What is the folk custom in Shenyang?

As the saying goes, "a hundred miles is different from the wind, and a hundred miles is different from the customs", which refers to the regionality of folk customs and has very universal significance. One of the most basic characteristics of folk customs is its distinctive regionality. The characteristics of regional folk customs are the main characteristics of local folk customs in time and space. It should be noted that region is mainly a spatial concept, but the folk characteristics of a region do not only exist and are reflected in the spatial level. Because, in the sense of regional space, folk customs have their own process of occurrence, development and evolution, which is a process of time. In other words, the characteristics of regional folk customs are criss-crossed in time and space, and various factors that constitute its basic characteristics are three-dimensional existence and movement, not the movement and existence of a single plane.

To understand the society of a place, it is mainly to understand its culture, and the first thing is to understand its customs. Folklore is the most important entry card and key to truly understand a local social culture. Because historical common sense tells people that folk culture is at the deep structural level of social culture, including regional folk customs. If you want to live or work there, it is more important to know its customs. This is enough to explain the main functions and values of works about local customs and customs history.

Shenyang historical and cultural series, in terms of its nature, belong to local chronicles.

The book Folk Custom alone is a work of local customs. So, what is the local customs or customs history? In short, it is the basic public knowledge of a place based on the local social memory.

According to the differences of topography, climate and products in China's natural environment, some people roughly divide national customs and cultures into seven customs and cultural circles. That is, the northeast customs and cultural circle, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, northern Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia, is characterized by the great integration of Manchu and Han ethnic customs. Including most of Inner Mongolia, the northern edge of Liaoning, Hebei and Shaanxi provinces, and the nomadic customs and cultural circle in the corner of western Liaoning, northern Ningxia and Xinjiang, it is characterized by heroic folk customs. In addition, as the birthplace of China's traditional culture, the customs and cultural circle of the Yellow River Basin, which starts from the Great Wall in the north, reaches the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains in the south, reaches the east of Qinghai Lake in the west and reaches the Yellow Sea in the east, has the characteristics of attaching importance to local friendship, advocating simplicity and paying attention to reality, but it is relatively conservative and stable. The customs and cultural circle in the Yangtze River basin is located in the south of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, east of Qinghai Plateau in the west, and near the sea in the east and south. It has the characteristics of rapid development and ups and downs. Simple folk customs like warm, romantic and flexible fantasies, and he is still a ghost. Qinghai custom cultural circle is characterized by the indissoluble bond between Tibetan customs and Tibetan Buddhism, which is full of religious color. Yunnan-Guizhou customs cultural circle, where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, has various customs and cultures. Then there is the Fujian-Taiwan customs cultural circle, separated by a sea, with the same dialect and similar customs. It is characterized by retaining many ancient customs and cultural phenomena in the Central Plains, and it is a living specimen of China customs and culture.

According to this classification, Shenyang is in the so-called "Northeast customs cultural circle". In the untitled preface, we once said that "the folk custom in Shenyang is the result of the long-term effect and accumulation of many factors such as Shenyang's geographical environment, natural resources, population migration, economic development, politics and history". Among them, we wrote:

The Xinle Cultural Site in Shenyang 7,200 years ago and the Pianpaozi Cultural Site in Xinmin County 5,000 years ago both show the primitive production folk customs of Shenyang residents in Neolithic Age, such as farming, gathering, fishing and hunting, and the folk customs of life, diet, clothing, funeral, totem worship and belief that were suitable for the production level at that time. The bronze age cultural sites and tombs of Zhengjiawazi in Yuhong District show that the folk culture of Shenyang residents was restricted by class differentiation more than 2,000 years ago during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Among them, the funerary objects in large and small tombs are different in fineness, richness and simplicity, which reflects the differences in the political and economic status and customs of the tomb owners. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, especially after the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, folk customs in Shenyang migrated frequently and immigrants increased greatly. Modern industrial production makes Shenyang a political, economic and cultural center city of Liaoning and Shenyang. The inheritance and variation of folk customs are correspondingly active, as Fengtian Tongzhi said, "In recent years, the fashion has changed." The urban and rural customs have changed obviously, but the traditional customs have not been lost, and the basic characteristics of multi-ethnic and multi-regional cultural compatibility and simple, open and rough cultural character have still been maintained.

