What is a residential home?

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From the point of view of modeling, it is divided into regular and non-regular residential. A large number of dwellings are very regular, firstly in the layout of the

central axis symmetry, which is typical of the northern courtyard, which is an independent rectangular living space. Before entering the courtyard, one must first pass through the hutongs,

which are quiet alleys sandwiched between the high walls on the sides of the courtyard. Knocking on the dotted gates on either side, the first thing you see is a brick wall known as a "shoji" (照壁)

, which is often embellished with elaborate brick carvings. Behind the wall is the front courtyard, which is connected to the inner courtyard by a hanging flower gate, through which

is the inner courtyard at the center of the house, which is surrounded by four houses, giving it the name "siheyuan" (courtyard of four houses). On the east and west sides were the compartments, and across from them were the secondary rooms with inverted seats. There is also a back room after the main house. The entire courtyard with east and west compartments, the southern

inverted seat and the rear room of the outer wall for the outer wall, the outer wall does not have a window, the space modeling is very closed, only in the outer wall of the quadrangle of the southeast corner of the door,

for access. The courtyard has a central axis of consciousness in which the longitudinal axis through the entire courtyard of the north and south focus, in addition to the door in the southeast corner of the courtyard, the whole

The courtyard in the plane elevation is symmetrical.

The spatial closure of this courtyard system, in the physical sense, out of the colder weather in northern China; in the psychological sense,

Compatible with a family's centripetal, introverted temperament. And basically the axis of symmetry can be seen as traditional Confucianism is concerned about the rules, the characteristics of the norms in the construction

construction of the embodiment. This kind of residential form can be said to be the common style of Chinese residential houses, i.e., the spatial layout with courtyard as the spatial combination, several depths, and the center-axis symmetry

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Secondly, this kind of regular type of dwelling is mostly seen in the north. From the cultural character, northerners are relatively more focused on cultural norms than southerners. North

The days are cold, things more astringent, people's mentality is more rigorous, Confucianism's practical rationality is revered by the reality of practice, calm and down-to-earth attitude towards life,

Ethical norms, so focus on the order of life and the emergence of an organized living space, it is not surprising, and the north of the ancient sparsely populated land, so

To the north of the courtyard and other residential homes are generally are wider, which can also admit more valuable sunlight.

Non-regulation type of residence is common in the south. Especially in the hilly areas, the terrain and geography are complicated and changeable, and the buildings have to be adapted to the local conditions. Some of the residential

plane was "a" shape, some for the zigzag shape; some have courtyards, saddle-shaped, some do not have courtyards, no courtyard residential, to

street on the construction of the southern residential architecture for the most common; some of the unique village built on the hillside, the indoor plane of the wrong folds and variations; there are a number of adjoining residential

South of the village is the most common. neighboring houses

composed of a continuous and varied spatial sequence, plan and elevation may be uneven. In short, in terms of cultural psychology, the South, due to the warming climate,

people's mentality of changing activities, plus the limitations of the foundation conditions, especially the different cultural traditions, the non-normative nature of their homes may be obvious some.

Two

Categorized by the way of building construction, they can be divided into the following three types: brick wall structure built by brick earth in the northern Central Plains; wood structure

structure-based residences in Yunnan and Southwest China; and brick-wood mixed-structure residences with the internal main wooden structure outsourcing the masonry wall in the Jiangnan region. On this basis,

it can be roughly divided into two main categories: one is the typical residence in the north, the interior of the residence does not have a floor, surrounded by solid earth walls or brick walls, plus a small

roof, a wall-type residence, the courtyard belongs to this type, as well as the inner court type of residence; the other is the

typical residence in southwest China. A simple enclosed roof-type house with floor and roof erected on columns and almost no walls around. In order to defend against sandstorms and incoming enemies from the north

, northern dwellings were mostly of the wall type. On the contrary, in order to adapt to the rainy and humid climate as well as to make full use of the abundant timber resources, the south

sides were mostly roofed houses. In ancient China, wall-type houses and roof-type houses were located on the north and south sides of the Yangtze River. Later, the wall-type houses gradually expanded and crossed the Yangtze River to the south, and the roof-type houses retreated to the southwest. At the same time, in between the two appeared

a compromise between the two, which can also be regarded as one of the specific manifestations of the Han culture gradually to the south of the Yangtze River. Northern wall-type houses

generally have kangs, a heating facility used to cope with the dry and cold climate, and most of them are laid out in a layout with an inner courtyard surrounded by a one-story bungalow in order to get plenty of sunlight. On the other hand, in the lower latitudes of the Yangtze River and the southern part of the Yangtze River, in order to avoid the strong sunlight, it is very common to find inner courtyard houses surrounded by two-story or multi-story houses with

high and narrow patio spaces. Instead, they are surrounded by a high wall, and inside, they are wooden houses with floors and eaves

that can be regarded as a kind of compromise between the walled houses of the north and those of the south.

