What were the main systems of feudal society in ancient China?

1, the basic system -- feudal absolutism centralized system

(1) germinated in the Warring States period

Contents: ① Theoretically, during the Warring States period, Han Fei Zi proposed the establishment of a monarchical dictatorship with feudal absolutism centralized system of power. ②In practice, during the Warring States period, Shang Yang of Qin changed the law, stipulating the abolition of feudalism, the implementation of the county system, and the implementation of a centralized system of power.

(2) Established in the Qin Dynasty

Contents: Establishment of the emperor system, the system of three dukes and nine ministers, the county system, and the promulgation of the Qin Law. Unification of weights and measures, currency and writing. Burning books and burying scholars to strengthen ideological control. The law was used as a teaching tool and officials as teachers.

Features: Organic combination of authoritarian decision-making and centralized political system.

(3) Consolidation in the Western Han Dynasty

Contents: Implementation of the system of assassins, promulgation of the "Decree of Pushing Grace" and the "Law of Attachment and Benefit" to solve the problem of the kingdom. The government also adopted the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Respect for the Confucians".

Features: Re-enforcement of the direct rule of the central government over the localities; transformation of Confucianism into a guiding ideology adapted to the needs of centralization of feudal absolutism.

(4) Perfection in the Sui and Tang dynasties

Contents: the implementation of the system of three provinces and six ministries, which led to the formation of a complete and rigorous system of feudal bureaucracy, weakened the power of the phases, and strengthened the power of the emperor. The creation and improvement of the imperial examination system broadened the source of officials. The system of government soldiers was adjusted and perfected.

Features: ① Strengthening the power of the monarch by separation of powers; ② Standardizing and institutionalizing the selection of officials.

(5) Strengthened in the Northern Song Dynasty

Contents: Centralization of military power - the military power of generals and local governors was lifted, and the three magistracies were set up to lead the forbidden army and to check each other with the Privy Council. Centralization of administrative power - the establishment of the Councillor, the Privy Councilor and the Three Secretaries of Departments to divide the political, military and financial power of the Chancellor; and the sending of civil officials to be prefects to check each other with the Tongjian. Centralization of financial power--Set up transfer ambassadors on each road to manage local finances. Centralization of judicial power - the central government sent civil officials to serve as local judicial officers. Through the above measures, the emperor grasped the military, administrative, financial and judicial powers from the central to the local level, and eradicated the foundation of feudal feudalism.

Features: strong trunk and weak branches; local decentralization on the basis of central decentralization.

(6) Development in the Yuan Dynasty

Contents: At the central level, the central official system was improved by the establishment of the Zhongshu Province, the Privy Council, and the Imperial Palace, which were in charge of administrative, military, and supervisory affairs; and the Xuanzheng Yuan, which was in charge of religious affairs and had jurisdiction over the Tibetan area. At the local level, a system of provinces was introduced.

Features: significant development of the local administrative system; establishment of a system of direct administration of border areas by the central government.

(7) Strengthened in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Contents: the abolition of the prime minister at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the power of the six ministries, the local implementation of the separation of powers of the three divisions, the change of the Dajiudu for the five military governorate, the separation of the right to unify the army and the right to mobilize the army, the enactment of the "Laws of the Ming Dynasty", and the establishment of the factory and guards of the secret service agencies. Implementation of the eight-legged examination. The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty system, the establishment of the Office of Military Justice, the great prison of words, and strengthen the centralization of authoritarianism.

Features: The centralization of authoritarianism reached its peak.

(8) Ended in 1912

The Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and ended more than 2,000 years of feudal monarchy in China.

2. Central Administrative System

(1) The system of three principal officials and nine ministers: it was the central administrative system in the authoritarian centralized system created by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, and consisted of the official positions of prime minister, imperial historian, and lieutenant, of which the system of prime ministers lasted for more than 1,000 years, while the imperial historians were also responsible for supervisory affairs, and lieutenants were responsible for the management of military affairs.

