History of Chess

History of Xiangqi

Chinese chess has a long history.

During the Warring States period, there were official records of Xiangqi, such as: "Castaway Xiangqi, there are six books; divided into Cao and advance, Thucydides, into the Lords and Mou, call five white.

".

"Saying Yuan": Yong Menzi Zhou met Meng Chang Jun with the qin, saying: "The king of the thousand vehicles, ...... Yan is fighting chess and dancing with the Zheng woman.

" It can be seen that as far back as the Warring States period, chess was already popular among the aristocracy.

Based on the above and the shape of Xiangqi, it can be deduced that Xiangqi came into existence in the clan areas of southern China around the time of the Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC).

The early Xiangqi system consisted of three types of instruments: the chess piece, the chopsticks, and the board.

The two sides traveled in lines, each side had six pieces: the lord, the lu, the pheasant, the calf, and the plug (two pieces).

The pieces are carved from ivory.

Sticks, equivalent to dice, are thrown before the game.

The board is a square-shaped chessboard.

During the game, "throwing six chopsticks and playing six pieces", they fight with each other, attack each other and force each other to the death.

During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the military system was based on a five-member army, with one captain and six ****s, and the soccer game, which was a military training game, was also played by six people on each side.

It can be seen that the early chess was a game that symbolized the battles of the time.

On the basis of this chess system, later there was a chess game called "Sai", which only played chess without throwing chopsticks, getting rid of the element of fluke victory in early chess.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the game of "Sai" was very popular, and it was also called "Ge Wu" at that time.

From Hubei Yunmeng Western Han Tomb unearthed plug play chessboard and Gansu Wuwei Mazizi Han Tomb unearthed painted wooden figurines plug play, can be reflected in the Han Dynasty Bian Shao "plug the fugue" in the description of the plug play form.

During the Three Kingdoms period, the form of chess continued to change and had spread to India.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, during the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu (reigned from 561 to 578 AD) developed the Xiang Jing, Wang Berg wrote the Xiang Opera - Preface, and Geng Xin wrote the Xiang Opera Scripture Fugue, which marked the completion of the second major reform of the Xiangqi system.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Xiangqi activities were steadily developed, and recorded in historical books, the most important of which is the "Shi Li Ju Congshu" in the "Liang Gong Jiu Jian" on Wu Zetian dreaming of playing Xiangqi frequency of the country's heavenly maiden and Niu Shengru "Xuanqi Records" in the Bao Ying yuan year (762 AD) Cen Shun dreamed of Xiangqi in a paragraph of the story.

Combined with the early Northern Song dynasty brocade decorated with the four patterns of "zither, chess, calligraphy, and painting", which is now seen, and the eight by eight grid of light and dark boards to represent chess, and the copper chess pieces unearthed in Kaifeng in Henan Province, which have graphics on their backs, it can be concluded that the chess form of the Tang dynasty had a lot of similarities to early chess.

The popularity of Xiangqi at that time can be seen in the many records in the poems and legends.

The Song Dynasty was a time of widespread popularity and great changes in chess forms.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were Sima Guang's Seven Kingdoms of Xiangqi, Yin Su's Xiangqi, Chess Potential, and Chao Jianzhi's Guang Xiangqi, etc. The "elephant game" was also popular among the general public.

After nearly a hundred years of practice, Xiangqi was finalized into a modern model at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty: 32 pieces, a board with river boundaries, a general in a nine-gallon palace, etc.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xiangqi was played on a board with a river boundary.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Xiangqi was "known to all households" and became an extremely popular game.

Li Qingzhao, Liu Kezhuang and other literary figures, Hong Zun, Wen Tianxiang and other politicians, are addicted to chess.

The court set up the "chess to wait for the edict", chess players accounted for more than half.

There are professionals and craftsmen who specialize in the production of chess pieces and chess boards, known as "chess masters".

The Southern Song Dynasty also saw the emergence of Hong Mai's "Chess Classic", Ye Maoqing's "Xiangqi Shenjiji ji", and Chen Yuanliang's "Thing Lin Guangji", among other writings on chess.