III

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Geographically,

if north and south are divided by the Yangtze River,

one type is the wall-type house with a simple roof over a solid brick wall, which is mostly seen in the north,

living in rooms without floors; and the other is the rooftop-type house in southwest China, which has an open wall

with floor slabs and roofs raised on post and beams. The other type is the roof-type house in southwest China with open walls and roofs on post and beams

. With the migration of the Han Chinese people southward, the wall type spread southward across the Yangtze River, and thus was pushed into the southwest region, and up to the present

The eclectic type of dwellings of the two types of dwellings exists mixed in the middle of the wall type and the roof type.

The traditional houses in Jiangnan are generally of the wall type. With high brick walls and no flooring on the ground floor, they follow the plan of a courtyard

Layout, and in order to cope with the cold winds in winter, they use high walls to prevent heat from escaping, while in summer, to prevent the strong sunlight and to ensure effective ventilation, the locals constructed this two- or three-story patio. All the buildings of the house surround the patio, and it is narrower and deeper than the inner

yard of the courtyard. However, there is no more "kang," a facility for warming the house, which is unique to the north

. In addition, the two- or three-story graceful wooden structure on the inside of the outer wall is exposed, and the inner rooms are open to the patio, which is a characteristic of a roof-type house. This is a layout based on traditional Chinese Confucianism

that maintains a certain order of life for the family. Therefore, traditional residences in Jiangnan are not purely wall-type, but can be considered as an eclectic type of

residence, i.e., an intermediate type of architectural style unique to the regional culture of Jiangnan.

Four

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From the perspective of the interaction between the living customs,

behavioral characteristics and spatial patterns of the people living in traditional dwellings,

they are roughly divided into courtyard-type dwellings,

building-type dwellings and cave-type dwellings.

Among all the modes of dwellings, courtyard-style dwellings are the most common type of dwellings in China, and are also the most advanced in terms of the use of structural technology, the richest in compositional elements, the most complex in terms of the level of

"rites"

and the most varied in terms of decorations in the dwelling form.

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The most important characteristic is closed and courtyard,

the central axis is symmetrical, and the main and secondary internal and external distinct. The typical courtyard is extremely widely distributed in the north, and although there are many variations in scale, composition, decoration, and courtyard vignettes

, its basic morphological features are **** the same. In addition, there are many in the rural areas of the triple courtyard, two courtyard, although less than the typical courtyard

Yuan so complete, but all without exception to keep the gate, walls, courtyards, the main room, it should be said that are a kind of courtyard, is a courtyard type of residential simple

easy form. Literary great Lin Yutang expressed the reason why Chinese people love courtyard-style houses from the social psychological level, he pointed out that: courtyard-style houses are just like

Chinese architectural roofs, which are covered with the ground, unlike the Gothic architectural towers that tower up to the clouds. The greatest success of this spirit is in providing a measure of the harmony and happiness of

people's earthly lives: the Chinese roof suggests that happiness should be found first and foremost in the home.

The dry-roofed dwelling is a type of residence with an elevated lower part, typical of the floor-dwelling style, which is ventilated, burglar-proof, moisture-proof and animal-proof.

This kind of building form pushes the spatial form and combination of the building, the support, overhanging and staggered floors according to the mountain and the mortise and tenon technology of the wooden components to a very high

level, and it combines with the ethnic folk culture of the ethnic minorities which has a distinctive character, embodying a rich material civilization and a spiritual civilization. It is characterized

by the use of bamboo or wood as pillars and beams to build small buildings, with the upper floor for living and the lower floor for livestock pens or storage of miscellaneous goods.

The Old Book of Tang said:

"People and buildings to live, climb the ladder

and up, called the dry bar.

"

Traditional typical dry rail wooden building is wood, the house plan is rectangular, the roof is a double-slope large overhanging mountain type, elevated two to three

layers, families are more along the slope of the dense polymerization. Although the interior space is darker, but the eaves are far away, blocking the radiation of the sun, the porch also

remedies for this. For the rainy and wet ground has an isolation effect, better ventilation, adapted to the local climate.