The evolution knowledge points of China's mainstream thought of traditional culture

Dong Zhongshu's Neo-Confucianism clothed the rulers with a sacred cloak, and politically advocated the realization of great unity in order to strengthen the monarchical power and safeguard the absolute monarchy; Ideologically, he "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" and maintained feudal autocracy ideologically.

(4) Features: Neo-Confucianism is based on Confucianism, with the framework of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and it is theology, and the mainstream of its philosophical thought is idealism.

(5) Evaluation

Positive: politically, it is conducive to strengthening centralization, consolidating national unity and maintaining feudal rule; Ideologically, Confucianism became the official orthodoxy and established the mainstream position of Confucianism in China traditional culture.

Denial: It is theological and idealistic to maintain the hierarchical order of feudal autocracy. It advocated the policy of obscurantism and became an ideological tool for later feudal rulers to maintain their rule.

4. Impact and challenge (Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties)-Buddhism and Taoism prevailed and the three religions merged.

5. Transformation and Maturity (Song and Ming Dynasties)-Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties

(1) background: the predicament of Confucianism and the revival movement of Confucianism.

(2) content

(1) was founded-Wuzi of Northern Song Dynasty

A. Zhou Dunyi provided the theoretical basis for managing everything.

B, Shao Yong opened the way for the establishment of Neo-Confucianism.

C. Zhang Zai initiated the school of Qi in Neo-Confucianism and was an outstanding representative of materialism in Neo-Confucianism.

D, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi defined the highest category of Neo-Confucianism "Tian Li", the core of which is "benevolence", and the highest realm of cultivation is "benevolence".

② Maturity-Zhu (Master of Science)

A. Ideological propositions: theory of regulating qi, theory of orthodoxy, and theory of mind and nature (preserving nature and restraining human desires), and understanding knowledge by grasping things.

③ New development-Lu Wang Thought.

A. Lu Jiuyuan: Mind is reason, and invention is mind.

B, Wang Yangming: "Nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart, unreasonable outside the heart", the unity of knowledge and action leads to conscience (core).

(3) Evaluation

① Positive: Neo-Confucianism attaches importance to the power of subjective will, integrity, morality, reasoning, self-control and determination, emphasizes people's sense of social responsibility and historical mission, and also highlights the solemnity of human nature, which has a positive effect on shaping the character of the Chinese nation.

(2) Negative: maintaining the autocratic rule of the Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Permanent Principles, maintaining the feudal hierarchical order, and suppressing and strangling people's natural desires.

6. Criticism and Inheritance-Enlightenment Thought in the Early Ming and Qing Dynasties

(1) background

(1) Politically: decadent and backward feudal system.

(2) Economy: the development of commodity economy and the emergence of capitalist bud.

③ Thought: Neo-Confucianism is rigid and stereotyped writing strengthens cultural autocracy.

Characteristics of China's Ancient Scientific and Technological Thought

Pay more attention to humanity than theory, practice and experience. China ancient science and technology is based on farming civilization, which is practical and basically the product of experience, and has not risen to the height of theory; Most of them are direct records of production experience or intuitive descriptions of natural phenomena.

Knowledge sublimation

First, the contribution and practical value of a hundred schools of thought

1, Confucian "benevolent government" and other ideas have the same sense of harmony, which plays a positive role in regulating interpersonal relations and social stability and has reference significance for the people-oriented concept advocated today; The educational thoughts of Confucius and others also provide an important theoretical basis for the implementation of national education and quality education today.

2. The Taoist thought of inaction is of great practical value to the harmonious coexistence between man and nature and the sustainable development of society. Taoist thought constitutes the philosophical basis of China's traditional thought.

3. Legalists' views on the rule of law and reform have reference significance for today's reform and socialist democracy and rule of law construction.

4. Mohism's thought of "universal love" and non-aggression is of great significance to the equality, fraternity, peace and respect for talents pursued by people today.

Second, a comprehensive understanding of Confucianism and its development

1, Confucianism in different periods

(1) Characteristics of Confucianism in Pre-Qin Period

Pre-Qin Confucianists paid attention to practical problems, mainly some political principles and moral norms, and emphasized moral influence, which was idealistic.

First, let's talk about human nature. Confucius' thought of "benevolence" contains the view of human nature, while Mencius and Xunzi are the theory of good nature and evil nature respectively.

Second, everyone advocates governing the country by virtue and by courtesy. For example, Confucius put forward the rule of virtue, and Mencius put forward "benevolent governance".

(2) Confucianism in Han Dynasty

After Dong Zhongshu's transformation, Confucianism in Han Dynasty merged Taoism and Taoism, as well as the thoughts of Yin and Yang and the five elements, which was theological and added the thoughts of the unity of heaven and man, the unity of heaven and man, and the divine right of monarchy. Adapted to the era requirements of consolidating the great unity and strengthening centralization in the Han Dynasty.

(3) Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties

Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties liberated traditional Confucianism from the theological tendency of "the unity of man and nature" and made it more philosophical, speculative and progressive.

(4) Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties

The enlightenment thought in the early Ming and Qing Dynasties did not jump out of the category of Confucianism, but was a new development under the new period and new historical conditions, that is, criticizing and inheriting Confucianism under the specific historical conditions of capitalist germination and constructing new Confucianism with the characteristics of the times. Criticize the outdated ideas of Confucian imperial system, such as emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, attack the imperial system, and advocate that industry and commerce should be the basis and practice the world.

2. Comparison of similarities and differences between Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and Wang's Neo-Confucianism.

(1) similarity

Everyone thinks that the world is rational.

The essence of thought is to use Confucian ethics to restrain society, maintain autocratic rule and restrain people's natural desires.

(3) The influence is the same: they all help the rulers to maintain autocratic rule and suppress and stifle people's natural desires; Neo-Confucianism attaches great importance to the power of subjective will and emphasizes people's social responsibility and historical mission, which has a positive impact on the shaping of the Chinese nation's character.

(2) Difference

① The specific understanding of the origin of the world is different: Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism believes that the origin of the world is an external "reason" and an objective idealistic Neo-Confucianism; Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature holds that the origin of the world is the inner "mind", and the original mind is "reason" and subjective idealism.

There are different ways to grasp "Li": Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism advocates understanding and grasping "Li" by grasping things to know; Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature puts forward that seeking "reason" means inner introspection, striving to strengthen moral cultivation, overcoming selfish desires and restoring conscience, so that you can become a saint.

Third, the difference between ancient science and technology and modern science and technology in China.

China ancient science and technology is based on farming civilization, which is practical and basically the product of experience, and has not risen to the height of theory; Most of them are direct records of production experience or intuitive descriptions of natural phenomena.

Western science and technology are closely related to the mass production of machines, and pay attention to studying the law of things' development through observation and experiment. It is the product of scientific experiments.

Four, China did not produce modern science reasons (decline reasons).

Ancient China was ahead of the world in science and technology for a long time, but it fell behind the world in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was related to the social environment and the obstacles in the construction system. The root cause is the decadent and backward feudal system.

1. Economy: The dominant position of feudal natural economy limited the development of productive forces.

2. Economic policy: feudal rulers pursued the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and suppressed the development of industry and commerce.

3. Politics: strengthening the autocratic monarchy policy, stereotyped writing by literati, imprisoning ideas and destroying culture.

4. Externally: The closed-door policy has hindered the normal cultural exchange between China and the West, making China lose the conditions for absorbing foreign advanced science, technology and culture.

5. Tradition: the bondage of traditional values. Long-term emphasis on literature over reason. The imperial examination mainly examines poetry and fu, countermeasures and so on. Is not conducive to the development of science and technology.