Literature review of master's thesis in civil engineering: 3000-word example

Civil engineering construction is the earliest production and living activities of human beings. It is not only as simple as engineering construction, but more importantly, it embodies the architectural wisdom of mankind. In the long river of historical development, human beings constantly sum up the skills and experience of engineering construction.

In order to explain the writing skills of literature review of civil engineering master's professional papers more vividly, we share the following examples of literature review for your reference.

Architecture is one of the earliest production activities of human beings, which developed with the development of social productive forces under certain historical conditions. Due to the development of economy and the decrease of land, modern buildings tend to be multi-storey and high-rise buildings. However, there are some shortcomings in masonry structure, such as heavy weight, heavy workload, low tensile and bending properties, and large amount of clay bricks, which often occupy cultivated land and affect agricultural production. Modern buildings often adopt structural systems such as frame structure, frame-shear structure and frame-tube structure. Frame structure is the main structural form of multi-storey and high-rise buildings. Frame structure includes reinforced concrete frame and steel frame, and reinforced concrete frame is often used in educational buildings. With the rapid development of the construction industry, China's concrete industry has been synchronized with the world's concrete technology. From dry concrete to high fluidity concrete to concrete block. With the development of high-strength concrete, concrete admixture, all kinds of concrete with better performance and green concrete, the concrete industry has a bright future. The advantages of concrete have been fully reflected. The interior of the frame structure can be separated by light materials, and many light, heat insulation and sound insulation materials are constantly emerging, and green building materials are constantly emerging.

Frame structure is composed of beam-column members connected by nodes. According to the different construction methods, the frame structure can be divided into three types: cast-in-place type, assembled type and assembled integral type. In earthquake areas, the scheme of full cast-in-place beams, columns and slabs or precast cast-in-place beams and slabs is often adopted; In non-seismic areas, sometimes precast beams, columns and slabs can be used.

Under the action of vertical load and horizontal load, each component of frame structure will produce internal force and deformation. The lateral displacement limit of frame structure under horizontal load usually controls the cross-sectional dimensions of beams and columns. The lateral displacement of frame structure is generally composed of two parts: the floor shear caused by horizontal force makes the beam and column members bend and deform, forming the overall shear deformation of frame structure; The overturning moment caused by horizontal force causes the deformation of frame columns in the axial direction of the frame structure, forming the overall bending deformation of the frame structure. When the number of floors of the frame structure is small, its lateral displacement is mainly manifested as overall shear deformation, and the overall bending deformation has little effect. My graduation project is to make a frame structure, which requires a deeper understanding. The building requirement of this office building is about 4200 square meters, with four floors. Architectural design requires that the functional partition of the building is reasonable, the room layout is suitable, and all functional requirements are met. Structural design requires reasonable structural layout and safe, economical and reasonable component design.

First, the characteristics of the frame structure system:

1, light weight.

2. The building facade is easy to handle.

3. The calculation theory is relatively mature.

4. The aspect ratio should be controlled during design.

5. The layout of the building is flexible, so that a larger space can be obtained, and it can also be made into a small room as needed.

6. The overall lateral stiffness is small, and the lateral displacement is large under the horizontal load, which sometimes affects the normal use.

Second, the frame structure system selection factors and scope of application:

1, considering the building function requirements. For example, when the space of multi-storey buildings is large and the plane layout is flexible.

2. Consider the building height and aspect ratio, seismic fortification category, seismic fortification intensity, site conditions and other factors.

3. Non-seismic design of multi-storey and high-rise buildings. Generally speaking, in seismic design, multi-storey and small high-rise buildings often adopt frame structures.

4. Frame structure system is an optional structure system between masonry structure and frame-shear wall structure. The design of frame structure should conform to the principles of safety, applicability, advanced technology, economy and convenience for construction. 5. Because of its poor lateral stiffness, it is not suitable for designing high-rise frame structures in earthquake areas. In the 7-degree fortification zone, for general civil buildings, the number of floors should not exceed 7, and the total height should not exceed 28 meters. In the 8-degree fortification zone, the number of floors should not exceed 5 and the total height should not exceed 20 meters. When it exceeds the above data, although the calculation index meets the specification requirements, it is not economical.

Third, the framework structure layout principles:

1, the plane shape and elevation shape of the structure should be concise and regular, so that all parts are even and symmetrical and the possibility of structural torsion can be reduced.

2. Control the height-width ratio of the structure to reduce the lateral displacement under horizontal load.

3, try to unify the column network and height, in order to reduce the types and specifications of components and simplify the design and construction.

4. The total length of plants should be controlled within the temperature expansion joint spacing. When the equipment length exceeds the specified value, expansion joints can be set to divide the equipment into several temperature sections.

Four. Bearing scheme of frame structure: According to the different arrangement directions of bearing frames, the bearing system of frames can be divided into:

1. Load-bearing scheme of transverse frame: arrange the main beam horizontally and the coupling beam vertically. The floor slab is supported on the transverse frame, and the vertical load of the floor slab is transferred to the main beam of the transverse frame. Because the span of the transverse frame is small, the arrangement of main beams along the transverse frame is beneficial to increase the lateral lateral stiffness of the building. Because the vertical load is mainly transmitted through the beam, the cross section size of the longitudinal coupling beam is often large, which increases the height of the structure for a given clearance requirement.

2. Longitudinal frame bearing scheme: the main beam of the frame is arranged longitudinally and the coupling beam is arranged transversely. The vertical load of the floor is mainly transmitted along the longitudinal direction. Due to the small cross-sectional size of the coupling beam, for a large space house, the clearance is large and the layout of the house is flexible. The disadvantage is that the depth dimension is limited by the length of the slab, and the lateral stiffness of the building is small.

3. Mixed bearing scheme of vertical and horizontal frame: the frame is provided with vertical and horizontal main beams. The vertical load of the floor is transmitted in two directions. For the cast-in-place floor slab with small column network, the internal force analysis is usually carried out according to the spatial frame system because of this scheme's two-way force transmission, uniform stress and good integrity of each component, so the floor slab can be directly supported on the main beam of the frame without the need of cross beam.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) deformation joint setting. In the general layout of frame structure, considering the adverse effects of settlement, temperature change and complex size on the structure, the structure can be divided into several independent parts through settlement joints, expansion joints and seismic joints. After the closure of the frame structure, it brings some difficulties to the design and construction of buildings, structures and equipment, and the foundation waterproof is not easy to deal with. Therefore, the general trend at present is to avoid jointing and take corresponding measures from the overall layout or structure to reduce the adverse effects caused by settlement, complex temperature changes or complex body shape. When joints must be set, the frame structure should be divided into independent structural units.

This graduation project is to comprehensively use the basic knowledge, professional knowledge and technical knowledge we have learned in the past four years to solve specific civil engineering problems, so that I can independently complete the design of the Office building under the guidance of my tutor, be familiar with relevant design specifications, manuals and standard atlas, and master office software technologies such as AutoCAD, Office and PKPM, which will lay a solid foundation for my future work.

Main references:

[1] Qingxuan Shi, editor-in-chief of Liang Xingwen, is published by Science Press.

[2] Architectural Design Dataset compiled by Institute of Building Science of National Capital Construction Committee (1 ~ 10), China Building Industry Press, 1994.

[3] Current Code for Architectural Design was published by China Building Industry Press in 2002.