Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional culture - What was the governance structure of ancient China?

What was the governance structure of ancient China?

1. Central office

The State of Qin set up a central organization consisting of the Prime Minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work. The Han dynasty generally followed the Qin system and was called the Three Fairs. Nine chats, in charge of all aspects of government affairs, later evolved into three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu (decision-making), Menxia (deliberation) and Shangshu (implementation), and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. Song dynasty expanded the authority of Zhongshu province, and the Privy Council was divided into civil and military powers. Under the door, ministers save waste. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was the highest administrative body, with the minister as assistant minister and the chief minister as video (that is, prime minister). In the military department of the Qing Dynasty, Wang, Gong and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, who were in charge of state affairs.

The six departments refer to the "official department, which is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment and promotion of officials; The Ministry is responsible for land registration, taxation and finance; Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; The penal department, in charge of judicial prisons; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other matters. " The minister is a minister and the deputy minister is an assistant minister. There are practitioners, deputy foreign ministers and subordinate officials in charge.

In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi edited The History of Hanlin.

2. Local official positions

The main administrative areas in Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. Chief, Qin said chief, Korea said satrap. The main administrative area of Sui and Tang Dynasties was Zhou, which was called the secretariat by state officials, and its subordinate officials were Chang Shi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time has been set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In Song Dynasty, state officials were called breg and county officials were called breg. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.

In addition, there were also counties in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen counties, all of which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, calling it a secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, also called prison areas. The central government sent officials to inspect them. These officials were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, and several departments were responsible for all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called the book province in China, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Chengxuan Bureaucracy Department, and it is still called "province" in custom.

China ancient science and technology position

Dai Wusan

In the long historical development of China, successive dynasties have established a huge and complete official system. Among many officials, some positions are directly or indirectly related to science and technology. According to the subjective wishes of the rulers, the establishment of the official system is more for the centralization and stability of the kingship and the long-term stability of the country than for the promotion of science and technology to economic and social development. However, from the actual effect, the establishment of official positions related to science and technology did promote the development of ancient economy, society and science and technology.

I. Overview of Ancient Science and Technology Stations

To clarify the ancient scientific and technological official positions, we need to have a general understanding of the ancient official system. The so-called "official" is the general name of ancient civil and military officials. The official system can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty 4000 years ago.

According to documents, the Xia Dynasty set up six ministers in charge of central government affairs. These "six men" are: (the head of the six men), Hou Ji (in charge of agriculture), Situ (in charge of culture), Shi or Dali (in charge of prison), * * * Ministry of Industry (in charge of various projects) and (in charge of Shanze animal husbandry). As you can see, Hou Ji, workers and people in danger are all related to technology. In fact, agricultural production technology, construction technology (including building houses and ditches) and natural resource management are all important conditions for the survival and development of our ancestors.

According to legend, as early as the Zhuan Xu era before the summer, there was a post of "Fire Administration", which was responsible for observing "Fire" (Antares) and guiding agricultural production according to its existence. Later, due to the clan scuffle, the observation was suspended, causing great confusion. When I arrived in Diyao, I set up an official and resumed the post of fire administration, so the weather was good and the country was safe.

In the Zhou Dynasty, the official system was further developed, and the framework of the six officials' subordinate system was established, that is, heavenly officials, local officials, spring officials, Qiu Guan officials, summer officials and winter officials, all of whom performed their duties. In addition to the existing officials in charge of astronomical observation, agriculture and animal husbandry, the Zhou Dynasty also established a set of medical organizations and systems related to medicine. "Zhou Li Tianguan" records: "Doctors take orders and gather poison to cure diseases." The doctor mentioned here is the head of many doctors and is in charge of the national medical decree. Under the doctor, there are scholars, officials, historians, apprentices and other professionals, all of whom perform their duties.

After the Qin Dynasty unified China, under the "three fairs" of the Prime Minister, Qiu Wei and the Imperial Scholar, the "Jiuqing" was set up, which basically systematized the central institutions. Among them, "Fengchang" is in charge of sacrifice, culture, education, medical and health affairs, "Governing the internal history of millet" is in charge of agriculture, finance and salt and iron monopoly, and "Shaofu" is in charge of royal property, material supply and the construction of ancestral graves, all of which are related to science and technology. Jiuqing was still established in the Han Dynasty, and its functions remained basically unchanged, but some institutions were renamed.

Shangshutai was established in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Cao Liu was established in the Western Han Dynasty, which became the embryonic form of six state departments in the next two thousand years. In the Sui Dynasty, Shangshu Province set up six departments: the official department, the ritual department, the military department, the official department, the branch department and the Ministry of Industry. Each department has four divisions, the first division is the general division, and the rest are divisions. This setting lasted for more than 1000 years. Until today, the central ministries and commissions of our country have their own departments, which are still the remnants of the past. Of course, the names of departments under the ministries vary from time to time, and the number has changed since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The names of "Li, Hu, Li, C, Xing and Gong" in the early Tang Dynasty remained in use until the late Qing Dynasty, during which only short-term changes were made.

