What is the text expression in the poster?

Definition: Character is a symbol system used by human beings to communicate and a written form of recording language. The historical origin of Chinese characters has a history of 3000 years, counting from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the earliest written material we can see at present. Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a fairly mature writing system, we can infer that Chinese characters must have appeared as far back as 3,000 years ago. The development of Chinese characters can be divided into two main stages. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to seal script is a stage; Judging from the official script of Qin and Han dynasties, there is still a stage. The former belongs to the category of ancient Chinese characters and the latter belongs to the category of modern Chinese characters. Generally speaking, the form of modern Chinese characters has not changed much from official script to today.

Judging from the relationship between Chinese characters and Chinese, Chinese characters are a kind of morpheme words. As far as the structure of Chinese characters is concerned, Chinese characters are a writing system composed of ideographic, phonetic (pictographic and phonetic) and symbols that neither ideographic nor phonetic.

Chinese characters originated from pictures. In the early stage of Chinese characters, the shape of pictographic characters is directly related to the meaning of morphemes it represents. Although each word has its own fixed pronunciation, the glyph itself is not a phonetic symbol, which is different from the pinyin letters. The pronunciation of hieroglyphics is transmitted to it through the morphemes it represents. With the evolution of glyphs, pictographs are becoming less and less pictographs. As a result, the glyph loses its original connection with the morpheme it represents. At this time, the glyph itself is neither phonetic nor semantic, and becomes an abstract symbol. If all morphemes in Chinese are represented by such symbols that neither express sound nor meaning, then Chinese characters can be said to be pure symbolic characters. But this is not the case. Chinese characters can be divided into single words and combined words. Only letter combinations are purely symbolic characters. Combination characters are composed of single characters. Structurally speaking, compound words are one level higher than single words. Because although the single word that constitutes a combined word is itself a symbol, when it is a part of a combined word, it participates as a "word" with sound and meaning. Combination characters can be divided into the following three categories:

① pictophonetic characters. Pictophonetic characters are composed of two parts: pictophonetic characters representing meaning and phonetic characters representing pronunciation. For pictophonetic characters with the simplest structure, pictophonetic characters and homophonic characters are used as characters. As an integral part of pictophonetic characters, these letter combinations are phonetic and meaningful characters. But the shape only takes its meaning, not its sound, such as the "bird" next to the word "pigeon"; The phonetic side only takes the sound, but does not take the meaning. For example, due to the evolution of the meaning and pronunciation of the radical "nine" of the word "pigeon", some pictophonetic characters have lost the function of expressing meaning or pronunciation. For example, "ball" was originally the name of a jade, so it was shaped with "jade". Now the word "ball" doesn't refer to jade, and this shape has no function. Another example is the word "sea", which originally used "every" as the sound. Due to the change of pronunciation, the pronunciation of "sea" and "plum" is far from each other now, and the "plum" beside the sound is useless. Sometimes, the form and sound have lost their original functions, such as "giving, waiting, short". This kind of characters can no longer be regarded as pictophonetic characters.

2 Fit and understand words. The ancients said, "Military strategists must contend" and "people keep their word." This explanation is wrong for the words "nothing" and "letter". However, there are indeed such characters in the Chinese character system, such as "incorrect is crooked" and "bad is bad". This kind of words is characterized by combining the meaning of radicals to express the meaning of the whole combined word. There are few such words, only a few examples.

There is no clear boundary between pictophonetic characters and non-pictophonetic characters. At the beginning of word-making, pictophonetic characters are not necessarily close to their pronunciation. With the development of modern Chinese characters, this difference is even greater. Some people take more than 7500 modern combined Chinese characters for statistics. As far as the pronunciation of Putonghua is concerned, less than 5% of compound words are completely homophonic (initials, finals and tones are the same). About 10% initials have the same vowel but different tones. Only one vowel is the same, accounting for about 20%. If only the first two categories are regarded as pictophonetic characters, then pictophonetic characters only account for 15% of commonly used Chinese characters. If the above three categories are regarded as pictophonetic characters, pictophonetic characters will probably account for 35% of popular Chinese characters. If the standard is relaxed, or the pictophonetic characters are determined completely according to their origins, the percentage of pictophonetic characters in popular Chinese characters will be much higher. Hieroglyphs refer to writing with pure graphics, which are similar in shape to what they represent. Generally speaking, hieroglyphics are the earliest characters. Outline the shape characteristics of the object to be expressed with lines or strokes of words. For example, the word "moon" looks like the shape of a curved moon, and the word "turtle" (traditional [turtle]) looks like the side shape of a turtle. The word "horse" is a horse with four legs. The word "fish" is a swimming fish with a head, a body and a tail. The word "sun" is like a circle with a little bit in the middle, much like the shape people see when they look directly at the sun.

Ideographic characters come from picture characters, but they weaken the nature of pictures and enhance the symbolism. Is the most primitive word formation. It has great limitations, because some physical abstract things can't be drawn. Therefore, Chinese characters have developed into ideographic characters on the basis of pictographs, and other word-making methods have been added, such as cognition, referring to things, pictophonetic characters of six books and so on. However, these new word-making methods still need to be based on the original hieroglyphics, based on hieroglyphics, by splicing, omitting or adding or deleting symbols.

