/kloc-population information of China in the 20th century.

China is the most populous country in the world. At the end of 2008, the population of mainland China was 65.438+328 billion, accounting for 20% of the world population and 33% of the Asian population. With the development of China society, the population development of China has gone through a long and tortuous road. Under the strong leadership of the party and the government, through long-term unremitting efforts, the population development has ended the history of high growth and entered the track of healthy development.

China's population policy has made great contributions in the future.

* * * Footprints of the Republic of China-1980: Good family planning

First, the development process of the new China population

Since the founding of New China 60 years ago, China's population development has gone through two different periods: first, before the implementation of the family planning policy, the population development was in a period of unplanned and spontaneous high growth; Second, after the implementation of the family planning policy, population development has gradually moved towards a planned and controllable period of steady growth. The differences between these two different development periods are not only manifested in the changes of birth rate and death rate, but also in the changes of population development mode and population age structure.

(A) the development of the total population

Population development is inseparable from social and economic development. According to the different social and economic development conditions, the development process of China's total population can be divided into the following stages.

1, the first stage of high population growth (1949— 1957)

Before the founding of New China, due to frequent wars, social unrest, economic development and slow population development, it showed obvious characteristics of high birth rate, high mortality rate and low growth rate. After the founding of New China, social stability, economic development, people's living standards and medical and health conditions have been continuously improved. Population development also presents new characteristics, with the mortality rate dropping sharply and the birth rate keeping at a high level, forming a high growth trend with a high natural population growth rate. 1949 The national birth rate was 36‰, the death rate was 20‰, and the natural growth rate was 16‰. At the end of the year, the national population was 542 million. By 1957, the mortality rate dropped to 10.8‰, the natural growth rate rose to 23.2‰, and the total population was 647 million. During the eight years from 1949 to 1957, the population increased by1050,000. This is the "first baby boom" after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

2. Low population growth stage (1958— 196 1 year)

From 1959 to 196 1, natural disasters for three consecutive years have caused economic development to be full of twists and turns, affected people's living standards, and led to a sudden increase in population mortality and a sharp decline in birth rate. 1959, the death rate rose to 14.6‰, and 1960 further rose to 25.4‰, while the birth rate was only 20.9‰. The natural population growth rate dropped sharply, and 196 1 experienced negative growth for two consecutive years.

3. The second stage of high population growth (1962-1970).

After three years of natural disasters, the economic development has gradually improved, the abnormal state of population development has also changed rapidly, the population mortality rate has begun to drop sharply, the strong compensatory birth has made the population birth rate rise rapidly, and the population growth has entered an unprecedented peak since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and it has continued until the early 1970s. During this period, the birth rate reached 43.6‰, with an average of 36.8 ‰. The death rate of the population dropped to below 10‰ again, and decreased steadily year by year, reaching 7.6‰ in 1970. With the increase of birth rate and the decrease of death rate, the average annual natural growth rate of population reached 27.5‰, the average annual birth population reached 26.88 million, and the net increase of population in eight years was 654.38+57 billion, which was the "second birth peak" after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Before the 1970s, the problems brought by the rapid population growth caused people's constant reflection, but there were still many vague and even wrong understandings on how to deal with these problems. There have never been clear policies and actions to control population growth in a planned way. Therefore, the above three stages can be said to be unplanned and spontaneous periods of high population growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The sharp increase of the total population in this period not only directly affected the healthy operation of the national economy at that time, but also had an inevitable impact on China's population development and economic operation for a long time to come.

4. The population has a controlled growth stage (1971-1980).

In 1970s, especially at the end of 1970s, the population development in China has undergone fundamental changes. The pressure brought by the rapid population growth since the founding of New China has made people realize that population control is imminent. The government of China began to implement family planning, and successively formulated and improved clear family planning policies, which quickly controlled the momentum of high birth rate and high population growth rate. The population has entered a planned and controllable growth period from unplanned and spontaneous high growth. During this period, the birth rate and natural growth rate decreased rapidly, from 30.7‰ and 23.4‰ of 197 1 to 18.2‰ and1.9 ‰ respectively. However, due to the huge population base, the absolute number of net population increase in China is still considerable at this stage. 1971-1980, the total population of China increased from 852 million to 987 million, with a net increase of 654.38+35 million, exceeding the net increase of the first baby boom.

