How is paper made step by step

Question 1: How is paper made The process of making paper

1:Cutting down trees to make material 2:Cutting to proper length 3:Stripping off the bark 4:Cutting into pieces 5:Cutting into thin slices

6:Concentrating the thin slices and transporting them to paper mills 7:Making pulp with medicated water and steam 8:Rinsing with medicated water

9:Removing impurities 10:Bleaching the pulp 11:Adding medicated water to the pulp 12:Draining the water with a net

13:Drying the water on a felt at high temperature to absorb the water 14:Drying the water at high temperature to absorb the water 14:Drying the water with a net to drain the water

14:Drying the water at high temperature to absorb the water Add water to pulp 12:Drain with net

13:Put on felt to absorb water 14:Dry at high temperature 15:Calendering with calender

16:Make paper rolls

===================

In China, the invention of paper can be attributed to the eunuch Cai Lun of the Han Dynasty (circa 105 A.D.), who was a member of the Chinese government. ; Chinese edition editor's note: historical evidence from recent years suggests that this date is further back in time). At that time, paper was made from bamboo roots, rags, hemp, and other raw materials, and the manufacturing process involved mashing, boiling, filtering, and spreading the residue to dry in the sun. The manufacture and use of paper gradually spread to the northwest with the Silk Road trade activities. A paper mill was built in Baghdad, Persia in 793 AD. From here the art of papermaking spread to the *** countries, first to Damascus, then to Egypt and Morocco, and finally to Aixerovia in Spain. The Moors built the first paper mill in Europe in 1150 AD. Later, paper mills were built in 1189 in Hollande, France, in 1260 in Vabreano, Italy, and in 1389 in Germany. After that, there was a man named John Tait in England. Tait (John Tent), a London merchant began making paper in 1498 during the reign of King Henry II. In the 19th century, paper made from rags and plants was largely replaced by paper made from vegetable pulp.

Unlike parchment: paper was relatively cheap and could be produced in large quantities and quickly, something that was important for the printing of books. The first book to be printed was the Gutenberg Bible, published in Germany in 1457 in honor of Johannes Gutenberg. This goldsmith from Mainz invented the first movable type printing plate. The advent of the printed book accelerated the work of professional writers.

Question 2: How was paper made in ancient times It is generally believed that Chinese papermaking began in 105 AD, Cai Lun is the originator of papermaking, but this is not entirely true. In fact, the invention and application of paper far before. Of course, Cai Lun's promotion and improvement of Chinese papermaking was also very important, as he replaced the silk floss that was the raw material for paper making with cheaper and more readily available materials, such as tree bark, rags, and fish nets. Because of the abundance of materials, the production of paper increased dramatically, and Gong spread the use of paper to the general public. In later times, the improvement of various paper-making techniques was popularized according to Cai Lun's method.

The works on papermaking to the Ming Dynasty Song Yingxing's "Tian Gong Kai Wu" in the most detailed records. The 13th "to kill" on paper, bamboo paper, leather paper records, can be said to be the development of China's traditional papermaking to the highest peak of the summarized account. Which can be divided into five steps:

Chopping bamboo drift pond

The first step is "chopping bamboo drift pond". The so-called "kill the green" refers to chopping bamboo as a raw material and the name, bamboo is an important source of paper-making in ancient times, so the abundant production of bamboo in South China, especially in Fujian, is the main source of bamboo paper, paper-making bamboo material to the new bamboo will be born branches and leaves of the newborn bamboo is good. Paper craftsmen usually cut bamboo in the mountains before and after the mango, each bamboo cut into 5 to 7 feet long, and then digging ponds on the spot, will be cut off the bamboo in the pond immersed in 100 days, out of the hard pounding to make the green shells and bark off, the purpose is to let the bamboo material is softened.

In the 19th century, the source of material for papermaking shifted from rags to wood, which was easier to obtain and less expensive. However, because wood fibers are made of lignin, the lignin oxidizes, which is the cause of the yellowing of the paper, and this problem is exacerbated by the addition of acids to the papermaking process.