At present, the most widely known hieroglyph in the world is the hieroglyph of ancient Egypt-the holy book. About 5000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians invented a graphic writing called hieroglyphics. This kind of writing is slow and difficult to understand, so about 3400 years ago, the Egyptians evolved a faster and easier font. In addition, Dongba script and Shuishu script adopted by Naxi people in southwest China are the only hieroglyphic systems still in use. As time went on, even the Egyptians themselves finally forgot how to explain the early hieroglyphics. If it weren't for the discovery of French ancient philologists when Napoleon invaded Egypt, it is very likely that archaeologists can't recognize this kind of writing so far.

1799, these French ancient philologists unearthed a black stone tablet engraved with words. The inscription was written in three languages, namely Greek, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and later Egyptian characters. French archaeologist gene paul champollion studied these characters and tried to explain the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt.

Champollion's method of interpreting ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics is: comparing the words on stone tablets, first trying to pick out the hieroglyphics of Ptolemy, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, and then trying to identify the meanings of other hieroglyphics. Champollion published his findings in 1822.

Rosetta stone recorded the same content in three languages, so it became the key to interpret ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Napoléon Bonaparte, a famous French soldier, fought a great battle in Egypt. In order to study Egyptian culture, historians sent by Napoleon excavated many ancient sites.

It is worth mentioning that China's original characters belong to hieroglyphics. Although Chinese characters still retain the characteristics of pictographs, there are other ways to create characters besides pictographs. After thousands of years of evolution, Chinese characters have been far away from the original image, so they are not hieroglyphics, but ideograms. However, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze are also hieroglyphics. In addition, the "head font" and "geometry" of Mayan characters are also. Legend of the origin of Sanskrit letters

The natural alphabet of Sanskrit calligraphy heart sutra is called Sanskrit alphabet by the world because of its long history of spelling Sanskrit. Tiancheng alphabet is a standard alphabet for writing Sanskrit recognized by Indian Buddhism and internationally. The city body in the sky is Devanagri in Sanskrit, which literally translates as the city in the sky. Why is it called Paradise City? According to the Indian point of view, Sanskrit letters were created by Brahma, a Buddhist name commonly known as the Four-faced Buddha in China. It is called Sanskrit because it was created by Brahma. Sanskrit letters are also called "natural forms" because they are used by the gods in heaven. Each letter in the Sanskrit alphabet represents a source of strength. Indians often recite Sanskrit letters when practicing yoga. China Sanskrit expert Qian Wenzhong even copied the Heart Sutra in Sanskrit. Correct pronunciation is needed when reciting Buddhist mantras, because the spelling and pronunciation of Sanskrit words are absolutely regular. Mantras spelled with Sanskrit letters can be spoken and written, and the pure Sanskrit pronunciation of mantras can be maintained, so spelling mantras with Sanskrit letters is the best choice for those who recite mantras. In the history of Indian writing, Brahma created a writing format without spaces between words, so he wrote ancient Sanskrit and copied the sacred Vedas of India. There are no spaces between words. Until modern times, there was no space between orthodox Sanskrit and Hindi words. Since the modern western writing format was introduced to India, India began to imitate the western format, and the characters were separated by spaces, which destroyed the writing format created by Brahma and weakened the magic of Sanskrit letters to some extent. Phonology uses a small number of words and letters to represent the limited phonemes and syllables in the text. Some sounds are represented by some letters, and some letters represent some sounds. China people generally have a misunderstanding that English is a phonetic symbol, but in fact, strictly speaking, English is not a phonetic symbol, because English spelling and pronunciation are seriously out of line, and English is the most irregular language in the world.

The most common characters

Most written languages in the world are written in the following forms:

I Latin letters Europe (except Eastern Europe), Africa (sub-Saharan Africa), North and South America, Oceania, Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines).

Almost all non-Latin alphabet languages have official or established Latin alphabet transliteration methods.

The pinyin system of most non-syllabic languages uses Latin letters.

Second, kirill alphabet (Slavic alphabet) Eastern Europe, some satellite countries of the former Soviet Union also use Slavic alphabet spelling language, such as Mongolia.

3. Islamic countries such as Arabia, North Africa, Iran and Pakistan; Central Asia and Xinjiang

4. Most countries in Indian Peninsula (except Pakistan) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia); Xizang

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Chinese character system The Chinese character system includes not only Chinese characters, but also their extensions, such as pseudonyms and phonetic symbols.

Chinese mainland, Hongkong, Macau, Taiwan Province Province, Singapore and other Chinese-speaking areas, Japan and South Korea use other (often isolated) written languages: Korean (some parts of South Korea adopt Chinese character system), Mongolian (ancient Mongolian), Hebrew and so on.

Text list

In today's major languages, characters are mainly divided into:

Logo Chinese characters (Chinese) Japanese Chinese characters Korean Chinese characters Xixia Jurchen Qidan Egyptian cuneiform syllables Japanese kana Yi vowel marker words (vowels are marked with up and down words or left and right words) Tiancheng Thai Burma Lao Khmer Tibetan Hindi Sanskrit Siddhartha consonant phoneme words Arabic Hebrew whole phoneme words Latin alphabet Cyrillic letters Greek Armenia Georgia Mongolia Korean it with letters (Maldivian) Hehe.