Based on the basic track of Shenyang folk culture movement in time and space, it shows the main characteristics consistent with Liaoning regional culture. The reason for this is that Shenyang has always been the political, economic, transportation and cultural center city of Liaoning. This is also the result of the long-term effect and accumulation of regional geographical environment, natural resources, population migration, economic development, politics, history and other factors. Specifically, Shenyang folk culture has three main characteristics.

In the history of Northeast China, the integration of Manchu and Han was the dominant multi-ethnic culture, and the economy of Liaoning, which had been developed in Qin and Han dynasties, was greatly damaged by the separatist war of rulers of all ethnic groups. As a result, people of all ethnic groups seek a relatively stable living environment through frequent migration. This has also promoted and increased the opportunities for people of all ethnic groups to contact each other. Especially due to the establishment of some minority regimes, Goguryeo culture created by Goguryeo, Fuyu culture created by Fuyu, Liao culture created by Qidan, Jin culture created by Nuzhen, Manchu culture created by Manchu, and Dongzang culture formed by religious communication all directly or indirectly affected the central city.

Manchu is a "man on horseback" who once occupied the Central Plains and created a "prosperous time of Kang and Gan". Liaoning, a hot land, is the birthplace of Qing Dynasty and Manchu culture. /kloc-The Manchu in China in the Ming Dynasty in the 0/7th century (1368- 1644) was an ancient oriental nation, and its history can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago. Its direct ancestor is the jurchen of the Ming Dynasty. From the end of 16 to the beginning of 17, two jurchen, Jianzhou and Haixi, were taken as the main bodies, and these jurchen scattered in the northeast were unified into one. In the ninth year of Jin Tiancong (1635), Shen Zhu was officially changed to Manchuria. 19 1 1 After the Revolution of 1911, it was called "Manchu" for short. Nuerhachi, the leader of Manchu nobility, has been expanding to the southwest since the rise of Hetuala (now Xinbin County) in Liaoning Province, and has moved the capital to Liaoyang and Shenyang successively. After the Qing army entered the customs, it still respected Shenyang as Shengjing and placed Liaoning under the jurisdiction of Shengjing Special Administrative Region.

Manchu is mainly distributed in Liaoning and Shenyang, while others are scattered in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong and other large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Xi, Guangzhou and Yinchuan. The formation of this distribution characteristic of Manchu is obviously related to the fact that Manchu was once the ruling nation of Qing Dynasty.

Shenyang is an area where Han, Manchu, Korean, Hui, Xibo, Mongolia and other ethnic groups live together. All ethnic groups live together in the form of small groups, live in harmony, communicate with each other in a friendly way, and establish their own hometown, thus forming the local cultural characteristics in which multi-ethnic customs and fashions interact and are compatible. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu culture once occupied a dominant position, which had a direct impact on the customs and habits of minority residents such as Han nationality and Xibo nationality in Shenyang. While ethnic minorities have absorbed a lot of traditional Han culture, Han residents have also accepted some customs and habits of Manchu, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities. Manchu-Chinese cultural integration is more prominent and has become one of the remarkable signs of multi-ethnic cultural integration. Han women have a bad habit of foot binding. After the marriage between Manchu and Han, because Manchu women used to bind their feet, it promoted the change of Shenyang residents' foot binding habits to some extent. The traditional dress "Qipao" of Manchu women is not only loved by Han women in Shenyang, but also popular in the vast Han areas in Guanzhong, which is popular in the contemporary era. Manchu-style hot pot with white meat and blood sausage, its auxiliary materials, sauerkraut and vermicelli, are taken from the dietary customs of Han residents. Liaoning cuisine, represented by "Manchu-Chinese banquet", especially embodies the integration of Manchu-Chinese culture and the compatibility of customs and habits. As for Xibo people's "grabbing ga la ha" and Manchu people's "eagle catching chicken" and other games, they are traditional entertainment activities loved by Shenyang women and children.