Boil wood king foot fire

"Tiangong Kaiwu" in the production of bamboo paper in the 2nd step is to mix the bamboo material into the lime water immersed in the wood king barrel steaming 8 days and nights, after the lye cooking, raw materials in the lignin, resin, gum, resin and other impurities are removed. And then take out the cooking of raw materials into the pond rinsing, and then put into the pot soaked in lime water cooking, and so on repeatedly for more than ten days. After repeated steaming, rinsing, bamboo fiber gradually decomposed.

Nowadays, the production of pulp has changed to caustic soda instead of lime water. Caustic soda is more alkaline, can make the wood fiber decomposition. In addition, also added chlorine to remove impurities in the wood pulp, the purpose is to be used for bleaching, but the discharge of wastewater will contain organochlorine, which is very harmful to the ecological environment. At present, the paper industry has invested a lot of money to remove toxins, and research new bleaching method, such as chlorine dioxide instead of to reduce the generation of organochlorine.

Swinging material into the curtain

The third step of the ancient method of papermaking is to take out the boiled raw materials in the stone mortar pounded into mud surface, pounded raw materials with the right amount of water blending, so that the fibers are completely separated and soaked in water, become a suspension of paper fibers, and then dumped inside the paper tank. Then filtered in the pulp with a fine bamboo curtain, the paper fibers remain on the bamboo curtain to form a layer of Jing paper film.

This process is the most labor-intensive in the papermaking process, paper craftsmen standing next to the paper trough to repeat the scooping, lifting the bamboo curtain and other actions, each time the weight of up to 20 kilograms. In addition to fishing paper also rely on experience, copying the light paper will be too thin, copying too heavy paper will be too thick, entirely based on the craftsmen's techniques.

Covering the curtain pressure paper

Fishing through the pulp of the bamboo curtain inverted on the press board, and then carefully remove the bamboo curtain, the layer of Jing paper film will fall on the board. Slowly stack up layers of paper, and then press with heavy weights to discharge the water in the paper. Heavy pressure under the paper film is also slowly molded into a sheet of four-square paper, handmade paper daily each artisan can only do an average of 300 to 500 sheets of paper. Modern paper mills a mechanical daily production of paper rolls in tons, according to statistics, today's global paper mills produce more than 300 million tons of paper per year, equivalent to the global automobile production of three times the total weight.

Roasting through the fire

Roasting paper in the alley is two brick walls made of earth bricks, there are gaps between the bricks to let the heat out. When roasting paper, a fire is first built in the alley, and then a sheet of wet paper is spread on the wall with light copper tweezers. The heat emitted from the gaps makes the paper dry slowly, and when it is dry, it is a usable paper.

Mechanical papermaking allows people to fully enjoy the convenience of life, but a large number of waste paper to make people hurt their brains. 1995 U.S. has done a statistics, found that the average amount of paper used by Americans a year is 332 kilograms. Originally thought that after the advent of the computer century will reduce the use of paper, the results of environmentalists were greatly disappointed, the use of paper does not reduce but increase. In addition to the recycling of waste paper, scientists are also researching a variety of new uses for old paper, such as the production of waste paper as the main raw material for construction materials, in the hope of reducing the number of human logging

The link has a detailed picture ... >>

Problem 3: How a paper is made Teaching Objectives: Inquiry: to be able to say the main raw materials for papermaking and the main components of paper, the process and methods of papermaking in paper mills, and the role of recycled paper made from waste paper. Knowledge: 1, will use waste paper to make recycled paper, and can say the papermaking process. Emotions: can actively cooperate with others to manufacture recycled paper. Teaching focus: know the main raw materials for paper making and the main components of paper. Teaching Difficulties: to understand the paper making process and methods of paper mills, can use waste paper to make recycled paper. Teaching aids: paper, home blender, waste paper, gauze, over the net, etc. 2, the teacher introduces the main raw materials and main components of paper making. Introduce the paper making process in the paper mill. 2, let the students describe the main process in the paper mill. 3. Third, hands-on manufacturing "recycled paper" 3, according to the students answer, summarize the steps of papermaking, in small groups as a unit hands-on manufacturing recycled paper. Teacher guidance: (1) soak the paper into the water must be torn into very small pieces or napkins, toilet paper and other easy to soak soft paper; (2) soak the soft paper must be stirred into a uniform pulp; (3) pulp must be poured evenly over the net; (4) be sure to absorb the water after removing the manufactured paper. Fourth, recognize the importance of saving paper 4, after-school survey. V, homework design: see homework selection 11 VI, board design; the process of producing paper: take raw materials ------- steaming ------ pulping ------ papermaking ------ finished products

Question 4: ask how paper is made ah? 2. Cooking how to foot fire will be obtained from the above bamboo, into how to barrel with lime together with the steaming eight days and eight nights.

