vertical banners and centerpieces, full-size albums and doufangs, and folding fans and fans painted on top of fans. Chinese paintings, in terms of ideological content and artistic creation, reflect the social consciousness and aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation, and concentrate on the Chinese people's understanding of nature, society and the political, philosophical, religious, moral, literary and artistic aspects associated with it.

Categorization of Chinese Painting

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Chinese painting is a self-contained system in the world of art. According to the object of expression can be roughly divided into; figures, landscape, boundary painting, flowers, fruits and melons, plumes, beasts, insects and fish and other paintings; according to the method of expression, there are brushwork, writing, crochet, color, ink and other forms of techniques, color can be divided into gold and blue, the size of the green and green, boneless, splash of color, light color, light red and so on several kinds. The main use of line and ink color changes, with hooks, chapped, dotted, dyed, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, to, back, false, solid, sparse, dense and white and other means of expression, to depict the object and the position of the operation; the layout of the scene, the field of vision, not confined to the focal point of perspective; according to the form of expression of the mural, hanging scrolls, scrolls, albums, fans and other forms of paintings, supplemented with traditional framing process of decorating the. Figure painting from the late Zhou Dynasty to the Han Wei Dynasty and the Six Dynasties is becoming more mature. Landscape, flowers, birds and animals to the Sui and Tang dynasties began to form an independent painting. The Five Dynasties and the two Song dynasties competed with each other, and ink painting became popular, and landscape painting became a major subject. Literati painting has been developed in the Song Dynasty, and to the Yuan Dynasty, the style of painting tends to write; Ming and Qing Dynasties and recent development, increasingly focusing on the meaning of God. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the North and South Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty and the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese painting was successively influenced by Buddhist art and Western painting. Chinese painting emphasizes "to learn from the outside, to get the source of the heart", requires "the intention of the first pen, painting in the intention", emphasizes the melting of things and me, creating the mood, to achieve the shape of God, both the shape and the spirit of the vividness of the atmosphere. Since painting and calligraphy have the same origin, and both of them have a close connection with bone brushwork and line running in expressing emotions, painting and calligraphy and seal cutting influence each other and form a remarkable artistic characteristic. The tools and materials used in painting are the special Chinese brushes, ink, paper, inkstone and silk. Modern Chinese painting has made breakthroughs and developments in terms of inheriting traditions and absorbing foreign techniques.

◆ Ink Painting

A type of Chinese painting. It refers to paintings made purely with ink. There are three basic elements: simplicity, symbolism and nature. It is said to have begun in the Tang Dynasty, became popular in the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and has continued to develop in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and in recent times. The brushwork is the leading method, giving full play to the function of ink. "Ink is color" means that the change of ink's intensity is the change of color's level, and "ink is divided into five colors" means that the colorfulness can be replaced by the multi-layered ink chromaticity. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's "Song of Painting" said, "Jiangnan Dong Yuan passed on Ju Ran, light ink and light mist as one." That is to say, ink painting. Tang and Song dynasty people painting landscape more wet brush, appear "water halo ink chapter" effect, the Yuan began to use dry brush, ink color more changes, "such as both the five colors" artistic effect. Wang Wei in the Tang Dynasty put forward "ink and water as the top" for the painting style, and later on, it was the first of its kind in China. Ink painting has long occupied an important position in the history of Chinese painting.

◆ Courtyard painting

Abbreviation "courtyard style", "courtyard painting", a kind of Chinese painting. Generally refers to the Song Dynasty Hanlin Painting Academy and after the court painters more work all the way to the painting. There are also specifically refers to the works of the Southern Song Painting Academy, or general refers to non-court painters and follow the style of the Southern Song Painting Academy. These works cater to the needs of the imperial court, mostly birds and flowers, landscapes, court life and religious content as the subject matter, the paintings pay attention to the law, the importance of both form and spirit, the style is gorgeous and delicate. Because of the different times and painters are good at different, so the painting style is not the same and each has its own characteristics. Lu Xun said: "Song's courtyard painting, atrocious soft and charming when the place to give up, meticulous and meticulous place is desirable." ("And Jie Ting miscellaneous essays - on the" old form of adoption ") to Zhang Quan, Jiang Hongwei, Jia Guangji, Zhao Beixin, Yu Hui and other representatives of the modern young and middle-aged painters for the development of modern courtyard painting has made a certain contribution.

