Is it okay to be caught by a kitten and bleed without an injection?

Yes, in this case, there are cases of being scratched by cats. There is a possibility of rabies infection. So in this case, it is better to pay attention to vaccination and disinfection of your wound (cleaning the wound, squeezing out dirty blood, disinfecting with hydrogen peroxide, and finally disinfecting with iodophor). But be careful not to do strenuous exercise and eat spicy and irritating diet during vaccination.

The content is as follows:

vaccine

Vaccine refers to biological products made of various pathogenic microorganisms for preventive inoculation. Among them, vaccines made of bacteria or spirochetes are also called vaccines. Vaccines are divided into live vaccines and dead vaccines. Commonly used live vaccines include BCG, polio vaccine, measles vaccine and plague vaccine. Commonly used dead vaccines include pertussis vaccine, typhoid vaccine, meningococcal vaccine and cholera vaccine.

It is estimated that immunization can prevent 2 million to 3 million people from dying of diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and measles every year. In the past few years, the global vaccination coverage rate (the proportion of children receiving recommended vaccines in the world) has remained stable.

Remember to vaccinate newborns with these vaccines.

What vaccines are involved in the "poison vaccine" incident?

It turns out that these parasites are good for human beings.

classify

Vaccination in China falls into two categories.

Category I vaccines refer to vaccines provided by the government to citizens free of charge and accepted by citizens in accordance with government regulations, including vaccines determined by the national immunization program, vaccines added by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in the implementation of the national immunization program, and vaccines organized by people's governments at or above the county level or their health authorities for emergency vaccination or mass vaccination;

The second category of vaccines refers to other vaccines that citizens voluntarily vaccinate at their own expense.

principle

Vaccine is an active immune preparation made of pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, etc.) to prevent infectious diseases. ) and its metabolites are artificially attenuated, inactivated or genetically modified. The vaccine retains the characteristics that pathogenic bacteria stimulate the immune system of animals. When animals come into contact with this harmless pathogen, the immune system will produce certain protective substances, such as immune hormones, active physiological substances and special antibodies. When animals come into contact with this pathogen again, the animal's immune system will follow the original memory and produce more protective substances to prevent the harm of pathogens.

kind

Vaccines are generally divided into two categories: preventive vaccines and therapeutic vaccines. Preventive vaccines are mainly used to prevent diseases, and the recipients are healthy individuals or newborns; Therapeutic vaccines are mainly used for sick individuals and the recipients are patients.

According to tradition and custom, it can be divided into attenuated live vaccine, inactivated vaccine, antitoxin, subunit vaccine (including polypeptide vaccine), vector vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine and so on.

Live attenuated vaccine (live attenuated vaccine)

The effective rate of this virus vaccine is above 90%, and its protective effect usually lasts for many years. Its outstanding advantage is that the pathogen replicates in the host to produce an antigen stimulus, and the number, nature and location of antigens are similar to those of natural infection, so the immunogenicity is generally very strong, and it is not even necessary to strengthen immunity. This outstanding advantage also has potential dangers: some individuals with poor immunity will cause infection; Mutation may restore virulence. With the understanding of the molecular basis of pathogen virulence, the latter can reduce the virulence more reasonably, which may make it more reliable and cannot restore the virulence.

Inactivated vaccine (inactivated vaccine)

Compared with attenuated live vaccine, inactivated vaccine uses non-replicating antigen (inactivated vaccine), so it has better safety, but its immunogenicity is also weak, so it is often necessary to strengthen immunity. It should be noted that not all pathogens can become highly effective vaccines after inactivation: some are highly effective, such as polio vaccine for injection (IPV) or hepatitis A vaccine in salk; Others are some vaccines with low efficiency and short duration, such as inactivated cholera vaccine for injection, which has almost been abandoned; There are also some partially inactivated vaccines, such as traditional inactivated vaccines for influenza and typhoid fever, which have low efficacy and need to improve their protection rate and immune duration. Most of these inefficient vaccines will be replaced by new vaccines.

Toxoid vaccine

When the pathological changes of diseases are mainly caused by virulent exotoxin or enterotoxin, toxoid vaccines are of great significance, such as tetanus and diphtheria vaccines. Generally speaking, enterotoxins are rarely successful. However, the heat-stable enterotoxin (LT) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli has been genetically transformed into a virus-free variant, which is expected to become an effective vaccine for travelers' diarrhea. Mutations corresponding to cholera toxin (CT) may become more important vaccines. Variants of these two toxins can even induce good mucosal immunity and are promising mucosal immune adjuvants.

Most toxoid vaccines used at present are made by traditional techniques. These vaccines, such as diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, contain many impurities, and the formaldehyde treatment process of transforming toxins into toxoid will also lead to cross-linking with bovine-derived peptides in the culture medium, thus eventually producing unnecessary antigens. Therefore, the quality and efficacy of these vaccines can be improved by studying a mutant and nontoxic pure molecule as a new vaccine. For example, replacing glutamic acid at position 52 of diphtheria toxin with glycine can lead to toxicity loss and cross-reaction with diphtheria toxin.

Subunit vaccine and polypeptide vaccine

DNA recombination technology makes it possible to obtain a large number of pure antigen molecules. Compared with the vaccine prepared by pathogens, it has undergone revolutionary changes in technology, with easier quality control and higher price. From the effect, some subunit vaccines, such as acellular pertussis and HBsAg, have high immunogenicity at low doses; Other vaccines have low immunity and need stronger adjuvants than aluminum salts.