3. Pound the mortar Take out the bamboo from the above process, put it into the mortar and pound it with a stone pestle until the bamboo is broken down and shaped like a clay surface.

4. Swinging the material into the curtain Pour the battered bamboo material into the water tank, and use the bamboo curtain to swing the material in the water, the bamboo material becomes a thin layer attached to the top of the curtain, and the rest of the water flows down from the four sides of the curtain into the tank.

5. Cover the curtain pressure paper Then the curtain repeatedly over, so that the wet paper falls on the board, that is, into a paper. In this way, repeat the swinging material and cover the curtain steps, so that a sheet of wet paper stacked thousands of sheets, and then on the top of the board with a heavy pressure to squeeze out most of the water.

6. Roasted through the fire will be wet paper sheet by sheet up, and to be roasted. Baking paper equipment is to brick earth into a sandwich alley, the alley fire, earth brick temperature rises, wet paper one by one posted on the drying. After drying, the paper is uncovered into the paper.

Modern papermaking methods[edit] The modern papermaking process can be divided into pulping, modulation, copying, processing and other major steps

1. Pulping process Pulping is the first step in papermaking, the general method of turning wood into pulp mechanical pulping, chemical pulping and semi-chemical pulping method.

2. Modulation process The modulation of paper for the other focus of papermaking, paper after the completion of the strength, color, printability of the advantages and disadvantages of paper preservation period is directly related to it.

Generally common modulation process can be roughly divided into the following three steps: a. scattered pulp b. pulping c. adding glue and filling

3. Copying process The main work of the paper copying department is to thin the paper, so that it is uniformly intertwined and dewatering, and then drying, calendering, rolling, cutting, selection, packaging, so the general common processes are as follows:

a. Screening of paper materials will be modulation and then dilute the paper into the paper, and then the paper is diluted into the paper, and then the paper will be cut into the paper. The modulated paper is then diluted to a lower concentration, and through the screening equipment, sieve out the debris and undissociated fiber bundles again to maintain quality and protect the equipment.

b. Mesh section The paper stock flows out of the headbox onto a circulating copper or plastic mesh that is evenly distributed and interwoven.

c. Press section The wet paper removed from the mesh surface is led to the two rollers with a burlap, and the wet paper is further dewatered by the squeezing of the rollers and the absorbing effect of the burlap and the paper is made tighter to improve the surface of the paper and to increase its strength.

d. Calendering As a result of the wet paper after pressing, its moisture content is still as high as 52 - 70%, at this time has been unable to use mechanical force to press the water, so instead of letting the wet paper through a number of internal hot steam cylinder surface to make the paper dry.

e. Rolls of paper As a result of the wet paper after the press, its moisture content is still as high as 52 - 70%, at this time has been unable to use mechanical force to press the water, so instead of letting the wet paper through a number of internal heat through the surface of the cylinder steam to make the paper dry.

g. Cutting, selection Packaging: Take the front has been rolled into a cylinder of paper rolls, with a paper cutter cut into a sheet of paper, and then manually or mechanically selected, eliminating broken or stained paper, and finally every five hundred packages into a package (usually called an order).

