Ancient literati-landscape

Ancient literati often express their feelings for mountains and rivers because they don't understand their aspirations and ideas, and mountains and rivers are magnificent. They feel that the mountains and rivers in nature are all-encompassing, and unconsciously express their lofty aspirations and broad minds with mountains and rivers.

In other words, there are some talented people with certain family background, but they have no ambition to display their talents. They no longer have much hope for worldly things and disdain to associate with a group of utilitarian people. Then live in seclusion in the mountains and rivers and live a carefree life.

Just like modern people's feelings on the Internet, ancient literati's "feelings of mountains and rivers", Zhong Ling's exquisite natural landscape is beautiful and changeable. Since ancient times, literati have always been fascinated by natural landscapes and sang. The result of the combination of beautiful landscape and passionate literati is the beautiful landscape that has been passed down through the ages. "Climbing the mountain and seeing the sea is satisfactory." When we look through the superficial context of these immortal landscape works, it is not difficult to find that they express the personality spirit of cultural people. Throughout the landscape works of ancient literati in junior high school Chinese textbooks, the author's feelings are revealed as follows. First, seclusion. China literati were deeply infiltrated by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thought of detachment from things. When their life path (often their official career) encounters setbacks, they devote themselves to natural landscapes and seek spiritual sustenance from them. "If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are rich, you will help the world." Since you can't "go forward bravely" at the tide of life, put your heart in a harmonious and pure landscape and heal and comfort quietly. Immortal insomnia has created brilliant chapters again and again. Zhu Shu is one of the representatives. Wu Yun, a writer and historian in the Southern Dynasties, angered Liang Wudi by writing Qi Chunqiu and Recording the Evil of the Emperor, and was demoted by burning books. However, Fuchunjiang landscape is lucky. "Flourishing, Tianshan * * * color; Floating from the stream, anything will do. " What a beautiful, quiet, peaceful and pleasant scene! "The water is blue, reaching the bottom of the water, swimming in fish and fine stones, and looking straight at it." You see the river is so clear and transparent, just like the author's mood. If "strange water" is like this, then "strange mountain" is more interesting. The lush green hills make people feel chilly at first sight, which is what Wang Wei called "the mountains are cold and blue today". What's even more amazing is that it is "a race against time, a race against time, and a peak." Here, the words "negative", "contention", "mystery", "Miao", "contention" and "finger" are used together to bring the original static form of mountains and rivers to life. What is even more amazing is the crisp spring sound, melodious bird sound, endless cicada sound and endless ape sound in the mountains, which is simply a symphony of nature. This wonderful situation fascinates not only Wu Jun, but also our readers. Looking at this situation and recalling his own life experience, the author can't help but sigh: "People who fly kites against the sky want their hearts to rest in peace;" He who is in charge of the affairs of the world looks at the valley and forgets to betray. "Despise fame and fortune. There is such a pleasant landscape, why go back to the filthy officialdom! This idea of hating officialdom (even the world is cold) and living in seclusion in the mountains is common in the thoughts of ancient literati (especially those who are down and out). Such as the story of Xiaoshitang, a Buddhist retreat behind the broken mountain temple and drinking. Second, join the WTO. For thousands of years, Taoism of Laozi and Zhuangzi and Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius have almost been the two spiritual pillars of China literati. Sometimes passively closed to the outside world, and sometimes actively joined the WTO; Some people advocate quietism, while others are eager to make great achievements. This idea of actively joining the WTO and eager to show one's ambition is also reflected in landscape works. Please look at Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower. After being demoted, Fan Zhongyan expressed his political ambition of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later". In fact, this work is not a landscape work in the strict sense. Although the author used a lot of space to describe the scenery of Yueyang Tower, this is not an end, but just a foreshadowing. The author's real intention is to use this topic to talk about a person's political ambitions and use it as a guide for his friends. Through the description of two pictures of Dongting Lake, one is cloudy and the other is sunny, this paper leads to the mixed feelings of sadness and joy when the "guest poet" climbs the building. Finally, comparing this feeling with the "ancient benevolent heart" naturally leads to the theme of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later", which pushes the literary trend of thought to a climax. This optimism, which takes the world as its own responsibility, has inspired many people with lofty ideals to abandon personal honor and disgrace and cherish the motherland for thousands of years. There are also many works that express the positive feelings of joining the WTO through mountains and rivers, such as Watching the Sea and Zuiweng Pavilion. Third, the world. There is another kind of work, which is neither as passive and reclusive as Letters with Zhu nor as active as The Story of Yueyang Tower. It reflects the author's pride in maintaining his independent personality and standing out in the world, such as Travel Notes at the Beginning of the Western Mountain Banquet. In feudal society, "learning to be excellent is an official", and those talented and upright literati have similar fate. " I want to eliminate disasters for saints, but in the end I am often demoted, dismissed, and even sacrificed my life. During Yongzhenyuan's reign, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou Sima because he failed to participate in the political reform movement led by Hanlin Bachelor Wang. But this time, the relegation has made the famous landscape of Yongzhou spread through the ages and shine. When he first arrived in Yongzhou as an idle post, Liu Zongyuan's mood was naturally low, and he visited Yongzhou landscape aimlessly all day long. "Give away, swim for a long time" to relieve the depression and sadness in my heart. Sitting on the grass and getting drunk, "the author indulges in idleness and drinks to drown his sorrows." I just want to melt my sadness into the scenery and forget the world. Until one day, I happened to find the Western Hills. Immediately, "ordered servants to cross the Xiangjiang River, dye the river, smash hazelnuts and burn rafts. "Judging from this series of actions, the surprise is self-evident. Climb the western hills and look from a distance, "then the soil in several States is under the mat." High and low scenery, panoramic view. The "uniqueness" of Xishan Mountain is more prominent in comparison with the surrounding scenery. His outstanding and upright image coincides with the author's own image in his mind. He has a kind of joy like finding a bosom friend, so he vividly expresses his feelings of being aloof from things and being proud of the world: "Then knowing is the only thing in the mountains, unlike Pei Qiu. "Where is this written in Xishan? This is clearly the author's portrayal of his own image! When you are overjoyed, you will be drunk when you are full of wine. It is really "a thousand cups of wine meet your bosom friend", so that you can "concentrate on everything" and achieve the realm of blending things with me and harmony between man and nature. Here, the beauty of natural scenery and the darkness of social reality are incongruously stirring the author's emotions. Let him pour his feelings into the mountains and rivers of the western hills, which are not tall, and give them human feelings, making them the embodiment of the author's contempt for the world. Such works that express their unique thoughts and feelings with mountains and rivers include Deng Fei Laifeng and Wang Yue. In short, China's landscape literature is like an endless stream, which has been crystal clear and has been flowing to this day, nourishing our hearts.