(2) Three Provinces and Six Ministries: The Three Provinces and Six Ministries system was a new centralized administrative system created by the Sui Wendi Emperor, who synthesized the official systems since the Han and Wei dynasties. The three provinces are the Shangshu Province, the Zhongshu Province, and the Menxia Province, which are the highest governmental institutions in the central government. Zhongshu Province was responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts; Menxia Province was responsible for reviewing decrees; Shangshu Province was responsible for executing important national decrees, and the governors of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The Six Ministries, i.e., the six Ministries of Revenue, Household, Rites, Military, Criminal Affairs, and Public Works, were subordinate organizations of the Shangshu Province. The three provinces and six ministries had both division of labor and cooperation, and supervised and controlled each other, so that the feudal bureaucracy formed a tight and complete system, which strongly improved the administrative efficiency and strengthened the ruling power of the central government. The division of the phisical power into three weakened the phisical power and strengthened the imperial power. Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the official system are on this basis slightly changed, the substantive situation has not changed much

★Ancient chancellor (prime minister) system of change: Qin set up in the center of the system of three princes and nine secretaries of state, the prime minister as the head, to assist the emperor to deal with political affairs; Western Han Dynasty Emperor Han Wu Di reform of the official system, the implementation of internal and external system, weakening the power of the prime minister; Eastern Han Dynasty Emperor Guangwu to expand the power of the Shangshutai; Sui and Tang Dynasty set up a three-province and six-ministry system, the power of the prime minister is divided into three, the mutual control system, reflecting the power of the emperor, and the power of the emperor. Mutual checks, reflecting the strengthening of imperial power; Northern Song Dynasty in the prime minister under the additional counsellor for the vice-phase, split the administrative power of the prime minister, set up the Privy Councilor to split the military power, set up the three secretaries of state to split the financial power, the prime minister's authority is divided into three, to facilitate the emperor's total power; Yuan Dynasty set up the central book province, set the right and left prime minister, prime minister, for the supreme executive authority, and the establishment of a Privy Councilor, the Royal Palace of History, the Declared Political Yuan, in charge of the military, supervision and religious affairs; Ming dynasty abolished the prime minister, the power of the six departments; Yongle dynasty set up a cabinet, the implementation of the "vote"; Qing dynasty set up the Office of Military Affairs, the remnants of the prime minister system is gone, reflecting the imperial power has reached its peak. From the changes in the emperor to see the split, weakened, step by step to concentrate all kinds of power into their own hands, so as to effectively implement the monarchical dictatorship.

3, local administrative system

(1) feudalism (purpose, object, content, role): In order to consolidate the power of the slave masters, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty politically implemented a system of feudalization of vassals, which consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty and enlarged its territory. It gradually collapsed during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period and was replaced by the county system, which was still retained in some later dynasties.

(2) County system: appeared during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, and was implemented in the whole country by the Qin Dynasty, thus replacing the feudal system in the whole country, greatly weakening the independence of the local authorities, and strengthening the centralized power, which is an epoch-making reform on the local administrative system of China, and the county system has been used for a long time in our country, with far-reaching influence.

(3) Parallel system of counties and states: In the early Western Han Dynasty, the county system was implemented at the local level, and at the same time there was a system of feudal states. The parallel system of counties and states was not conducive to the unified management of the country and posed the danger of division.

(4) the system of partition between Han and Fan: In the territory of Liao, there were many ethnic groups living in the country, and there was a great difference between the Han and Khitan in terms of the level of economic and cultural development and the people's way of life, which led to the implementation of the political system of partition between Han and Fan, i.e., "to rule the Khitans by the system of the state, and to treat the Han by the system of the Han". "It was characterized by the separation of ethnic groups, the essence of class rule rather than ethnic oppression, and promoted the development of Khitan, accelerated the process of feudalization of Khitan, and also promoted the development of multi-ethnic state.

(5) Manganmouke system: After the establishment of Jin, in order to strengthen the ruling power, Bonehart implemented the Manganmouke system, which was a system of unity between soldiers and farmers. Manganmouke was both a military organization and a local administrative organization, which promoted the feudalization of the Jurchen race.