In the late Qing Dynasty, Miao Runlong wrote in the bamboo branch poem "Bai Yong in Shenyang": "The empty cage is the head, and the washbasin is green and oily; May the farmers have a good harvest, and the silver hairpin will last for more than ten thousand years. " It's about Shengjing, the land of Longxing at that time. A hairstyle called "Ten Thousand Years Harvest" was popular among Manchu and Han women. Before Manchu entered Liaoshen area, it was originally a "man on horseback" who was good at riding and shooting for a living. Children practice shooting mandarin fish with wooden bows and arrows around the age of seven, and women can ride horses and whip as well as men. The formation of Manchu men's and women's hairstyles and clothing customs is related to the convenience of fishing and hunting production. In order to facilitate riding and shooting, the man shaved his forehead, hung his braids behind his head, wore a horseshoe sleeve robe with slits on both sides and tied a belt around his waist. Women are full of feet, wearing high heels, a bun on their heads, earrings and a wide straight cheongsam. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, Manchu and Han costumes gradually blended and tended to be consistent. Since the Qing Dynasty, it has become a fashion for women everywhere to wear cheongsam, which is directly related to the popularity of Manchu costumes. Manchu believes in polytheism shamanism, which was divided into court shaman and folk shaman in the early days. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty held various ceremonies to worship gods and heaven. For example, the court shaman set up "Tangzi" to worship heaven, and all of them chanted and danced in Manchu. The folk superstition of "jumping the gods" in ancient Liao area was mainly influenced by Shamanism.

Since the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Manchu people moved to the Central Plains, and a large number of Han people moved outside Shanhaiguan, and they had close contacts in economy, culture and life, and Manchu people gradually became familiar with Chinese and Han culture. Manchu has made great contributions to the promotion of the motherland's culture in just a few hundred years because she is a great nation that is good at learning and creating. Since the Qing Dynasty, due to the long-term coexistence of Manchu and Han, especially Manchu actively studied the ancient traditional culture of Han nationality. Not only Shenyang, but also Shanhaiguan Manchu is no different from Han nationality in language, clothing and customs. Now, in addition to some remote Manchu villages such as Heilongjiang, there are still a few old people who can speak Manchu, maintaining some inherent customs of Manchu. Most Manchu residents in Liaoning and other places have commonly used Chinese characters. However, from many Han Chinese words and customs, including Shenyang dialect, some contents derived from Manchu words and customs can still be found.

Just like Koguryo culture, Fuyu culture and Liao-Jin culture, it has become the dominant culture in this region in history. Since the Qing Dynasty, with the establishment of the Qing regime and the strengthening of its dominant position, the dominant Manchu culture has actively absorbed the excellent traditional culture of the Han nationality and the cultures of other nationalities while enhancing its own cultural influence, thus further forming a multi-ethnic cultural aggregate in the north led by the integration of Manchu and Han. Shenyang, a multi-ethnic cultural aggregation structure, is also the same feature of the cultural structure covering Northeast China.

The localization of immigrant culture represented by "going east" is a multi-structural form of Liaoning regional culture, which is mainly reflected in the coexistence of various economic cultures, the interaction between local local culture and mainland culture (mainly Central Plains culture), and the coexistence and compatibility of multi-ethnic cultures.

