What is the piano that often appears in costume TV series?

On June 7th, 2003, 165438+ Chinese Guqin art was awarded the title of "masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of mankind" by UNESCO. This is the second selected project in China after Kunqu won this title, and its outstanding value has been recognized by the world again.

Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting were once the four skills that ancient China literati were proud of, and they were also the four arts. Among them, Qin Le is the oldest and longest-lasting form of instrumental music in the history of China, with a verifiable history of 3,000 years. Idioms that are well-known to women and children, such as "high mountains and flowing water", "burning the piano to cook cranes" and "playing the piano for cows", all come from stories related to the piano.

Guqin, also known as lyre, Qin Yu and lyre, is the oldest plucked instrument with strong national color in China. According to legend, the primitive guqin was created in primitive times, and it was widely circulated in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was played with instruments such as Qin and drums during the sacrifice. "My Fair Lady, Friends of Rabbit and Rabbit" is recorded in The Book of Songs Guanluo, and "Rabbit and Rabbit beat drums to rule Tianzu" is also recorded in The Book of Songs Xiaoya. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the piano was mainly played by soloists, and at this time the band mainly played percussion instruments and wind instruments. The development of plucked instruments is still in the primary stage, and it is in a relatively secondary position in the band. The Han, Wei and Six Dynasties was an important period for the development of Guqin art, during which a large number of instrumental works appeared. The famous guqin Song Guangling III is the masterpiece of this period. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Guqin art. Due to the prosperity of economy and the stability of society, Guqin art got unprecedented development. But also has far-reaching historical significance for the inheritance and development of Guqin music in later generations. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Guqin music developed significantly, and the piano world showed a thriving scene. The biggest feature is that it spread from the palace to the folk, absorbing the essence of folk music in large quantities, organically combining it and forming a unique style. Ming and Qing Dynasties is an important period for the formation of Guqin school. Due to the differences in geographical environment, cultural customs, teachers' background and genealogy, schools with local colors as the main features emerge one after another, and all of them have a certain number of representative works, which have played an inheritance role in the development of various schools in the future.

Guqin is the oldest and purest local musical instrument in China. Guqin music has a long history of 3,000 years. It is an important part of China music and a representative of China traditional music culture. In the Song Dynasty, Chen Yun mentioned "the unity of musicians and musicians" in Le Shu, which revealed the position of piano in ancient China music. Chinese guqin, from modeling to repertoire, from special notation to rich playing skills, embodies the highest realm of China's music art, with profound musical implications, elegant style and touching artistic charm. He is best at creating an ethereal aesthetic feeling with "emptiness" and "distance" and pursuing an implicit artistic conception. It has both rich connotations and seemingly simple, free and loose external forms. Only by studying Guqin music deeply can we truly understand the profoundness of China's music.

Guqin was called "Qin" in ancient times, as well as "four links" and "lyre". Legends such as "Fuxi made the piano", "Shennong made the piano" and "Shun made the banjo" are not credible, but their history is really quite long. Qin Dynasty, first seen in ancient books, is China's first poetry collection-The Book of Songs. "My Fair Lady, Friends of the Harp" in The Book of Songs, "Zhou Nanguan Luo" (jū) and "I have a guest, playing the Harp" and "Xiaoya Luming Literature" in The Book of Songs all reflect the close relationship between the piano and people's lives. It can be seen that Qin was popular in the Zhou Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago. Later, due to Kong Yu's advocacy, the atmosphere of playing the piano flourished among the literati, and gradually formed the ancient literati, who must have the tradition of "playing the piano, playing chess, writing and drawing". At the beginning of advocating Qin music, Confucius taught gentlemen not to be coke. A gentleman is better than Qin Bide, and only a gentleman can be happy. Playing the piano is the highest realm of gentleman's cultivation, and the unity of man and music shows a calm and sincere demeanor. In the era of Confucius, Qin music was not only the personal cultivation and enjoyment of later gentlemen, but also the sacred music to accommodate heaven and earth and educate the people. In Yu Qin's music, Confucius heard the voice of King Wen Sheng, and Shi Kuang heard the voice of the subjugation of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The ancients believed that the weather of heaven and earth was contained in it, and people worshipped it and gave it moral belief. As a kind of "pronunciation", Qin Le embodies China's orthodoxy and culture for thousands of years. Guqin has accompanied people's lives and left us many touching stories: Boya played the piano and met a bosom friend; Zhuo Wenjun expressed his love with Qin; Ji Kang was facing death, and he also played a song "Guangling San"; Zhuge Liang cleverly set up an empty city plan, calmly played the piano, and cleverly retired hundreds of heroic soldiers of Sima Yi; There is also the story of Tao Yuanming playing the stringed piano. , are celebrated through the ages.

For a long time, many musicians thought that "the banjo, the king of Wen and the king of Wu each added a string" and became a banjo. Guqin seems to have not changed much since its birth. However, with the new discovery of unearthed cultural relics, this traditional concept has been passively shaken. Now referring to ancient literature, we get the impression that before the Han Dynasty, the piano surface could be separated and combined, and the piano surface had decorative ups and downs. The number and length of strings are uncertain, ranging from five strings to as many as twenty strings, two meters long and 50 centimeters short. When playing, only empty strings are played. From the Han Dynasty, the piano surface gradually flattened, and some pianos that could be pressed with the left hand appeared: in the late Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Guqin has a full range of three and a half to four octaves. In the commonly used methods of tuning strings, the lowest note is C in the big character group on the staff, the highest note is A in the small character group, and the arrangement of seven strings is CDFGACd strings. Guqin is rich in timbre, and the bass area is usually used in performance. When playing, the right hand plucks the string to pick the tone, and there are three timbre changes: loose, wide and pressed. Playing the empty string is called "scattered sound" by guqinists, and its sound is rich and loud as a bell; Some overtones are light and ethereal, while others are clear as pearls (there are 1 19 practical overtones on guqin). From the sound point of view, round and delicate, full of expression, similar to singing. The left hand glide, which the pianist calls the "hand-walking sound", is like silk wrapped around a column beam.

Yin, Yi (náo), Chuo and Zhu are unique left-handed techniques of Guqin. "Yin" refers to the subtle and slow jitter of the fingers of the left hand, and the timbre is like a human voice. "Lin" refers to the left finger sliding left and right in virtual reality, with a rich voice; "Chuo" is the current upper glide; "attention", that is, falling tone. The application of these techniques not only makes Guqin music full of the characteristics of human voice singing, but also skillfully shows the tension of rhythm in different emotional States due to various "songs" and "sounds" formed by changes in frequency and amplitude.

Due to the differences in local conditions and people's temperament, various schools of guqin performance have been formed. As early as the Tang Dynasty, there were two factions, Wu and Shu. Zhao Yili, a pianist in Sui and Tang Dynasties, once said: "Wu Sheng is gentle, and if the Yangtze River flows slowly, it will have the wind of the country." The sound of Shu is impatient, and if the waves rush to Zhou, it will be handsome for a while, which summarizes the style characteristics of Wu and Shu factions. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guqin developed into Sichuan School, Yushan School, Guangling School, Zhejiang School, Jinling School, Zhongzhou School, Zhucheng School and Fujian School.