During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xiangqi continued to be popular among the people, and the level of technology continued to improve, with the emergence of a number of summarized theoretical monographs, the most important of which are Dreaming into the Divine Opportunity, Eighteen Changes of the Golden Roc, The Secret of the Orange, Appropriate Love and Elegant Interests, The Plum Blossom Spectrum, and Bamboo Fragrance Zai Xiangqi Spectrum.

Yang Shen, Tang Yin, Lang Ying, Luo Chip, Yuan Mei and other literati and scholars love to play chess, and the emergence of a large number of famous players shows that chess is loved by people from all walks of life.

After the establishment of New China, Xiangqi entered a new stage of development.

In 1956, Xiangqi became a national sport.

Since then, national tournaments were held almost every year.

In 1962, the China Chess Association was established as a subordinate organization of the All-China Sports Federation, and subordinate associations were set up in different parts of the country.

For more than 40 years, due to the promotion of mass chess activities and tournaments, the level of Xiangqi has been improving rapidly, and excellent players continue to emerge, with Yang Guanlin, Hu Ronghua, Liu Dahua, Zhao Guorong, Li Laiqun, Lv Qin, Xu Yinchuan, and so on being the most famous.

History of Go

Go is an intellectual game that originated in China.

According to legend, in the ancient times, after Yao capitalized on Pingyang and pacified the tribes and Fangguo, farming and people's life showed a prosperous scene.

But there is one thing that makes the emperor Yao very worried. Although the son of Danzhu, born to the Sanyi family, grew up, he was in his teens, but he did not do his job, he was idle, and he gathered his friends to fight against each other, which often led to trouble.

Soon after the Great Yu flood, Dan Zhu sat on a wooden boat and let people push in the west bank of the Fen River, swinging around in the lake, happy that even the rice can not care about eating, home also do not go back to the mother's words do not listen to.

San Yi said to Emperor Yao, "Yao, you are only busy with the people's affairs, your son Dan Zhu is getting more and more unruly, you do not care about it, how can I do great things for you in the future!" Emperor Yao was silent for a long time, and thought, "To make Dan Zhu return to the good, we must first stabilize his nature, entertain his heart, and teach him to learn a few skills.

So he said to San Yi: "You let people get Dan Zhu back, and then let him bring his bow and arrows to the top of Ping Shan to wait for me."

At this time Dan Zhu was playing water with a group of people at the Fen River beach, when he suddenly saw a few of his father's guards, who could not be persuaded, forcibly pulling and pulling him up to the Ping Mountain, and stuffed the bow and arrows into his hands, and said to him, "Your father and mother have asked you to come to the mountain to hunt, so you have to load your parents with people.

"Dan Zhu thought: archery skills I have not learned, how to hunt? Dan Zhu look at the mountain thorns full of slopes, look at the sky white clouds, where there is what rabbits, flying birds it? This is clearly the mother and father to make things difficult for themselves! "Hmph, hunting I just do not learn, see what parents can do to me!" The guards said good and bad persuasion, Dan Zhu is sitting motionless.

A group of people are clamoring, Emperor Yao from the bottom of the mountain by the poets to help up, the clothes are hanging torn.

Seeing the father emperor panting, Dan Zhu heart can not help but a little soft, so he had to bow to the father emperor to kneel, sing a yes: "Father emperor this age to climb such a high mountain, let the child up the mountain hunting, I do not know where to start?" Emperor Yao wiped the sweat, sat down on a rock, and asked: "Unworthy son ah, you are not young, seventeen, eight years old, but still do not walk the right path, hunting also do not know how to hunt, waiting for the future starve to death? You see such a vast land under the mountain, such a good mountain and river, don't you worry a little bit for father emperor, to govern the land, the mountain and river, and the people well?" Dan Zhu blinked his eyes and said, "Rabbits run fast, birds fly high, there are no rabbits on this mountain and no birds in the sky, so I am told to fight what mile.

The people of the world are listening to you, the land, mountains and rivers are also well governed, which use the son again for the father emperor to worry about ah.

"Emperor Yao heard Dan Zhu said so uninspired, not interested in the words of governance, sighed and said:" You do not want to learn to hunt, learn to march and conquer the stone chess, stone chess learned, but also very useful.

"Dan Zhu heard his father emperor did not ask him to hunt, but to learn to play stone chess, the heart a little change of mind, "the stone chess is not easy? Sit down for a while and learn it.

