Comprehensive guidance of basic medical theory: a brief introduction of three psychotherapy methods

Psychoanalytic therapy is a psychotherapy method founded by Austrian psychiatrist S Floyd (1856- 1939) at the end of 19. Psychoanalysis theory holds that people are greatly influenced by unconscious motivation, the contradiction between impulse and repression, defense mechanism and early experience. The core problem of neurosis symptoms is anxiety. When I expected anxiety, I suppressed it to prevent the development of anxiety and disguised it with self-defense mechanism to avoid pain, but it formed symptoms. The symptom of neurosis is the tortuous expression of the desire to seek satisfaction from the repressed to the unconscious, the result of compromise between the repressed and the repressed forces, and the alternative satisfaction of unconscious conflict. Psychoanalytic therapy is to use the techniques of free association, dream interpretation, impedance analysis, empathy analysis, explanation and correction to find the unconscious motivation behind the symptoms and make them conscious. That is to say, through analysis and treatment, patients can realize the crux of their unconsciousness, produce an understanding at the level of consciousness, make the unconscious psychological process conscious, and let patients truly understand the true meaning of symptoms, thus making the symptoms disappear.

The classic psychoanalysis process needs experimental analysis before formal treatment to determine whether the treatment object is suitable for psychoanalysis; Then it is divided into four stages. The first stage is the open stage, the purpose of which is to establish the alliance of treatment. Patients must maintain their basic trust in treatment when their desires are not satisfied. The second stage is the generation and interpretation of empathy. With the development of empathy, the therapist should explain it in time, so that the patient can fully understand the situation in which he projects his past experiences and experiences on the therapist. The third stage is the interpretation and modification stage. At this stage, patients should be able to distinguish between the doctor-patient treatment alliance and the reality distorted by empathy, as well as the entity of doctors and the image of doctors distorted by emotions since childhood. And help patients have a deeper understanding of empathy, and strive to overcome various obstacles encountered in treatment, that is, have a clearer understanding of the potential motives hidden in their symptoms. The fourth stage is the end stage of treatment. At this stage, it is necessary to solve the patient's dependence on the therapist and his attempt to refuse to end the treatment, and completely solve the patient's empathy for the therapist. Classical psychoanalytic treatment ranges from six months to two to four years.

Second, cognitive understanding therapy.

Cognitive understanding therapy was founded by China psychiatrist Zhong Youbin. It borrowed some viewpoints from psychoanalysis, started with changing patients' understanding, and created a practical psychotherapy method suitable for China's national conditions. According to the theory of cognitive psychotherapy, the root of psychological disorder lies in the mental trauma suffered in childhood, and the fear caused by these trauma will leave traces in the brain and reappear when encountering setbacks in adulthood, so that children treat things that adults think are not worth fearing with childish attitude. Because symptoms are the reappearance of the fear of childhood experience in adults, the performance of symptoms must be naive and have immature psychological performance.

In the first interview, patients and their families were asked to describe the specific content of symptom generation and development, so as to make a clear diagnosis, and simply and directly told patients that their morbid symptoms were caused by the recurrence of childhood fear experiences in adults, or to deal with adult psychological confusion or solve adult sexual desire in a young way. After the interview, you can ask patients about their life history and related experiences that are easy to recall, and then gradually analyze the nature of symptoms, pay attention to the timing, and analyze the childishness of symptoms and the emotions or behaviors that conform to the logical laws of adults. It is because patients realize that some ideas are similar to children's fantasies, which are completely meaningless to healthy adults, not worthy of fear or even ridiculous, and then further explain to patients that the root cause of the disease is in the past, even in infancy.

In the course of treatment, the therapist and the patient analyze the essence of symptoms together, and adopt explanations that are easy for patients to understand and conform to their life experience, so as to urge patients to understand and believe the childishness, absurdity and irrationality of their symptoms and pathological behaviors, so that patients can truly understand and "make up their minds not to be slaves to children's psychology", thus abandoning the original wrong attitude and pathological behaviors and making the symptoms disappear. The indications of this therapy are mainly obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia and some sexual perversions.

Third, behavioral therapy.

Behavioral therapy is a psychotherapy technique based on experimental psychology, which helps patients to establish or eliminate certain behaviors, thus achieving therapeutic purposes. The implementation of behavioral therapy depends on people's three learning behaviors: reactive learning, operational learning and observational learning. Its theoretical representatives are Pavlov, Watson, Skinner and Bandura. Behavioral therapy has two basic hypotheses, 1. The patient's non-adaptive behavior, like adaptive behavior, is learned through learning. 2. Individuals can learn to eliminate those acquired maladaptive behaviors, and also learn to acquire the missing adaptive behaviors. The commonly used techniques of behavioral therapy include: systematic desensitization, self-management, behavioral contract, role-playing, self-confidence training, aversion therapy, saturation technology and token therapy.

Behavioral therapy generally includes seven steps: 1, functional analysis of problem behavior, paying special attention to the frequent and rare cases of this problem. 2. Calibration of problem behavior severity. 3, the formulation of behavior correction goals. 4. Formulate and implement intervention plans to increase positive behaviors and reduce negative behaviors. 5. Monitor the intervention plan and make adjustments according to the situation. 6. End phase. Once the goal is achieved, the intervention plan can be phased out. 7. Inspection stage. If the problem behavior recurs, adjuvant treatment can be given.

Behavioral therapy does not directly change people's physical and mental state through biological means, but produces therapeutic effects by changing the relationship between environment and society. The same characteristic of behavioral therapy is: 1. Handling only issues related to the current visitor; 2. Treatment can be explicit or intrinsic for special behaviors; 3. Treatment techniques are all developed from experiments, that is, based on experiments; 4. For each visitor, the therapist takes appropriate classical conditioning, operating conditioning, imitation learning or other behavioral therapy techniques according to his problems and his own situation.