Muqam, Turkey

Turkish classical music includes palace art music and Sufi religious music. The court art music of Seljuk and Ottoman Empire adopts Arabic-Persian style; At the same time, its theorists and composers have also made their own contributions to the development of Turkish music art.

Although the mode system of Turkish classical music is based on Arabia-Persia, it has developed more finely. The interval calculation in Turkey takes "Kumar" as the basic unit, and each Kumar is 22-23 minutes. There are five commonly used intervals, namely 4, 5, 8, 9, 12 Kumar. Sikuma is semitone; Five Kumar is semitone; 8 kumas is a small whole tone; Jiukuma is a complete note; 12 Kumar rose nearly twice. The mode of Turkish music is called "Muqam", and there are many kinds, some of which come from Persia-Arabia.

Part of it was created by Turks. There are 13 kinds of Muqam, and their names, scales and kumas are as follows: Note: Some special symbols have been added to the above music scores to represent the micro-intervals in Turkish music. To increase 1 Kumar, # to increase 4 Kumar, to increase 5 Kumar; Decrease 1 Kumar, decrease 4 Kumar, decrease 5 Kumar. The first seven of the above 13 kinds of Muqam are roughly equivalent to the natural seven-tone form. Chalgah (tonic C, dominant G) and Hong Lin (tonic G, dominant D) are similar to do. Housainy (tonic A, dominant E) and Nava (tonic A, dominant D) are equivalent to re mode; Courdie (tonic a, dominant d) is mi mode; Pu Selik (tonic a, dominant e) and Wushiake (tonic a, dominant d) are similar to la mode. The other six species, Muqam Hijaz, Humayun, Houzard, Zengkulai, Karl Guihal and Su Znak, contain one or two second-degree intervals respectively. The rhythm of Turkish music is mainly reflected by drums. Like Arabic music, various rhythms are formed according to the combination of different time values of bass "Dim" and treble "Tektronix" drums. This rhythmic repetition is called "Ursul". It includes various beats, and 48 beats and 88 beats are a cycle. When composing music, musicians choose a Ursul to use according to the characteristics of music. However, highly skilled performers often change it.

Turkish classical music has various forms and structures, and songs strictly follow the poetic rhythm of Ottoman era, which has become the basis of musical form. Vocal forms include Sanqu Gazel and Taksi Leali, as well as various Ursul forms such as Schalke, Bestay and Karl. Among them, Schalke is often used as a general term for classical songs. The most common forms of instrumental music are Taksi and Peshlev. Taksi is an impromptu solo of musical instruments, which is also often used as a prelude to music or a transition between different Muqam music; Peshlev is an instrumental ensemble with a fixed beat, usually as a prelude. The most important genre in Turkish classical music is called "Fasseur", which is a large-scale multi-movement vocal and instrumental suite. Generally speaking, music begins with Taksi, followed by instrumental ensemble, followed by Muqam's vocal and instrumental parts. The musical instruments used by Fasseur mainly include Tambour, Ude, Kamancha, Canon, Ney and Duff. Vocal music is dominated by male chorus and mixed chorus.