"Dan Zhu threw away the arrow and asked his father to teach him immediately.

Di Yao said, "There is no such thing as learning overnight, you just have to be willing to learn.

"said pick up the arrow, squat down, with the arrow in a flat slope on the rocks hard carved vertical and horizontal a dozen square grid, let the guards to pick up a pile of mountain stones, and divided into half of the Dan Zhu, hand in hand will be their own in the process of leading the tribal conquests, how to use the stones to indicate the forward and backward battle strategy to teach and explain to the Dan Zhu.

Dan Zhu at this time also listened to, appear to have patience.

Until the sun was about to set, Emperor Yao taught his son to play chess with the same dedication.

At the urging of the guards, father and son went down to Ping Shan, washed their faces in the water spring, and returned to the capital city of Ping Yang.

Thereafter a period of time, Dan Zhu learning chess is very focused, and not to go outside to wander, loose Yi's heart a little more solid.

Emperor Yao said to Sanyi: "The stone chess game contains very deep truths about governing the people, the army, and the mountains and rivers, and if Dan Zhu really comes back to his senses and understands these truths, it is only natural that he will take over the throne from me.

"What is expected, Dan Zhu chess has not yet learned y learn thoroughly, but listen to the bad words of the previous group of people, think chess is too binding, no freedom at all, but also have to bother the brain, to commit the old habits of the past, all day long pengjiao shengfei, and even want to use trickery to take over his father's position in the emperor, the loose Yi's pain is not enough, and fell ill, and died in a state of disarray.

Emperor Yao was also very sad, and sent Dan Zhu to the south, never wanting to see Dan Zhu again, but also gave the throne to Yu Shun, who was considered not only virtuous but also wise and talented after three years of rigorous investigation.

Yu Shun also followed the example of Emperor Yao and taught his son Shang Jun how to play stone chess.

Later on, the pottery produced the figure of the Go square, and the history books recorded that "Yao made Go to teach Dan Zhu".

Today, there are tens of millions of people playing Go in Asia, and many people in Europe and the United States play the game.

The rules of Go are very simple, but there is a huge amount of space in which to make a move, making it very varied and more complex than Chinese Chess.

This is the charm of Go.

There is no time limit for playing a game of Go, it can take as fast as five minutes, or as slow as a few days, and most of the time it takes one to two hours to play a game of Go.

Playing Go is very helpful to the intellectual development of the human brain, which can enhance one's ability to calculate, memory, creativity, thinking, judgment, and also improve one's ability to control attention.

Playing Go can also play a positive role for children, enabling them to better analyze things.

History of backgammon

Backgammon is also known as "five pieces in a row", "five pieces in a row", "string of pearls", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", "five eyes", and "five eyes". "five eyes", "five eyes touch", "five frames", etc. It is one of the traditional black-and-white games that originated in ancient China.

In Japanese, it is called "Goseki", "ごもくならべ", and "れんじゅ"(五目并ぺ、連珠), and in English it is called "Gobang". "Gobang", "mo-rphion", "Renju", or "FIR (Five In A Row). The FIR (Five In A Row) acronym).

Modern backgammon is also called Lianzhu in Japanese.

Backgammon is easy to play, suitable for both young and old, and interesting and fascinating; it not only enhances the ability to think and improves intelligence, but also contains philosophy, which helps to cultivate one's body and temperament.

Backgammon is said to have originated more than 4,000 years ago, during the reign of Emperor Yao, which is even longer than the history of Weiqi, and it is possible that back in the days before Yao created Weiqi, there was already a game of backgammon in the folklore.

There are similarities between the literature and history of early backgammon and Weiqi, as the ancient backgammon set is identical to that of Weiqi.

In the ancient myths and legends, there is a saying that "Nüwa created man and Fuxi made chess", and in the "Classic of the Mountains and the Seas", it is written: "There is a stone in the mountains of Huyu, called the chess of Ditai, five colors and a quail's egg in the shape of the writing.

"Li Shan note cited the Three Kingdoms Wei Handan Chun" in the "art of the scriptures" said: "chess game, vertical and horizontal 17, together with two hundred and eighty-nine, white and black pieces, each one hundred and fifty pieces".