Historically, Liaoning-Shenyang area is the earliest and most important inhabited area of Han nationality in northeast China. However, in the later period, the Han population in Liaoning was mainly immigrants from Shanhaiguan Pass. As early as Xia and Shang dynasties, emperors of all dynasties consciously managed the black land in Kanto by sending officials to set up counties and migrating. As early as the Western Jin Dynasty, many Han people fled to Liaodong for refuge because of the constant war in the Central Plains, and lived together with people of all ethnic groups in Liaoning. After the Xianbei people established Yan Qian, they simply settled100000 refugees fleeing from the mainland in western Liaoning, which objectively promoted the local economic development and cultural exchanges between the Han nationality and various ethnic groups. Large-scale immigration to Shenyang and other places began in the Han Dynasty, but due to the development of local ethnic minorities after the Northern Song Dynasty, the population of the Central Plains who came here began to move back or integrate into some ethnic minorities.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in Shenyang City, it became the "land of Longxing" in the Qing Dynasty, and a powerful wave of immigrants flocked to Shanhaiguan.

In the Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen the rule of Liaodong and prevent the invasion of the Nuzhen nationality and Mongolian nationality to the south, measures were taken to build side walls and open up fields. From Shanhaiguan in the west to the mouth of Yalu River, a side wall of 1700 kilometers was built, and a state guard garrison was set up, resulting in more and more migrants.

Especially in southern Liaoning, Shandong immigrants landed in Lushun by sea and went northward in large numbers. These immigration measures have promoted the development of regional economy. In the seventeenth year of Yongle (14 19), the reclamation area of Liaodong in the twenty-fifth Wei Dynasty reached 2 1000 hectares, and then developed to 3 1000 hectares. The move of Daxing immigrants to open up wasteland has enriched the agricultural production in Liaodong, and on the basis of the prosperity of agricultural economy, it has also made the local handicraft industry with iron smelting and salt making develop rapidly. At that time, 30,000 guards in Liaodong, together with Longzhou and Shuntian Zunhua in Sichuan, were called the three major iron smelting centers, which were famous all over the country. At the same time, ginseng, mink and horse in the eastern mountainous area began to communicate with other places, which prospered the commodity economy.

Since the Qing Dynasty, most people who flocked to Kanto did not come to worship the ancient capital of Longxing and enjoy the scenery of the ancient city beyond the Great Wall. Almost all people are looking for a place to live in order to survive. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Shandong and other places set off a frenzy of running around. It can be said that most of the Han residents in Liaoshen area and even Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces now belong to the descendants of the Dongdu people. On August 24th, the second year of Guangxu, Shenbao reported that due to the famine in Shandong, "people who escaped from the famine in Shandong came here in droves, and they could not be counted every day. The day before, there were as many as 37 Shandong seagoing ships entering Liaohe River, each with more than 200 refugees, and more than 8,000 people came to Niuzhuang one day. " During the Republic of China alone, there were18.36 million immigrants from Shandong to Northeast China. The "Shandong Fort" in Shenyang, which has been used to this day, is the settlement of Shandong immigrants. According to relevant historical documents, during the Xuan Tong period of Qing Dynasty, the population of Northeast China was 184 1 10,000, and immigrants accounted for about10,000. Among all immigrants, Shandong people account for about 80% to 90%. According to this calculation, the number of Shandong people in the northeast of the Qing Dynasty reached 8 million to 9 million.

At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, with the southward movement of the Qing army, the population of Liaoning plummeted. After the pacification of the Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty, the Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong was promulgated in 1653, which stipulated that anyone who recruited 100 people would be given the title of magistrate and military guard. ..... Recruiters give a bucket of grain every day, six liters of seeds per field, and twenty cows per hundred people, "three years' money and grain is exempted". Encouraged by this preferential policy, the poor people in Shandong flocked to it. Although the Qing government once implemented the northeast blockade policy, it could not actually stop the refugees from Shandong and other places from entering Kanto. Moreover, they are no longer confined to "living in the southwest of Fengtian, such as Jin, Fu, Hai and Gai", but "carrying baskets, supporting the elderly and carrying the young, or going out to the east, or crossing the Bohai Sea in the north. Ants are swarming, but they grow in Ji (Lin) and Aodong in spring, so that the Tumen River area", and their footprints are all over the northeast. After the Opium War, due to the emptiness of national strength and financial difficulties, the Qing government's control over the frontier was weakened day by day, which facilitated the official land reclamation in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), so Shandong immigrants went northward one after another, causing this wave of going to the East until the Republic of China.