Question 5: How is the paper made? You can do it yourself ~ recycled paper is made from waste paper as raw material, it will be broken, de-colored pulp after a variety of processes to produce paper. 80% of its raw materials from recycled waste paper, which is known as low energy consumption, light pollution of environmentally friendly paper. With the enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, recycled paper products are more and more recognized and welcomed by people. Materials: toilet paper, dead leaves (onion skin and other special skin), rags, old newspapers, juicer, silk version of a twenty, wooden frame, bucket, mulberry fruit or other dyed plants. Step 1: Tear up the toilet paper and pour it into the juicer together with water, and break it into pulp, not too long, about thirty seconds. (If you are using recycled photocopy paper, shred it and soak it for more than half a day.) Step 2: Tear up the onion skins or leaves and add to the mix. Step 3: Add mulberries or other coloring plants and mix well. (The color is darker at this point, but will fade quite a bit as the piece takes shape) Step 4: Place the silk on the bottom and the wooden frame on the top, with a rag underneath. Pour in the mixed paper pulp. You can add more complete leaves at this point (or make leaf vein specimens before class) to create a simple texture. Step 5: Allow to dry for three to four days, then carefully remove the paper to create your own recycled paper.

Start with some paper towels, warm water, a drying rack, a pair of connecting ***, a basin, a dry towel, a few sheets of newspaper, and an empty bottle.

First, tear the paper towels and put the shredded paper in an empty bottle. The hanger folded into a square, set into the even ***, fixed tightly into a filter, put the warm water and paper into the bottle, cover the lid and shake vigorously, slowly paper into pulp. Then pour the pulp on the filter, the water flowed in the basin, I also added a favorite dawn red in the water it! Wait until the water filtered almost, with a dry towel to cover the filter, squeeze out the water, and then put the filter on the newspaper and then squeeze out some water, and finally, I clamped the recycled paper in the used rice paper pressed under a few books, and after a while take out and put on the balcony to dry in the sun, the recycled paper is done. Method 1: use waste paper to make recycled paper.

Material: waste paper (recommended to use old newspapers), flour or starch.

Tools: electric mixer, bucket, large plastic pot, dry cloth, glass rod, test tube or rolling pin, paper mesh.

Steps:

① a number of shredded paper into the bucket, add water to soak, preferably overnight.

② waste paper soaking soft, pour off the excess water, after the waste paper into the electric mixer, add a little water, stirring to make it a paste pulp.

③ Add a little starch or flour in the pulp (to make the paper smooth and easy to write), stir well.

④ the pulp poured into a large plastic basin, hold the paper frame with both hands, push it forward in the water, carefully raised from the basin level of the paper screen, if there is no paper screen, can be used to pad the dry cloth of the iron screen instead. A layer of pulp will remain on it; if the pulp is too thick, make another one. Place a towel on a clean flat surface, turn the paper frame over so that the flattened pulp is poured onto a dry cloth, place another dry cloth on top of the pulp, and gently roll it over the top with a test tube or rolling pin to squeeze the water out of the pulp.

⑤ After about five minutes, gently and firmly tear up the paper from the corner edges, place it on a smooth flat surface, leave it to dry completely, and then use scissors to cut the paper flush on all sides.

Method 2: Make paper from plants around us.

① Collect the leaves of plants and cut them into small pieces of about 2 centimeters.

② the equivalent of the weight of the leaf fragments l / 5 of the washing powder dissolved in water, and then the plant leaves into the boil for about 1 hour.

③ Wrap the boiled plant leaves in a cloth and rinse with water.

④ Wring out the water and pound the leaves with a wooden stick.

⑤ Stir the mashed leaves with water and use a strainer to copy the paper.

⑥ Put the copied paper in the sun to dry, and the paper is made.

[the production of paper screen] with wire (diameter 1mm or so) bent into a rectangular frame, the size of the book area. Sets on a waste nylon *** tie, so that the screen collapsed, will be made into a copy of the paper gauze. This screen is better than the wooden frame to do, the production is also convenient, can be made into a4 a5 size, and then the larger it is more difficult to have such a large basin to hold the pulp.

1. Recycled paper with natural colors:

Adding different natural substances to the pulp, such as leaves (tea), fruits (yellow mast flowers), peels (orange peel), etc., can change the color of the recycled paper, with natural, and not easy to fade. It is recommended to try spinach and carrots, with orange peel effect is actually not very good.

