The Development of Song Ci

The development of Song Ci is as follows

1, origin

Qu Zi's ci originated from Han people, and vulgarity is its natural tendency. With the rediscovery of a large number of "Qu Zi Ci" in Dunhuang Grottoes, the view that Ci originated from Han folk literature has been widely recognized. Quzi Ci, which originated in Sui and Tang Dynasties, was originally sung with a brand-new music-"Yanle". "Banquet" is connected with "banquet", and banquet music is a popular entertainment music between banquets. Performers and singers are low-level musicians and geisha with low cultural quality. In addition, the tunes of Yanle mainly come from two sources: First, ethnic minorities from frontier or outland. In the Tang Dynasty, a large number of western music flowed in, which was called "Hu Bu", and some of the music was later changed to Chinese names, such as in the thirteenth year of Tianbao (754), and 54 Hu Ming songs in Taichang music were changed to Chinese names. Jiegu Lu contains 13 1 songs, among which 67 of the ten songs are in foreign languages. After using the tone as a word, many can be judged as foreign music according to the tone name. For example, full moon Sanskrit was originally Indian music, and Su Muzhe was originally Qiuci music. "Hu Daolian", "Hu Weiwei" and other tones, and then understand the word "Hu". Some tunes come from southern Xinjiang, such as Bodhisattva Man and Bapaiman. Some songs are directly named after the border, indicating that their songs come from the border. "New Tang Book Five Elements" said: "After Tianbao, most of them were named after the border areas, such as Yizhou, Ganzhou and Liangzhou." Hong Mai's "Rongzhai Essays" Volume 14 also said: "The Daqu of Yuefu today is from the Tang Dynasty, and the five famous States are Yi, Liang, Shi and Wei." Yizhou is the Hami area in Xinjiang today, Ganzhou is Zhangye in Gansu today, Liangzhou is Wuwei in Gansu today, Xizhou is Lintao in Gansu today, Shizhou is Lishi in Shanxi today, and yu zhou is Longxi in Gansu today. These are the northwest frontier States of the Tang Dynasty. The main body of Yan music is these foreign music. The second is the folk ballads of the Han nationality. Many songs in the Tang Dynasty were originally folk songs. Mr. Ren Erbei's Notes on Jiao Fang examines the Han folk songs one by one. For example, Zhuzhici was originally a folk song in Sichuan and Hunan, and the Preface to Zhuzhici in Yuxi, Liu Tang said: "Jade came to Jianping (now Wushan, Sichuan), and Li Hege sang Zhuzhici, playing piccolo and drums to sacrifice. Singers are eager to try and many songs are wise. Listening to the sound, the feather of Huang Ling, the pawn chapter is as exciting as the sound of martial arts. " Another example is "Mai Xiu Er Bu" and "Tai Ping Guang Ji". Volume 257 quotes Wang Wenlu, saying that when Zhu Liang was in the Five Dynasties, "I gave me wheat tools in the prelude to the temple, led dozens of poor children in rags, picked men, held women, picked wheat in baskets and cages, and sang." The creation of Han folk songs in Song Dynasty is still very vigorous. "History of Song Dynasty" said that there were many people who made new sounds among the Han people in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Gu Yan and Ling Yun. The two main sources of Yan music tunes have laid the literary characteristics of Yan music and its lyrics. In the process of singing, spreading and exerting its entertainment function, lyrics have further stabilized the characteristics of this literary creation. Lyrics are inherently vulgar, which is quite different from the orthodox aesthetic tradition based on elegance. The traditional education received by the majority of lyric writers and the aesthetic concepts subtly endowed by the historical society all play a conscious or unconscious role in their lyric appreciation and creation. Efforts to get rid of vulgarity and vulgarity and return to the road of elegance and integrity have become the urgent and unremitting pursuit of poets.

2. Development

It appeared in the Tang Dynasty and was first popular in the Han nationality. From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, Ci developed greatly and became the main literary form in the Song Dynasty. Song ci mainly describes eroticism. Zhang Yan said: "Joking is romantic, Tao writes temperament, and words are graceful and restrained in poetry. The voice of the cover comes from Yinger's tongue sound, which is a bit close to love. " The second volume of Etymology is a summary of this feature. Song Ci is the first special style to express romantic love in the history of China literature development. "Poetry expresses aspiration, Ci expresses aspiration" and "Ci is a colorful subject" are all generalizations of this mainstream creative tendency. The themes of Song Ci mainly focus on the aspects directly or indirectly related to "eroticism", such as mourning for spring and autumn, parting from sorrow, various amorous feelings and love between men and women. Su Shi, praised by later generations as the founder of "bold words", still belongs to the category of "Ke Yan" for most of his words. Even subjects other than eroticism should be infiltrated by the mainstream tendency, which is more or less full of erotic feelings. The mainstream tendency of Song Ci creation belongs to the first-class sound of "Zhengwei" rejected by Confucius, which runs counter to the elegance of the article. It only pursues superficial enjoyment of life and has no deep meaning for aftertaste. Therefore, on the one hand, people in Song Ci indulge in lewd pleasure, on the other hand, they cover themselves up, defend themselves and "sweep the tail" for themselves. Later generations "shame for the venerable, shame for the sage" also explains its meaning. People inevitably covet enjoyment, get excited and sing in various forms. Afterwards, I felt ungraceful and humiliated. This contradiction generally exists in the creation of lyrics. If the expression of eroticism can be subtle and seemingly exciting, it will make the receiver have infinite metaphorical thinking. Moreover, the words, sentences and sounds have been trained to make them have a classical and elegant style. Isn't it the best of both worlds? Based on this position, as the main direction of Song Ci creation, "getting rid of vulgarity and restoring elegance" has grown from scratch, from sporadic efforts to the formation of creative schools, from creative practice to emerging.

