XXX Culture in Idioms Essay

Idioms are fixed phrases that have been used by people for a long time, are concise and pithy, and have a written color. There are idioms in all kinds of languages. The structure of Chinese idioms is stereotyped, most of them are composed of four characters, the structure is solid, and the word order and components cannot be changed at will; the meaning of Chinese idioms is holistic, usually not a simple addition of the meanings of its constituent parts, but a generalization of the overall meaning based on the meanings of its constituent parts. Idioms generally have a source, people in all ages in the use of language for the process of communication, created a lot of verbal works, some of the most expressive phrases after repeated references or processing, and gradually tend to be stereotyped, solidified into idioms passed down. In the Chinese language, there are many idioms from ancient times, which have been used until now. For example, the term "giving orders" was first used in the book of Shangshu (尚书). In January 1996, Long March Publishing House published "Military Idioms" written by Tong Yubin, with 7,500 words, which is a dictionary with the largest number of military idioms so far. The idioms originated from military activities not only enriched the vocabulary of Chinese language, but also became the "language fossil" of military history and culture because of its rich and stable structure, which enabled the military history and culture to be condensed therein. There are mainly the following types of Chinese idioms originating from military activities:

(1) Reflecting Ancient Military Thought

Chinese military thought has a long history. Starting from about the 21st century B.C., ancient Chinese armies and wars have appeared, and ancient military thoughts have been gradually formed. For example, discussions on "retreat in the face of difficulties", "virtue is not to be attacked", and "the first man has a mind to take over others" have already appeared in Zuo Zhuan - Military Zhi. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, China entered the feudal society, and military thinking began to flourish, and a large number of military works came into being. From the end of the 3rd century B.C. to the Qing Dynasty, China experienced more than ten feudal dynasties, during which the military thought developed continuously and military theoretical writings came out one after another. According to statistics, from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, there were more than 2,300 military books published in China, and these finished military theories not only recorded a wealth of information on ancient military thinking, but also provided a linguistic basis for the formation and development of military idioms. From the Chinese idioms that are still in use today, we can still see that many of them reflect ancient military thoughts. For example, the phrase "to use troops by surprise" is one of the guiding principles of combat put forward by the Spring and Autumn Period thinker Laozi, which can be found in Laozi, with the original meaning that one should not stick to the routine of using troops in combat, but should use skillful methods and deployment of troops to overcome the enemy and win the battle; "attacking the brevet is the brevet", "If you attack the enemy, you are brevet" and "If you take advantage of the flaws, you are god" are the guiding ideology of combat put forward by Guanzhong of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, which can be found in Guanzi - System of division, with the original meaning that attacking the enemy's strength will encounter difficulties, while attacking the enemy's weaknesses will be prone to success; "The upper armies are fighting against the strategy" is a military principle put forward by Sun Wu, a famous militarist of the Spring and Autumn Period. Sun Wu, a famous militarist in the Spring and Autumn period, put forward the military principle, the original meaning is to use stratagems to make the enemy yield is the best way to use the army; "the army is not afraid of deception", also put forward by Sun Wu's military thinking, he believes that the army must be used in the war to achieve the purpose of the use of trickery; "visible and into the " and "retreat in the knowledge of difficulties" are strategic ideas put forward by Wu Qi, a military writer of the Warring States period, which are found in "Wu Zi - Expecting the Enemy II", the original meaning of which is that in my unfavorable strategic situation, I can't fight with the enemy; "rich country and strong army" is a strategic idea put forward by Sun Bin, a military writer of the Warring States period, who believes that fighting with troops must use trickery to achieve the goal. "Rich country and strong army", is the strategic idea put forward by Sun Bin, a military man in the Warring States period, see "Sun Bin's Art of War - Strong Army", the original meaning is that only when the country is rich and strong can the army be strong; "Firmness and softness are mutually complementary", is the strategic idea put forward by the pre-Qin military work "Army", the original meaning is that in the military action, the boldness and the wisdom should be skillfully cooperated with each other as the case may be; "break because of the situation", is the Han Dynasty military work "Huangshigong three strategies" put forward in the military thinking, the original meaning is that should follow the situation to break the enemy; "victory and defeat is not constant", is the Ming Dynasty military work "throw pen skin talk" put forward in the military thinking, the original meaning is that the war in the The original meaning is that in war, victory and defeat are not fixed and can be transformed into each other. These idioms are refined expressions of ancient military thought.