Peptide vaccines are usually made by chemical synthesis technology. Its advantages are simple components and easy quality control. However, with the decrease of molecular weight and structural complexity of immunogen, immunogenicity also decreased significantly. Therefore, these vaccines generally need special structural design, special delivery system or adjuvant.

Vector vaccine

Vector vaccine introduces antigen gene into the body through harmless microorganisms and induces immune response. It is characterized by combining the strong immunogenicity of attenuated live vaccine with the accuracy of subunit vaccine. An obvious advantage of this live vector vaccine is that it can effectively induce cellular immunity in vivo. At present, the method of inducing cellular immunity is not good enough, and cellular immunity is particularly important in some diseases, so this vaccine has great prospects. The important vectors used in the experiment are variants of vaccinia virus, poliovirus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus, herpes virus, salmonella, Shigella and so on. One or more cytokine genes can also be constructed at the same time, which can enhance the immune response or change the direction of the immune response.

Nucleic acid vaccine

Nucleic acid vaccine is also called DNA vaccine or naked DNA vaccine. The key difference between it and live vaccine is that the DNA encoding antigen will not replicate in humans or animals. Nucleic acid vaccine should contain strong promoter elements that can be efficiently expressed in mammalian cells, such as early promoter in human cytomegalovirus; At the same time, it should also contain an appropriate mRNA transcription termination sequence. After intramuscular injection, DNA enters the cytoplasm and then reaches the muscle nucleus, but it is not integrated into the genome. Myocytes and dendritic cells, as the target cells of gene gun method, have no phenomenon of high-speed division and proliferation, and have low homology with plasmids, so the possibility of homologous recombination is small.

Compared with other vaccines, nucleic acid vaccine has great potential advantages: ①DNA vaccine is one of the few methods to induce cytotoxic T cell response; (2) It can overcome the problems of easy folding error and incomplete glycosylation of protein subunit vaccine; (3) it has good stability, is not easy to vary in large quantities, and is easy for quality control; (4) low production cost. ⑤ Theoretically, multivalent vaccine can be realized by mixing multiple plasmids or constructing composite plasmids. ⑥ Theoretically, the stability of antigen synthesis will reduce the dose of booster injection, and a very small amount of DNA (sometimes nanogram) can activate cytotoxic T cells well.

Theoretically, nucleic acid vaccines also have potential problems or side effects. First of all, although homologous recombination with host DNA is unlikely, random insertion is still possible. Although there is no quantitative data about this problem, whether it will induce cancer is still a problem worthy of attention. Secondly, the titer of DNA vaccine is different in different antigens or different species. The effect of human vaccine in model animals should be correctly evaluated. Thirdly, the immune regulation and action mechanism of the body may lead to the destruction of antigen-expressing cells, the release of intracellular antigens and the activation of autoimmunity. Fourth, the stimulation of low-dose antigen for a long time may lead to immune tolerance and lead to the recipient's unresponsiveness to antigen. But so far, these potential side effects have not been found in practice.

Edible vaccine

The carrier of this kind of vaccine is the cells of edible plants such as potatoes, bananas and tomatoes, and the protective immune response is initiated by eating their fruits or other components. As natural biological capsules, plant cells can effectively transport antigens to submucosal lymphatic system. This is one of the few effective methods to start mucosal immunity at present. Therefore, it has good development prospects for mucosal infectious diseases. [ 1]

Contraindications

It is customary in China to divide vaccine taboos into general taboos and absolute taboos, and foreign books and periodicals call them contraindications and warning cards.

The general taboo means that vaccination can be postponed under certain circumstances, such as fever and recovery from illness (equivalent to a warning card).

Absolute contraindication refers to the increase in the probability of adverse reactions, the aggravation of adverse reactions or the possibility of immune damage after vaccination. If the immune function is incomplete (defective), live attenuated vaccine may not be inoculated, but inactivated vaccine may be inoculated. People who are allergic to eggs should not be vaccinated with measles, flu and other vaccines cultured with chicken embryo cells.

According to the scheme recommended by American ACIP in 2003, some healthy adults can choose to get some vaccines. Patients with diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, chronic liver diseases (including alcoholic hepatitis) and heart diseases can be vaccinated with influenza vaccine, pneumonia polysaccharide vaccine (PCV) and hepatitis B vaccine; People with poor renal function can be vaccinated with pneumonia polysaccharide vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine; Immune deficiency, can be vaccinated with pneumonia polysaccharide vaccine, varicella vaccine; HI V infected people can be vaccinated with pneumonia polysaccharide vaccine and chickenpox vaccine. [ 1]

Coupling syndrome

Strictly speaking, the coupled diseases of vaccination can be divided into three situations: coupling, inducing and aggravating the primary disease.

Coupling means that the recipient is in the incubation period or precursor period of the disease when vaccinated, and the disease will occur after vaccination. There is no causal relationship with vaccination, which is purely coincidental, that is, this disease will occur whether it is vaccinated or not.

Induction refers to the fact that the recipient has the vaccination taboo stipulated in the vaccine instructions, and the recipient or his guardian fails to truthfully provide the health status and vaccination taboo of the recipient before vaccination, and the original disease of the recipient suddenly recurs or affects the physiological process after vaccination.

Aggravation means that the recipient suffers from chronic diseases, which immediately leads to aggravation or acute recurrence after vaccination, and it is confirmed by investigation that it has a certain relationship with vaccination. Aggravating the primary disease is actually an inducement, but the clinical symptoms and signs are more serious.