3. Mountain peak

Su Shi should be said to be the ultimate founder of the tradition of literati lyric poetry, and some people think that this is also the beginning of the decline of historical development. Song poems just express their feelings for mountains and rivers blindly, or sing without desire. Chen Shidao used "Poetry as Ci" to evaluate Su Ci, the essence of which was the innovation of Su Ci in Taoist thought. Generally speaking, the process of "elegance" of words, in a sense, is the process of words gradually approaching poetry and trying to cross the boundary between "expressing ambition" and "expressing emotion". So Lu Fuzhi said, "Elegance is the best, but it is still a tributary of poetry. Indecent, not enough words. " Before Su Shi, this process was gradual, but by Su Shi it was a rapid evolution. First of all, Su Shi's ci expanded the realm of ci. Su Shi's temperament, mind and knowledge are well known in his poems, and they are also integrated into his poems. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "Words reach Dongpo, aboveboard, like poetry, like wonders of heaven and earth." When he went out hunting, he proudly said, "I can bow like a full moon, look at the northwest and shoot Sirius." ("Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou") He looked at the moon and missed his younger brother Su Zhe, from which he realized the philosophy of life: "People have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of rain and shine. This matter is difficult to achieve. " ("When will there be a bright moon?" When I boarded the monument, I sighed: "One river does not return, and the wanderer is a romantic figure." ("Nian Nu Jiao") is colorful and dazzling. Liu Xizai's Summary of Art Volume IV: "Dongpo's Ci is quite similar to Lao Du's poems, and there is nothing to say because of unintentional entry." Secondly, Su Shi's ci improved the quality of his ci. Su Shi's "Poetry into Ci" well combines the lyricist's "emotion" with the poet's "ambition". The morality of the article and children's affair are similar to words, and they are in an upright position in words. Even if you write about love, your character is extremely high. In He Xinlang, the beauty of "waiting for all the flowers and waves, leaving the monarch alone" can be compared with the style of "forget her thin silk sleeves, forget her coldness and lean on the sunset red" in Du Fu's Beauty. Therefore, Hu Yin's Preface to the Wine Side boasts that Su Ci "washes away the elegant and delicate fragrance, removes the degree of turning the crisis into safety, and makes people climb to the top, sing loudly and surpass the dust." When the word reaches Dongpo, its body begins to respect. Thirdly, Su Shi reformed the style of ci. What often appears in Su Shi's poems is vast scenery, in which the poet's broad mind is slowly revealed. Song ci has traditionally been divided into "graceful" and "bold", and Su Shi is the pioneer of "bold" ci style. All these "poetic" innovations quickly changed the essence of ci, so Kuang Zhouyi affirmed: "In Xifeng, ci is extremely prosperous, and Su Changgong advocates elegance and strives for a generation." ("Hui Feng Hua Ci" Volume II) Liu Xizai commented from another angle: "Taibai's" Yi Qin E "is tragic, but it tends to be beautiful in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and it was not until Dongpo that the ancients were restored." The retrospect of Dongpo is the close relationship between ci and poetry, which highlights the "ambition" and returns to the lofty elegance of Tang poetry. At this point, the elegance of words has also made an essential breakthrough.

Song Ci is a new poetry genre popular among Han people in Song Dynasty, which marks the highest achievement of Song literature. Song ci has long and short sentences, which are easy to sing. Because it is the lyrics of music and harmony, it is also called tune, Yuefu, music movement, long and short sentences, poetry, piano music and so on. It began in the Han Dynasty, took shape in the Tang and Five Dynasties and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Song Ci is a bright pearl in the crown of ancient Chinese literature in China, and a fragrant and gorgeous garden in Yuen Long, an ancient Chinese literature. With colorful and varied charm, she competes with Tang poetry and Yuanqu, and has always been said to be as famous as Tang poetry, representing the prosperity of a generation of literature. Later, there was a book with the same name, Song Ci. The representative figures of Song Ci mainly include Su Shi (bold school), Xin Qiji, Liu Yong (graceful school) and Li Qingzhao.