(2) Summarizing Ancient War Strategies and Art of War

Many Chinese idioms come from ancient war strategies and art of war. For example, from the Spring and Autumn military works "Sun Tzu" idioms are: the first and the last correspond to each other, to wait for labor, to avoid the real to hit the virtual, baiting soldiers do not eat, the poor do not force, to avoid its sharpness, etc.; from the military works of the Warring States, "Wu Zi" idioms are: the first sound to seize the people to the crowd to hit the oligarchy, the use of power due to the shape, etc.; from the military works of the Warring States, "Sima Law" idioms are: to show the crowd to show that the oligarchy, the futile to sit in the solid, because of its not to avoid, from the run do not rest, etc.; from the military works of the Warring States, "Sun Bin Art of War", "the military works of the Warring States The idioms from the military work "Sun Bin's Art of War" are: camping and leaving it, regulating and leaving it, using the different as the oddity, the guest doubles the main half, living in the life and striking the death, etc.; the idioms from the military work of the Warring States period "Yuliao Zi" are: displaying nothing and showing something, arraying the dense fronts sparsely, fighting with the backwaters, etc.; the idioms from the military work of the Warring States period "Six Towers" are: external chaos and internal rectification, high bases and sharpness, scratching and attacking, counter-victory and dividing and combining and striking, etc. The military work "Thirty-six Stratagems" of the Ming Dynasty is even more typical, and the name of almost every stratagem has entered the treasure trove of Chinese idioms, such as: conceal the truth from the sea, kill with a borrowed knife, wait for the laborers to be ready to take advantage of the situation, rob the fire, strike the west with the sound of the east, create something out of nothing, secretly crossing the border, watch the fire from the other side of the river, hide the knife in a smile, Li Dai Peach Stalemate, pull the lamb out of the hand, hit the grass to scare the snakes, borrow the corpse to return to the soul, transfer the tiger away from the mountain, to escape the tiger, to escape the enemy, to attract the jade by throwing bricks, to catch a thief to catch a king, to draw firewood from the bottom of the cauldron The idioms of "to catch fish in troubled waters", "to escape from the shell of a cicada", "to catch a thief at the door", "to steal a beam and replace it with a pillar", "to point at a mulberry tree and curse a locust tree", "to draw a ladder from the upper floor", "to turn the guest into the master" and so on. These idioms have long been familiar to people.

(3) condensed ancient famous battle

Ancient Chinese military writings included many famous battle cases, the name of these cases or the main method of warfare was solidified for the four-letter format recorded, over time, evolved into idioms and used today. For example, the idiom of "Siege of Wei to Save Zhao" originated from the Battle of Guiling during the Warring States period. According to the Records of the Grand Historian (史记-孙子吴起列传), in the 15th year of King Xian of the Zhou Dynasty (353 BC), King Hui of Wei sent his general Pang Juan to attack Handan, the capital of the State of Zhao, with an army of 80,000 men. Zhao asked for help from Qi, which used Tian Ji as the main general and Sun Bin as the military counselor to lead 80,000 troops to save Zhao. Sun Bin used the strategy of besieging Daliang, the capital city of Wei, to save Zhao, so that the Wei army had to evacuate Handan and go back to save their own country, and Zhao was thus relieved from the siege. Since then, the military strategy of besieging the enemy's rear stronghold and forcing them to withdraw their troops is called "besieging Wei to save Zhao". Another example is that the idiom of "Fake the way to destroy the State of Guo" originated from the war between Guo and Yu during the Spring and Autumn Period when the State of Jin attacked the two countries. According to Zuo Zhuan (左传-僖五年), in the 19th year of King Hui of the Zhou Dynasty (658 BC), the state of Jin asked the state of Yu for a loan of a road to allow its army to cross the border to attack the state of Guo, and the state of Yu acceded to this request. As a result, after defeating Guo, Jin destroyed Yu on the way back. Later, people used the idiom of "False Road to Destroy Guo" to refer to the stratagem of destroying a country in the name of borrowing a road. For example, the idiom "辙乱旗靡" originated from the Battle of Chang Spoon between Qi and Lu in the early Spring and Autumn Period, "城下之盟" originated from the Battle of Chu and Hang in the early Spring and Autumn Period, "退避三舍" originated from the Battle of Cheng Pu between Jin and Chu in the mid Spring and Autumn Period, and "退避三舍" originated from the Battle of Warring States Period. ", from "Reducing Stove and Luring Enemy" in the battle of Maling between Qi and Wei during the Warring States period, from "Chu Song on All Sides" in the battle of Gaixia where Liu Bang annihilated Chu in the early Han Dynasty, from "Pulling Flag and Changing Banner" in the battle of Jingzhu and Zhao in the early Han Dynasty, and from "Changing Flag" in the battle of Jingzhu and Zhao in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