In ancient Shenyang, the land was vast and sparsely populated, and there were few indigenous people. Most of the population growth trends of all ethnic groups appeared after the Tang Dynasty. Han residents from Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi and other places in Guanzhong came to Shenyang to make a living and settle down. The local culture of Shenyang and the customs and habits of immigrants from all over the world have influenced each other, gradually merged and accumulated, and then formed the characteristics compatible with various regional cultures. History tells us with a heavy heart that this place was once the exile of another kind of "special immigrants"-imperial criminals. Hanke (16 12- 1660), a monk exiled to Shenyang by the Qing court during the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, wrote in a poem "Arriving in Shenyang for the first time": "When you see the city, people say it is the old capital. The ox cart is still miscellaneous and the house is half deserted. " It truly describes the ancient city of Shenyang that flowed into people's eyes that year.

Shandong immigrants do as the Romans do, and are used to living in heatable adobe sleeping platform, with an open "pocket room" and a "shack". Diet, gradually like to eat sorghum rice, corn flour, buckwheat flour, corn seeds, stewed pork vermicelli, sauerkraut stuffing jiaozi. Influenced by the customs of Shandong immigrants, Shenyang aborigines gradually changed the habit of living in one room and simple houses for generations, and accepted Shandong noodles, pancakes and other foods. Pancake shops flourished for a while, and scallion pancakes became a flavor snack in Shenyang, just like scallion cakes. Embroidered tiger pillows in Shandong usually belong to the same family as indigenous rocking carts and cradles. Honest and frank, Shandong immigrants, hardworking, Shenyang people generous and helpful, more simple. After liberation, especially since the reform and opening up, migrant workers, businessmen and migrant workers from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui have flooded into Shenyang urban and rural areas, further enriching the multi-domain compatibility of Shenyang rural customs. Black land accepted immigrants to Kanto, and the immigrants to Kanto also shed hard sweat for the local economic and cultural construction. At the same time, immigrants and their descendants, together with local aborigines, created Liaoning local culture based on the immigration customs in Shandong and other places, which was integrated inside and outside the customs.

Unique local culture and humanistic character As far as the long history and culture seen in archaeological excavations over the years are concerned, Shenyang history and culture belong to an important node of Liaohe culture. It is mainly manifested in the Paleolithic culture of Jin Niu Shan people in Yingkou, the Paleolithic sites in Daliangkou and Gezidong in Kazuo, Chaoyang, the stone shed boulder culture in Yingkou and other places, the former Hongshan Culture site in Chahai, the first village in China, more than 8,000 years ago, and the Neolithic ancient cultural site in Xinle, Shenyang, 7,200 years ago. As one of the important symbols of the origin of Chinese civilization, Niuheliang Hongshan Culture, as well as a large number of historical and cultural relics distributed in Liaohe River basin and its tributaries, such as the tomb of Han Wei in Liaoyang, the tomb of Miyagi in Longcheng, Chaoyang, the tomb of Yemaotai, the tomb of Yudaogou in Jianchang, the tomb of Han in Yingchengzi, Dalian, and Huining Temple in Beipiao, etc. Therefore, simply saying that Shenyang culture is too narrow, more accurately, it should be called "Liaoshen culture".

When describing the characters of Liaoning people and Shenyang people in the south of China, they are often summarized by rough, bold, atmospheric and heroic words. In essence, this cultural character is the embodiment of the inclusiveness and integration of local culture. This unique humanistic character of local culture is the result of the integration of immigrant culture and northern multi-ethnic culture, which is mainly the integration of Manchu and Han, and also the result of comprehensive brewing of local specific historical geography and natural environment. This character typically reflects the perseverance and spirit of survivors in the harsh local natural environment, and it is also the result of absorbing the mixed local character of northern safari nationalities and Shandong immigrants.