5. The third stage of population growth (1981-1990)

After the 1980s, the country raised the implementation of family planning and the control of population growth to a strategic level, and family planning was determined as a basic national policy, and the measures to control population growth were more stringent. However, due to the population born in the "second baby boom" in the early 1960s, the revision of the Marriage Law in the early 1980s made many people under the age of late marriage enter the ranks of marriage and childbearing in advance, and the birth rate rebounded. The birth rate rose from 18.2‰ in 1980 and 20.9‰ in 198 1 year to a peak of 23.3‰ in 1987. 1981-1990 shows a net increase of1430,000, with an average annual increase of15.84 million, and a total population of11430,000. This is the "third baby boom" after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

6. Steady population growth stage (199 1 year to date)

After entering the 1990s, with the continuous strengthening and improvement of family planning work, the high birth rate in the 1980s was controlled and continued to decline steadily. The annual birth rate of 199 1 was 19.7‰, but it dropped to 12. 1‰ in 2008, and 13 years decreased by 7.6 ‰, which was stable at a low level. Since 1998, the natural population growth rate has dropped below 10‰ for the first time. Since 2000, the annual net increase in population has been below100000, and the population of China has entered a stage of steady growth.

(B) the type of population reproduction changes

The type of population reproduction is the characteristics of population reproduction formed by the combination of birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate, which is suitable for a certain stage of social productivity development. With the continuous development of social economy, population development generally goes through a process from the traditional population reproduction with high birth rate, high death rate and low natural growth rate to the transitional type with high birth rate, low death rate and high natural growth rate, and then to the modern type with low birth rate, low death rate and low natural growth rate.

1, the transformation process of population reproduction type in China.

In the past 60 years, with the changes of social economy, people's living standard and national population policy, the reproduction type of China population has undergone two major changes.

Before the founding of New China, China's population reproduction type was in the stage of high birth, high death and low natural growth. After the founding of New China, people's living standards have been continuously improved, medical and health undertakings have been continuously developed, many malignant infectious diseases have been controlled, and the population mortality rate has dropped rapidly. At the same time, social stability also provides a good environment for childbirth. Except for three years of natural disasters, the birth rate has remained high, which led to the first major change in the type of population reproduction in China-from the stage of high birth, high death and low natural growth in old China to the stage of high birth, low death and high natural growth. This stage lasted until the early 1970s, spanning the first three stages of population growth and the two birth peaks since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

In the 1970s, with the extensive development and continuous strengthening of family planning work, the birth rate began to decline, the mortality rate continued to decline steadily, and the types of population reproduction showed new changes. At present, the population mortality rate has been at a low level, from 7.3‰ of 197 1 to 6.9‰ of 1977, and the mortality rate has remained below 7‰. The birth rate dropped from about 30‰ in the early 1970s to about 20‰ in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the birth rate continued to decrease, and in 2008 it dropped to 12. 1‰. It can be said that from the early 1970s, the population of China began to transform into a modern population. At this point, the population of China has completed the second great transformation to low birth rate, low mortality rate and low natural growth, and entered the modern population reproduction.

2. The transformation characteristics of population reproduction types in China.

China, as a developing country with a large population, has undergone great changes in the types of population reproduction since the founding of the People's Republic of China, all under the condition of low level of economic development. In particular, the family planning policy promoted by the government has played a decisive role in the transition from transition to modernization. Therefore, the change of population reproduction type in China is not a natural change brought by economic development, but has its own particularity compared with other countries.

Fast speed and short cycle are the remarkable characteristics of the transformation of population reproduction type in China. The demographic transition in developed countries is gradually realized with the continuous improvement of economic development level and the slow decline of mortality and fertility level, and has gone through a long process of natural transformation. In China, after the founding of New China, with the development of medical and health undertakings and the improvement of people's living standards, the population mortality rate dropped from 20‰ in 1949 to 17‰ in 1952, and then dropped rapidly to 1957 in just five years, which is a speed. From the change of life expectancy, 1949 is only 35 years old, 1957 is only 57 years old, and198/kloc-0 is only 68 years old. In more than 30 years, the average life expectancy of the population has increased by more than 30 years. The speed of promotion far exceeds that of developed countries.

