What is the aesthetic significance and cultural connotation of jade in ancient China culture? [Learning AIDS]

Jade occupies a very important position in the traditional culture of China. Hanyu is world-renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship and exquisite quality, and is used in etiquette, sacrifice, funeral, decoration and daily necessities. The shapes and patterns of jade articles in Han Dynasty are vivid, peculiar and beautiful, forming a unique artistic feature. Jade carving art is a dazzling treasure in China's traditional history and culture, and also a wonderful flower in the world art, with distinctive national characteristics. The Han Dynasty was a glorious period for the development of jade articles in China. Hanyu is famous for its exquisite craftsmanship and exquisite production, and has been used in etiquette, sacrifice, funeral, decoration and daily necessities. In the eyes of the ancients, jade melts the aura of heaven and earth, the essence of the sun and the moon, and has beautiful natural attributes of moist, clean, crystal clear, bare and dense. In the long process of human life practice, jade and "human nature" are integrated into one, becoming the object of "virtue over jade" of gentlemen and becoming the symbol of power, status and wealth. China is the earliest and most experienced country to use jade articles in the world. Judging from the archaeological achievements so far, it has a history of about 10 thousand years. From the aesthetic point of view, a large number of scholars believe that the development of ancient jade in China can be roughly divided into three historical stages. The first stage is from the middle and late Paleolithic to the late Shang Dynasty. During this period, influenced by the way of understanding the world, jade works condensed witchcraft cultural factors such as nature worship, totem worship, ancestor worship and ghost worship, which mainly became tools for people to communicate with heaven and earth, offer sacrifices to God and pray for blessings, and showed mysterious and simple aesthetic characteristics in jade modeling, decoration and jade use concept. From Zhou Dynasty to Han Dynasty, it is the second stage of the development of ancient jade in China. This period was the formation and development of feudal society in China, and Confucianism played a leading role in the contention of a hundred schools of thought. A gentleman is "better than jade". Jade not only continues to carry the function of offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, but also contains rich Confucian culture and ideological content. It has become a special object with social and moral significance and an important material carrier to express the concept of ethical education and distinguish the norms of interpersonal relationships. At the same time, the understanding of the world has gradually matured and systematized, and the jade production in this period has become more rational and standardized. Because of its profound and intensive rational content, jade embodies sacred and neat aesthetic characteristics in aesthetic tendency. Wei and Jin Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty is the third period of the development of China and ancient jade. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the jade industry entered a trough, but it still has its important significance. Wei and Jin Dynasties was a great change in the history of China's cultural thought, which broke the long-standing tradition of using jade in etiquette in concept and practice, while Sui and Tang Dynasties, which paid equal attention to Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, opened and established the direction of jade life. With the continuous improvement of productive forces, the commodity economy and urban economy in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties continued to develop, and the citizen class continued to expand, and their aesthetic taste gradually became the mainstream. Jade articles in this period have the aesthetic tendency of popularization and secularization, and have the aesthetic characteristics of sensibility, secularization and nature. The beauty of jade is "gorgeous and extremely plain". Natural jade has been artificially recreated, which is even more icing on the cake and beautiful. The ancients not only showed superb skills when creating jade articles, but also showed exquisite artistic ideas and beautiful ideals. Jade articles in each era show a specific aesthetic fashion, which is the crystallization of a specific aesthetic consciousness. The Han Dynasty is an era of strong national strength in the development history of feudal society in China. Judging from the jades unearthed from the Han tombs, there were many jades in the early and middle Western Han Dynasty, with good quality and high artistic value. From the late Western Han Dynasty to the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the quantity was small and the quality was poor. Jade articles in Han dynasty are mainly jade and jade, which partly inherit the characteristics of Qin dynasty and pre-Qin dynasty and tend to be simplified in utensils. Huang Hu is more decorative, but Zhang Zhang is almost absent. Jade jade in Han Dynasty was developed from jade jade jade in Warring States Period. It represents the highest achievement of ancient jade jade in China with its regular shape, fine workmanship and exquisite decoration. Jade jadeite is generally carved with dense pu grain and valley grain on both sides, accompanied by net grain and moire. On this basis, some intertwined and balanced animals, such as dragons, phoenixes, dragons and tigers, were added to the outer edge. From the aspects of modeling and ornamentation, since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the production characteristics of jade bi have changed obviously. The jade in the new jade era is shiny, plain and simple in shape. The walls of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were uneven in thickness and irregular in shape, and most of them were not round enough inside and outside. Jade articles since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are relatively regular, including silkworm patterns, valley patterns, cattail patterns, animal patterns and so on. Yuchan is a common jade ornament in Han Dynasty, which is lifelike and full of movement. Jade articles in Han Dynasty showed high artistic achievements, and trinkets were good at grasping the typical characteristics of animals and their performance in specific situations. After a few knives, they were full of interest. Jade articles are mostly carved with knives, commonly known as "Han Ba Dao". Influenced by the theory of Huang Lao, the Han people, especially the ruling class, showed the pursuit of immortality, so the jade burial in Han Dynasty developed greatly. Archaeological data show that the complexity of making jade clothes in Han Dynasty is almost incalculable. At present, there are more than 20 sets of jade clothes excavated. Judging from the excavation results, there is a strict hierarchy in the use of jade clothes. Jade in Han Dynasty is a wonderful flower produced by the fusion of Central Plains culture and Chu culture. Chu is a country with strong witchcraft. They came from primitive society, seldom influenced by reason, and kept more the legacy and fashion of clan society. They imagine a rich, strange and weird regional culture with a fresh, free and romantic style. Most of the rulers of the Han Dynasty were Chu people. On the one hand, they inherited the Central Plains culture with reverence, and inevitably infected the Central Plains culture with the characteristics of Chu culture, and integrated the Central Plains culture with Chu culture. The jade of the Han Dynasty fully embodies this point. There are exquisite images of flying dragons and flying phoenixes on the regular jade walls engraved with popular prose and ancient prose, which are neat and rigorous, and have whimsy of flying, reflecting the artistic spirit of combining deep rational spirit with bold romantic imagination in Han Dynasty. The carving and carving techniques of jade articles in Han dynasty are more decorative, showing the romantic style of Chu culture and having a unique aesthetic feeling. The most prominent jade in Chu culture is the jade fairy galloping horse in Han Dynasty. The image of flying horses stepping on white clouds reflects the desire of Han people deeply influenced by Huang Lao's thought to get rid of the fetters of reality and become immortals. The simple, exaggerated and neat style embodies the artistic style of flying and flowing Chinese paintings. In addition, grotesque jade to ward off evil spirits and jade-town beasts also reflect the rich imagination and romantic feelings of Chu people. It can be seen that on the one hand, the jade in Han Dynasty inherited the tradition of the previous jade, on the other hand, under the influence of the imaginative Chu culture, its shapes and patterns were more vivid, strange and beautiful, forming magnificent artistic characteristics. The spirit of jade is the precious wealth of traditional thought. For thousands of years, it has exerted a subtle influence on people's ideas and behaviors, injected positive vitality into the formation and stability of traditional excellent national psychology and national character, and cultivated China people's noble sentiments. The image temperament of elegance, implication, gentleness and comity in the East is, to a certain extent, the reappearance of the virtues of jade materials, which has a unique charm. In short, the long history, profound connotation and influence on all aspects of society have finally established the lofty position of jade in the eyes of the Chinese nation, won the treasure and love from generation to generation, and become one of the important symbols of ancient China culture, shining with eternal glory.