◆ Literati painting

Also known as "scholar painting". It is a kind of Chinese painting. Generally refers to the Chinese feudal society in China, the literati, the scholar made the painting. Unlike the paintings of folk painters and professional painters of the palace academy, Su Shi of the Northern Song Dynasty proposed "scholar's painting", and Dong Qichang of the Ming Dynasty referred to "literati painting", taking Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty as its founder and eyeing it as the ancestor of the Southern Sect (see "Northern and Southern Sect"). The name of the artist was also used to refer to Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty as the founder of the art.) However, in the olden days, they often used this as an excuse to elevate the painting art of the scholarly class, and to despise the folk painters and courtyard painters. Zhang Yanyuan in the Tang Dynasty in the "record of famous paintings through the ages" once said: "Since ancient times, good painting, no one is not a noble man in clothes, the high and mighty, not the village of the people can be." This has a long influence. Modern Chen Hengke that "literati painting has four elements: character, learning, talent and thought, with these four, can be perfect." Usually "literati paintings" are mostly taken from landscape, birds and flowers, plums, orchids, bamboo and chrysanthemums, and wood and stone, etc., in order to express the "spirit" or personal ambitions, and also contain the national oppression or resentment of the corrupt politics. They advocated "morale" and "elegance", revered the character of the algae, and sought the interest of ink and brushwork, skimmed the resemblance, emphasized the charm, and attached great importance to the cultivation of literature, calligraphy, and the creation of the mood in the paintings. Yao Mangfu's "Study of Chinese Literati Painting - Preface" had a very high praise: "Tang Wang Yuancheng (Wei) invoked poetry into the painting, and then the fun from the pen, the law at will, the words do not have to be Gongshang and Qiu Shan all rhyme, and the meaning does not have to be Bixing and the grass and trees into a chant." Literati painting through the ages has had a considerable impact on the aesthetic thinking of Chinese painting and the development of ink and watercolor, freehand painting and other techniques.

◆ Painting is divided into ten disciplines

Nomenclature of Chinese painting. The division of Chinese painting, the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan "Records of Famous Paintings of All Ages" is divided into six departments, namely, figures, houses, landscapes, saddle horses, ghosts and gods, flowers and birds. Northern Song Dynasty "Xuanhe painting" is divided into ten doors, namely, Taoism and Buddhism door, figure door, palace door, the door, dragon and fish door, landscape door, animal and beast door, bird and flower door, ink and bamboo door, vegetable door and so on. Deng Chun of the Southern Song Dynasty "painting" is divided into eight categories (door), namely, the immortal Buddha ghosts and gods, character biography, landscapes, forests and rocks, flowers, bamboo and plumes, animals and beasts, insects and fish, wood, boats and vehicles, fruits, vegetables and herbs, small scene miscellaneous paintings, and so on. See "thirteen subjects".

◆ Thirteen sections

The term Chinese painting. Chinese painting, the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan, "the record of famous paintings throughout the ages" is divided into six doors; Northern Song Dynasty, "Xuanhe painting" is divided into ten doors; Southern Song Dynasty, Deng Chun "painting" is divided into eight categories. The Yuan dynasty listening to his painting said: "the secular stand painter thirteen sections, landscape hit the head, boundary painting hit the bottom." Ming Dynasty Tao Zongyi "Dropout Record" contained "painter 13 sections" are: "Buddha and Bodhisattva phase, the Jade Emperor, the king of the Taoist phase, the King Kong ghosts and gods Lohan monks, the wind and clouds, dragons and tigers, the characters of the past life, the whole territory of the mountains and forests, flowers, bamboo, plumes, mules and beasts, earthly motions, the boundary of the painting, all the evening life, cultivation, machine weaving, carving green embedded green. "

◆ Caricature

Ink caricature, i.e., conceived with the characteristics of caricature, with a wide range of subjects, either satirical or praiseworthy, but with the expression of the traditional Chinese ink painting techniques, both elegant. Compared with general cartoons, ink cartoons have more ornamental value. Its appearance has expanded the field of expression, appreciation and varieties of cartoons. Chinese ink cartoons have also produced many excellent authors, such as Feng Zikai, Hua Junwu, Huang Yongyu, Han Yu, Fang Cheng, Wang Chengxi, Bi Keguan, Xu Pengfei, Jiang Wenbing, He Wei, Chang Tiejun, Xu Jin, Bai Shancheng, and others, and also many excellent works