2. Recycled paper with natural flavors:

Add different flavors of natural substances in the pulp ...... >>

Question 6: How wood is made into paper The raw material for paper making is mainly plant fiber, raw materials in addition to containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, three major components, but also other components with less content, such as resins, ash and so on. In addition, there are auxiliary components such as sodium sulfate.

In addition to plant fibers in the paper, you need to add different fillers according to different paper materials.

For example, copper-based antimicrobial paper is the copper ion composite in polyacrylonitrile (commonly known as: acrylic) on the first contact acrylonitrile, the production of modified acrylic composite fibers, and then the modified acrylic with the addition of plant fibers with a variety of uses of the paper, you can produce antimicrobial paper.

And now the environmental protection calls are growing, paper mills have introduced a different percentage of recycled paper components added to the paper, there are 100% recycled paper, there are only 50% recycled paper components added to the paper, suitable for different customers' needs. Recycled paper comes from waste paper, which can be reused after sterilization and pulping. The purpose of the pulping system is to completely shred the waste paper without damaging the fibers and without breaking the non-paper content.

Chemical composition of raw materials

Plant fibers contain

1, cellulose

In cotton, the cellulose content of more than 90%; wood, reeds, reed, reed also contains 40 to 50% of cellulose. From a papermaking point of view, in the pulping process should try to retain cellulose to improve pulp yield and paper strength.

2, hemicellulose

In the plant fiber raw materials, broadleaf wood and grass raw materials in the hemicellulose content can be as high as 30% or so; and in coniferous wood generally contains only 20% or so; less in cotton. In order to improve the pulp yield and paper strength, in the pulping process should also try to retain some hemicellulose.

3, lignin

In the coniferous wood, lignin content of 30% or so, and grass raw materials generally contain 20% or so, cotton, flax does not contain lignin. Chemical pulping is the use of chemicals to make the cells between the bonding material to dissolve part of the fibers separated from each other into pulp. The more lignin in the raw material, the more difficult to make pulp, the more chemicals to be consumed.

Secondary components:

Plant fiber raw materials contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, in addition to the three major components, there are other components with less content, such as resin, ash and so on. In general, the content of commonly used raw materials is not large, the papermaking will not cause much difficulty. But if the content is too much for some special requirements of the paper must take appropriate measures to be removed.

1, resin, fat

General raw material content is less, are less than 1%, but in the pine wood content is more, their viscosity is large, easy to bond into a group, such as sticking to the copper net and pressure roller, resulting in difficulties in copying the paper, in the paper is the formation of transparent resin points, reducing the quality of the paper. They are easy to generate soap with alkali action, and dissolved in water, so more resin-containing pine are generally used in alkaline pulping to reduce their harm. Fat is generally not harmful, can also be dissolved by saponification.

2, starch, pectin

Starch for the cellular cavity of the storage material, not much, easily soluble in hot water, no effect on pulp and paper. General raw materials containing pectin is not much, they are easy to be dissolved by dilute alkali decomposition. In plants in the form of pectinates, is considered to be the source of ash in plants. Flax and other bast fiber cell medium is mainly pectin, only a small amount of alkali cooking can be degumming.

3, tannins, pigments

General raw materials in the content of less harmful, they are easy to be hot water extraction. But when the content is more should try to pump out beforehand, otherwise the color of the pulp is darker and not easy to bleach.

4, ash

Ash is inorganic salts in plant fiber raw materials, mainly potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon salts. Wood in the ash are between 0.2 ~ 1.0%, grass raw materials in the ash is slightly higher. General paper on the ash content of raw materials have no special requirements. But in the production of electrical insulation paper, must remove the ash in order to achieve a certain quality requirements. Grass raw materials, especially rice straw ash is high, the ash content of SiO2 is higher, resulting in difficulties in alkali recovery. Reduce or eliminate the interference of silicon in alkali recovery, which is a problem yet to be solved. I hope to adopt!

Question 7: How to make paper by hand? Steps:

1. Break up the paper with water to make a paste~

2. Add white dye to the "pulp" ~

3. Make a wire rectangle and put an old *** on it to make it look like a "strainer" ~

4. "~

4. Place the wire frame in the pulp and slowly lift it up ~

5. Dry the wire frame and you're done! ~