As you can see, backgammon has its origins.

There are also legends that backgammon was first popularized in ethnic minority areas, and then gradually evolved into Go and spread among the descendants of the Yellow Emperor.

In ancient times, although the game was similar to Go, the way it was played was completely different.

As stated in Dictionary, "Go is a game of chess, with the same equipment as Weiqi, where two people play against each other, taking turns to play, and the one who first connects the five pieces into a line wins.

", as for the people of the country will be five pieces of chess known as "even five", "Lianzhu", perhaps from the history of "the sun and the moon such as a combination, five stars such as the Lianzhu (" Han Shu ") ".

Again, the origin of "Lianzhu" is from Japan, which is the result of the improvement of Japanese chess players on the five-star game.

According to Japanese historical documents, ancient Chinese backgammon was first introduced from China to Goryeo (Korea), and then from Goryeo to Japan during the Genroku era of Japan from 1688 to 1704 A.D. Initially, the game was popularized in the imperial palace and the extended families of the nobility, and then began to flourish among the people at the end of Genroku.

In 1899, the name "Lianzhu" was formalized after a public call for names.

At present, professional Lianzhu is developing rapidly internationally. In 1988, the International Lianzhu Union (RIF) was founded in Sweden, with member countries including Japan, Russia, Sweden, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, France, Latvia, Belarus and other nine countries, and headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden.

Now there are dozens of countries and regions around the world that have become official members of the RIF, and China officially joined in 1996.

In terms of the overall level of backgammon in each country, Europe is currently the strongest, especially Russia and Estonia, while Japan is the traditional powerhouse of Lianzhu.

China's level of backgammon is growing rapidly, especially in backgammon research and online backgammon, but it is more important to verify the strength of backgammon in official tournaments.

History of Black and White

Black and White Chess Black and White is also known as Reversi, Othello, Apple, and Flip Chess.

Black and white is popular in the West and Japan.

The game is played by flipping each other's pieces and the winner is determined by who has the most pieces on the board.

It is easy to play because of its simple rules, but its variations are very complex.

There is a saying that it takes only a few minutes to learn it, but a lifetime to master it.

Black and white was invented in the late 19th century by the British.

It wasn't until the 1970s that a Japanese man developed it and renamed the game after Shakespeare's famous play Othello, which is now known as Othello.

Why borrow from Shakespeare? It's because Othello is the hero of one of Shakespeare's famous plays.

He was a black man with a white wife. He was provoked by a villain who suspected his wife of being unfaithful and eventually killed her with his own hands.

Later, the truth is revealed, Othello remorse, suicide and death.

Black and white chess is borrowed from this story of black and white struggle and named.

History of chess

The Encyclop?dia Britannica defines the game as: (Kriegspiel) a variant of chess, first popularized in England around 1900.

Each player has a board and is not allowed to look at the other player's board or pieces.

A third board is placed in the center and used by the referee, who is not allowed to see the other side. The referee moves the pieces on behalf of the two sides according to their respective opinions, and both sides move according to the limited information provided by the referee.

Land Chess is also known as Army Chess

The inventor of Army Chess is not mentioned in the text, and some of the explanations are confusing.

For example, "a third board is placed in the center and used by the referee", "each side's opinion is used as a substitute for the move", and what the original military chess was really like.

Find some related English information, you can learn, military chess is also known as Blind Chess (BLIND CHESS) is by the South-Africa (South-Africa), a person called Henry Michael Temple invented in 1899.

He was a chess enthusiast himself, because his partner wanted to play a game that reflected the war, so he drew on the chess pieces and invented this war game.

Kriegspiel's English explanation is WAR GAME. It is a variant of chess, and a true spectator sport!

It is a game in which the spectator and the player **** enjoy the fun.

Military chess is a successful variant of chess.

The biggest difference between it and Chess is that it does not allow you to look at your opponent's pieces, which makes it more challenging.

With the birth of the game, it immediately became popular all over the world.

This led to a number of chess experts (Bob Timmel, Ike Thayer, and Rea B. Hayes.) who won city championships.

As you can see, there have been chess tournaments abroad for a long time, but I don't know if any such tournaments have taken place at home.