The second change of population reproduction type in China is the change of fertility level from high to low. Compared with other countries, this change also shows the characteristics of fast speed. Before 1970s, the fertility level of women in China was very high, ranging from 1949 to 1969, with an average fertility rate of 5.8 and a birth rate of 33.8‰. After 1970s, the fertility level began to decline rapidly, and the total fertility rate dropped from 1972 to below 5.0, reaching 1977. At the end of last century, the total fertility rate dropped to about 1.8, and the rapid decline of the birth rate in China is a miracle in demography.

(3) The age structure of the population has completed the transformation to the old-age type.

1, reasons for the change of population age structure

The age structure of population refers to the proportion of each age group in the total population in a certain period. It is the comprehensive effect of birth, death and migration of population in the past and present on population development, and it is also the result of economic growth and social development.

After the founding of New China, with the increasing investment in medical and health fields, the health status of the population has been continuously improved, and the mortality rate of the population has dropped rapidly, especially among young people. The birth rate is still high, so the population exploded. 1962- 1970 China has created the peak level of the annual population growth rate in history so far.

Because the decline of birth rate lags behind the decline of death rate, the protruding part of the population age pyramid is produced. As time goes by, this protruding part is also moving, from adulthood to adulthood, and finally to old age. This has caused the age structure of China population to change from young and adult to old.

2. The characteristics and present situation of population age structure change.

The age structure of the population is closely related to the demographic transition. With the change of population and the development of social economy, the age structure of population in most countries in the world is gradually changing from young to adult to old. The population transition in western developed countries is a gradual process with the deepening of industrialization and modernization, which has gone through about 150 years. China, on the other hand, is experiencing a more rapid demographic transition under the condition of underdeveloped economy, with obvious human traces, and the age structure of the population has also changed rapidly, that is, it has directly changed from a relatively young population structure to a relatively aging population structure.

During the two censuses, 1953 and 1964, the age structure of China's population was basically younger. After the 1970s, especially after the family planning policy was vigorously implemented, with the sharp decline of the birth rate and the total fertility rate, the proportion of children decreased and the proportion of the elderly increased, which accelerated the change of the age structure type of the population. By the third census 1982, the population age structure had initially entered the adult type, and by the fourth census 1990, the population age structure had become a typical adult type. Since then, the age structure of the population has been aging continuously, especially since the 1990s, the aging process of the population has accelerated, and the age structure of the population has begun to change to the old-age type. By the fifth census in 2000, the population over 65 in China reached 88 1. 1.000, accounting for 6.96% of the total population, which means that China has entered the ranks of aging countries.

According to the results of the sampling survey of population changes in 2008, the population aged 65 and above accounted for 8.3% of the total population in 2008, which was 1.3 percentage points higher than that in the fifth census in 2000, indicating that China's population aging is still developing further (see table 1, table 2).

3. The challenge of population age structure: population aging.

When people pay attention to the enormous pressure brought by the rapid population growth in China, the age structure of the population in China is also aging quietly, which makes us face another severe challenge: the problem of population aging.

China's aging population has the following three characteristics: First, there are a large number of elderly people. According to the sampling survey data of population change in 2008, in 2008, China's elderly population aged 65 and above reached 1. 1 billion, accounting for 23% of the world's elderly population and 38% of Asia's. Second, the aging of the population is fast and fierce. China's population age structure has only taken about 18 years from adulthood to old age, which is quite amazing compared with developed countries. It is predicted that by 2020, the proportion of elderly people aged 65 and above in China will reach 1 1.92%, which is 4.96 percentage points higher than that in 2000. By then, one in every eight people will be 65 years old or older. After 2020, the degree of aging will continue to increase. By the middle of 2 1 century, the proportion of the elderly population will reach 25%, and there will be 1 elderly in every four people. Third, the aging population is ahead of economic development. The population aging in developed countries appears in the period of economic development and has strong tolerance for aging. At the same time, due to the slow aging, a longer preparation and adaptation period is allowed. China's aging population is due to the sharp decline in fertility rate, which is ahead of economic development, that is, "getting old before getting rich", and the weak economic foundation has not yet been able to support the elderly population.

At present, although China has entered an aging society, it is still in the early stage of population aging. In the future, population type and China will change from mild aging to deep aging, and then to severe aging. The wave of silver hair will become one of the main population problems in China in the 2nd/kloc-0th century. How to build a bridge between coping with population aging and promoting economic and social development to achieve a win-win situation is an urgent problem for us to study and think about.