(4) Describing Ancient Military Activities

In Chinese military idioms, there are many vivid descriptions of ancient military activities. For example, the idioms describing the army formation are: white banner and yellow battle-axe, walled barricade, wind boom and horse, golden city and soup, thousands of troops and horses, throwing the whip to cut off the flow, waiting for the battle, etc.; the idioms describing the combat situation are: the back of the enemy, the first to bear the brunt, the four sides of the enemy, the backwater battle, the short battle, the back of the city to borrow a, step by step for the camp, the long drive straight into the, devastated, pressing the troops to stand still, the bullet exhausts the aid, the counterattack, the sweeping of the thousands of troops, The idioms describing the landscape of war and chaos are: the smoke of wolves, the fire of beacons, the rain of bullets, the panic of soldiers, the chaos of horses, the knot of soldiers, the militaristic and so on; the idioms describing the actions of soldiers are: wearing hardened and sharp, charging into battle, single-handedly, the firm armor and sharp troops, the military and so on; the idioms describing the military technology are: a hundred paces through the poplar, a hundred shots, the bullet is not in vain, arrows not in vain, the catty into the wind, and so on; the idioms describing the division of victory are: a hundred steps through the Yang, a hundred shots, a bullet is not in vain, arrows are not in vain, the catty into the wind and so on; the idioms describing the The idioms of describing the victorious division are: winning a hundred battles, bloodless, returning to the court in victory, all-conquering, invincible, victorious over the enemy, as if broken by bamboo, invincible, unrivaled, chasing the dead and chasing the north, sweeping thousands of troops, invincible, winning, never in danger of a hundred battles, sweeping the world and so on; the idioms of describing the defeated division are: unbeatable, the general of the army of the defeat, the remnants of the army of the defeated generals, the defeated troops, the abandoned armor and trailing troops, the whole army was wiped out, and the scattered troops are courageous, The loss of troops, a defeat like water, a defeat, a touch of collapse, fall apart, like birds and beasts scattered, look at the wind, fleeing, etc.; describing the military virtues of the idioms are: the division is famous, the division is straight for the strong, the first courtesy after the army, the apparition of the dagger is not shocked, the箪 food pots and pots of pulp, the autumn is not violated, the horse grams wrapped in corpses, the body of the soldiers, as if they were at home, to die, vowed to die, the mighty and unyielding, and so on.

Army Military orders are like a mountain Lone soldier fighting alone Lone soldier going deeper Thousands of troops Wiped out All the armies Rising out of nowhere Sweeping away thousands of troops Collapsing army

Bravely crowned the three armies

Gun Guns Guns, bullets and rain Single gun, loaded guns Desert with guns on the lips Dialogues with guns

Balls Bullets exhausted Bullets in the ground Guns, bullets and rain Pearls loaded guns

Knife Knives, swords, daggers, mountains of flames, a little test of a bull's knife.