By Objects

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◆ Figure Painting

Painting is a kind of painting. A kind of painting. It is a general term for paintings in which the human figure is the main subject. Chinese figure painting, referred to as "figure", is a major painting in Chinese painting, which appeared earlier than landscape painting, flower and bird painting, etc.; it is roughly divided into Taoist and Buddhism paintings, ladies' paintings, portrait paintings, custom paintings, historical story paintings, etc. Figure painting strives to portray the personality of a person in the best possible way. Figure painting strives to portray the personality of the characters in a realistic and vivid manner. The method of transmitting the spirit of the figure often includes the expression of the character in the rendering of the environment, atmosphere, stature and dynamics. Therefore, in Chinese painting theory, figure painting is also called "Transfiguration". Famous figure paintings through the ages include Gu Kaizhi's Luoshen Fu scroll from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Han Hwang's Literary Garden scroll from the Tang Dynasty, Gu Ma-zhong's Han Xizai Night Banquet from the Southern Tang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, Li Gonglin's Vimalakirti statue from the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Tang's Caiwei statue from the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Bai Xingyin tu from the Liang Kai Dynasty, Wang Jie's Yang Zhuxi miniature statue from the Yuan Dynasty, Qiu Ying's Liannu scroll and Zeng Juan's Houdong Lofty Statue from the Ming Dynasty, and Ren Bonian's Gao Yongzhi statue from the Qing Dynasty, as well as Xu Beihong's modern day Gao Yongzhi statue. portrait" by Ren Bonian of the Qing Dynasty, and "Rabindranath Tagore" by Xu Beihong of the modern era. In the modern era, more emphasis on the "master of the law", but also absorbed Western techniques, in the shape and color of the cloth on the development.

◆ Landscape painting

Shanshui for short. It is a kind of Chinese painting. Depicting the natural scenery of mountains and rivers as the main body of the painting. In the Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties has been gradually developed, but still attached to the figure painting, as the background of the majority; Sui and Tang Dynasty began to be independent, such as Zhan Ziqi's color landscape, Li Si Xun's gold and blue landscape, Wang Wei's ink and wash landscape, Wang Qia's ink and wash landscape, etc.; the Five Dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty, the great rise of landscape painting, the authors of a variety of rising, such as Jing Hao, Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoneng, Yan Wangui, Sung Di, Monk Wang, Mi Fu, Mi You Ren ink and wash landscapes, Wang Ximeng, Zhao Xiu, and the Chinese landscape painting. In addition to the landscape paintings of Wang Ximeng (王希孟), Zhao Boju (赵伯驹) and Zhao Bercheng (趙伯骕), the landscape paintings of Chaney (骕) and Hsueh (骕) in Qinglong (青绿) were at their peak. In the Yuan Dynasty, landscape painting tended to be more realistic, focusing on ink and brushwork and creating a new style; in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was continued development and a new outlook. In terms of performance, it emphasizes the management of location and the expression of mood. Traditional methods include ink and wash, green and blue, gold and blue, boneless, light red, light color and other forms.

The composition of landscape painting:

The composition of landscape painting includes: mountains, water, rocks, trees, houses, houses, platforms, boats, bridges, wind, rain, cloudy, sunny, snow, clouds, fog, and the characteristics of the climate in spring, summer, autumn and winter.

◆ Green landscape

A type of landscape painting. Landscape paintings that use the minerals stone green and stone green as the main color. There are big green, small green. The former more hook outline, less chapped brush, coloring heavy, decorative; the latter is in ink and light color on the basis of thin cover green. Qing dynasty Zhang Geng said: "painting, painting things, no ancient color, and more green." Listen to him in the Yuan dynasty said: "Li Si Xun color landscape, with gold and blue reflections, since a family law." In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chaney and Hsueh Ching (骕) were the first Chinese artists to paint landscapes in blue and green, and the first Chinese artists to paint landscapes in blue and green. In Chinese landscape painting, color was first introduced, then ink. In addition, there was a new style of painting in which the colors were heavy, and then the colors were light.

◆ Shallow-red landscape

A kind of landscape painting. On the basis of the ink and water hooked and chapped, laying the ochre as the main color of the light color landscape painting. Mustard Seed Garden Painting Biography said: "Huang Gongwang chapped, imitating the Yu Shan stone surface, the color good use of ochre, shallow application, and sometimes then hooked with ochre brush probably. Wang Meng again to ochre and vine yellow with landscape, the head of the mountain like fluffy painting grass, and then ochre out, sometimes even do not color, only ochre with the landscape in the human face and pine bark only." This kind of color characteristics, began in the Five Dynasties Dong Yuan, flourished in the Yuan Dynasty Huang Gongwang, also known as "Wu installed" landscape.