If there is another side to the local cultural and humanistic character of Liaoning and Shenyang, I would like to quote the relevant views in the preface to the book Duyu Northeast by Su Su, a Dalian woman writer. She is a "northerner writing northerners". She is from Liaoning. Liaoning culture is the backbone of Northeast culture. She thinks:

"Northeasters have an innate kingliness and domineering, but in many cases, you can see that some Northeasters associate generosity with ignorance and heroism with vulgarity. Most of them are tall and look strong, but they can't bear hardships. They look dignified, but their lives are miserable. ..... Northeast China has given Northeastern people laziness and barbarism, while Northeast China has given them backwardness and sluggishness. Walking in the northeast, I often feel stretched and sunny, and sometimes I feel suffocated, disgusted and anxious. In my writing, I am sometimes optimistic and sometimes quite pessimistic. " Why is this happening? I think this Liaoning woman writer saw the bad side of local local culture and humanistic character.

A sociologist who is also in Northeast China analyzed in his monograph "Northeasters: Kanto Culture", "Kanto culture has formed some unique values in the long process of formation, such as brave and aggressive folk customs, value orientation of attaching importance to reality and neglecting literature; The ethos of seeking greatness and dignity; Pioneering spirit of hard struggle. These values have been accumulated in the deep structure of Northeast people's psychology and have been continued through several inheritance mechanisms, which will still be seen in contemporary Northeast people. " We are also talking about the humanistic character of local culture in Liaoning and Shenyang.

As the old saying goes, "one side of the soil and water will support one side." The humanistic character of a local culture has shaped the local culture from generation to generation. It is the most basic requirement of modern Liaoning people for modern civilization to carry forward the excellent humanistic character in local culture and get rid of its bad habits. In the era of increasingly diversified culture, it also provides a new development space for the tolerance and integration of humanistic character of local local culture. It is the inherent advantage of Liaoning people to accept all kinds of modern civilizations and new things with the innate inclusiveness and integration of local culture. Making full use of this advantage to make friends all over the world, absorbing all kinds of advanced things from outside, developing local undertakings and building a new home of modern civilization are also a new starting point for shaping the new humanistic character of local cultural civilization. Shenyang's natural environment is integrated with the ancient cultural traditions of farming, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting, which constitutes the rich cultural heritage of Shenyang's simple, open-minded and rough folk customs. Enthusiasm, helpfulness, generosity and diligence are not only the basic moral habits formed by residents of all ethnic groups in Shenyang in their long-term social life, but also the beautiful image of Shenyang people who are well-known at home and abroad.

Based on the above, this book mainly wants to guide readers to grasp the main characteristics of Shenyang folk customs from specific events through some content sections. The main sections are: life etiquette-weddings, funerals and birthdays; Four seasons and eight festivals-a traditional festival for four years old; Basic necessities of life-details of daily life; Entertainment-traces of childhood memories; Beliefs and customs--the historical heritage in the mind. Folk language and language folklore are the most basic carriers for recording and preserving regional folk cultural information, and the most "reductive" "language fossils" in the history of regional folklore. Therefore, we strive to vividly show the local folk customs and their main features in local forms through a large number of colorful folk languages and language folklore. In other words, the way of language folklore is adopted. In addition, Miao Runlong, a famous scholar in Shenyang in the late Qing Dynasty, wrote hundreds of custom bamboo words "Hundred Odes to Shenyang", which has always been valued by people who study Shenyang local folk culture and is known as the "Qingming Riverside Map" of Shenyang culture. Easy to understand and catchy, it is also a favorite reading for ordinary readers to understand Shenyang local folk culture. However, only a few professionals have read all its contents for a long time. Therefore, it is simplified according to the book published by the author in the journal of Cultural Studies and attached to the end of the volume as a concise reader.