(6) Provincial system: The Yuan Dynasty was a feudal state with an unprecedentedly vast territory, and in order to carry out effective jurisdiction and rule over various places, the Yuan government established the provincial system. Its establishment consolidated the unity of the country, so that centralization of power in the system can be guaranteed, following the Qin Dynasty county system, a major change in the history of China's political system. The province system of the Yuan Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on the political system of later generations, and the provinces have since become the local administrative institutions of China, which were adopted by the Ming and Qing dynasties and have been preserved until today.

(7) Monk-official system: The Ming Dynasty practiced the monk-official system in Tibet. Since the people of Tibet believed in Tibetan Buddhism, the Ming government used the religion to rule the Tibetan people, but stipulated that the monk-officials at all levels should be appointed and dismissed by the imperial court, which strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet.

(8) The Eight Banners System: The Eight Banners System was a system created by Nurhachu, the leader of the Jurchen in the late Ming Dynasty. The Eight Banners System compiled the Jurchen according to the form of military organization, controlled by the nobility, with the three functions of military conquest, administration, and organization of production, and it was a kind of social organization of the soldiers and the people, which was a system of military organization as well as administration and management, and it promoted the development of the Jurchen society. Eight banners army for the Qing dynasty played an important role in the unification of China, but with the invasion of Western capitalism, the eight banners army's own corruption, its combat effectiveness gradually declined in the suppression of the Taiping heavenly kingdom in the process of the rise of the Xiang army, the Huai army, the impact of the impact of its very large, especially in the Qing dynasty, the compilation and training of the "new army" of the large-scale, eight banners army end of life.

(9) Tusi system: The Ming Dynasty followed the Yuan Dynasty's rule in the southwestern ethnic minority areas, where the Tusi system was implemented. These Tusi officials, who were local ethnic minorities, had autonomy over the administration of the jurisdiction and could be hereditary, and possessed a great deal of power, which gradually evolved into a kind of force.

(10) "Rehabilitation": Formation and Development: During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the government began to abolish the government offices in the southwestern ethnic minority areas, and replaced them with the government's dispatch of exiled officials to rule directly; after the Qing Dynasty pacified the Three Clans Rebellion, the Yongzheng Emperor implemented it on a large scale. Reform of the land is a major reform in China's political development, which not only strengthened the central government's rule over the southwestern ethnic minorities and changed the local backwardness, isolation and strife, but also promoted economic and cultural exchanges among the various ethnic groups, and was conducive to the consolidation and development of the united multi-ethnic state.

Awareness: ①Feudal rulers of successive dynasties, through a series of administrative divisions and changes, strengthened the control of the people, the centralization of local power centralized, so that the multi-ethnic state continues to develop. ②From the feudal system to the county system, mainly reflecting the principle of management appointment from the patriarchal blood relations to the administrative appointment relationship changes, belong to the political system of progress. From the county system to the provincial system of change, mainly reflecting the changes in administrative division, generally speaking, with the development of society, the administrative division of the smaller and smaller, more and more. ③ the evolution of the local official system: Qin Shang Yang changed the law to set up counties, after the unification of the implementation of the county system, the county governor for the highest local governor, in charge of military and political power; the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state assassin became the highest local governor; Tang Xuanzong set up sectional ministers, administrative, financial, military and other powers, evolved into the clans and towns; Northern Song Dynasty to reduce the sectional ministers sectional ministers, send civil servants as governor, set up the Tongjian, and centralize the local financial and judicial power (set up the transit ambassador, etc.); Yuan set up the line of the Central Book Province; Ming implementation of the three divisions of power, Chengxuan Buzhengzhi, Tidianzhuzhi and the Commanding General of the Department of mutual control, began to revert to the land; the Qing dynasty in the provinces and districts to set up the governor, governor, generals, ministers of the Office of the management and large-scale restitution of the land to revert to the flow of water.