◆ Gold and blue

The pigments of Chinese paintings are mud gold, stone green and stone green. Where these three pigments are used as the main color of the landscape painting, it is called "Jinbi Shanshui", which is more colorful than "Qinglv Shanshui". Mud gold is generally used for hook coloring mountain outline, stone pattern, slope foot, sand mouth, colorful Xia, as well as the palace, pavilion and other buildings. But the Ming Dynasty Tang Zhiqi "painted matter micro-phrase" in another said: "cover Jinbi: stone green stone green, that is, green landscape is also called. Later people do not pay attention to the mud and gold called the gold pen landscape, the name of Jinbi and easy to the name of the gold pen is ridiculous!

◆ Green

Chinese painting pigments in the stone green and stone green. It also refers to the coloring method with these two pigments as the main color. Wang in the Qing Dynasty said, "Whenever you set up a greenish color, the body should be serious, the gas should be light and clear, and the power is all in the wash of the halo, and the rest of the greenish color method has been quietly comprehended for thirty years, and only then did I complete its subtlety." （Yun Shouping also said, "Green and heavy color, for the thick easy, for the light difficult, for the shallow tanya carry on, and the more flora for especially difficult. ...... Transportation to the virtual and, out of the elegant, flora and fiber in the aura of blurred, the more shallow, the more flora, the so-called gorgeous extreme, still return to nature, one of the changes in the painting method also." ("ou xiang pavilion painting trek") elaborated the green and green coloring of the main purpose. See "green landscape".

◆ Bird and flower painting

A type of Chinese painting. The Northern Song Dynasty "Xuanhe painting spectrum. Bird and flower narrative" cloud: "the poet six yi, more knowledge of birds and animals in the name of the herb, and the law of the four seasons, but also remember its glory and withered language silence of the weather, so the beauty of painting things, more than in this, and the poets with the table." There have been many artists who have painted birds and flowers throughout the ages, including the cranes of Xue Ji, the peacocks of Bian Luan, and the flowers and bamboos of Diao Guangyin in the Tang dynasty, the eagles of Guo Qianhui, the flowers and birds of Huang Chyuan and Xu Xi in the Fifth Dynasty, the flowers and birds of Zhao Chang, the sparrows of Cui Bai, and the flowers and birds of Wu Yuanyu in the Northern Song dynasty, the twigs and twigs of Wu Bing, the flowers and fruits of Lin Chun, and the fowls of Li Di in the Southern Song dynasty, the bamboos of Li Commandeering in the Yuan dynasty, the mandarin ducks of Zhang Shouzhong, and the plums of Wang Coronation in the Yuan dynasty, the fowls of Lin Liang, and the flowers of Chen Chun and Xu Wei in the Ming dynasty, the fishes of Zhu Da, the lotus of Yun Shouping, and the birds of Hua Yan in the Qing dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, there is a long line of famous artists, including Zhu Da's fish, Yun Shouping's lotus, and Hua Yan's birds; and in the more recent period, Wu Changshuo's flowers. See "The Four Gentlemen".

◆New literati painting

New literati painting refers to a cultural phenomenon that emerged in Chinese art in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

In 1996, Beijing painter Bian Pingshan frequently met and chatted with Fuzhou painter Wang Heping and Hebei painter Beifu in Mr. Bian Pingshan's "Pingshan Study House", and because of the many similarities in the artistic insights and pursuits, the idea of launching a joint exhibition of Chinese paintings was born. And then agreed with the Nanjing painter Wang Mengqi, Fang Jun, Tianjin painter Huo Chunyang in the Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts Exhibition Hall to organize the exhibition, so that is the beginning of the "new literati painting".

Later painters around the country such as: Zhu Xinjian, Liu Ergang, Wang Yong, Xu Lele, Zhu Daoping, Chen Ping, Tian Liming, Jiang Hongwei, etc. responded to and joined in, and became a cultural phenomenon in the country is very influential. "New literati painting" and "'85 New Wave", "Stars Exhibition" and so on to become the 1980s, 1990s Chinese art history of the brilliant A page.