In addition to the six ministries, after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were often some newly established central-level administrative agencies at the same level as the ministries. For example, there were "five supervisors" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties: "imperial academy" was in charge of school education; "Shaofu supervisor" is in charge of handicraft production; The "chief supervisor" is responsible for the construction of the temple project; "Military Equipment Supervision" is responsible for the production of weapons and military materials; "Water Supervisor" is in charge of canal water conservancy, which has a certain relationship with science and technology.

Generally speaking, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, science and technology management related to engineering technology belonged to the Ministry of Industry; Related to agronomy, belonging to the "household department"; Related to astronomy, it belongs to Qin Tianjian; Those related to medicine belong to "too hospital"; What is related to arithmetic belongs to imperial academy. In the Republic of China, the situation changed, and the scientific and technological management institutions began to move closer to the west.

2. Several characteristics of ancient science and technology post stations

There are several remarkable characteristics of ancient scientific and technological official positions, mainly in the following aspects:

Astronomers and astronomical institutions occupy a special position.

The research contents of ancient astronomy and modern astronomy are quite different, which needs attention. In ancient astronomical institutions, there were many sub-departments such as astronomy, calendar and seal cutting, which were mainly responsible for observing images, making calendars and telling time. There have been some changes in the names of astronomical institutions, the setting of departments, the level and scope of official positions, but the basic functions have not changed substantially. Among them, the department responsible for observing astronomical phenomena has a special position compared with the department making calendars and telling time. It is not only related to the calculation results of reference calendar, but also has important scientific functions. But also related to the good or ill luck of the investigator, which has important social functions.

As early as when Li Zhouguan was a scholar, there were six kinds of official positions related to astronomy, namely, "uncle", "dreaming" and "Yi =?" Da Shi, Feng and Bao. Each official's rank and family have clear regulations. Among them, "uncle" has a high level and wide responsibilities, and astronomical affairs are part of its jurisdiction.

Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, Tai Shigong has become the full-time director of the national astronomical institution, and officials equivalent to Yi, Feng and Bao have become subordinate officials of Tai Shigong. The names of astronomical institutions led by Taishi change frequently, such as Taishi Supervisor, Taishi Bureau and Sitiantai. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that they were named Qin people.

Taishiling's grade is generally between grade three and grade five. But because he is the interpreter and disseminator of God's will, at some important moments, Taishiling's words may carry more weight than those of a senior official. This is also the case. Some famous astronomers won the favor of the emperor. They are other senior officials and do not hold official positions in astronomical institutions. But their right to speak in astronomical affairs is sometimes far better than Taishiling's.

Astronomical institutions in China have a certain scale in the past dynasties. Take the case of Tiantai in the first year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong as an example, and its grades are as follows:

The first supervisor (from grade three), the second supervisor (from grade four), the third supervisor (from grade six), the third supervisor (from grade seven), the second supervisor (from 8th grade) and the five senses (note: spring officer, summer officer, Qiu Guan officer, winter officer and middle officer). The following "five senses" refer to five people (on the positive five products), five pairs of senses (on the positive six products), five senses of Lingtaro (on the positive seven products), five senses of Zhang Bao (on the positive seven products), five senses of gathering (on the positive eight products), five senses of supervision (on the positive eight products) and five lawsuits (on the negative eight products).

It can be seen that there are many officials in astronomical institutions and the division of labor is fine.

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, western learning spread to the east, and western missionaries used new scientific methods to predict solar and lunar eclipses more accurately than China's ancient methods, which gradually attracted the attention of the court. In the first year of Shunzhi, Tang Ruowang, a missionary, was appointed as the supervisor of Qin Tian by the emperor because he predicted that the solar eclipse would not be bad. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, the emperor shunzhi gave Tang Ruowang three titles: Doctor Yi Tong, Servant Siqing and Taichang Siqing in one day, which promoted him from the original four products to three products. In the first month of the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, Tang Ruowang was promoted to Doctor Guanglu, the best official in the imperial court.

Compared with the western cultural background, the special position of astronomical officials and institutions in ancient China once made western scholars feel incredible. At the end of 19, some western scholars were surprised: China people put astronomers at the level of ministers and secretaries of state! If you ask why this happened, you need to comprehensively analyze the political, social, emperor's preferences and other factors at that time to answer.

2. The official handicraft industry has a large scale and many functions.

In the feudal society of China, where the natural economy dominated, the development of commodity economy was limited to some extent. In order to meet the special needs of administrative rule, luxurious life and military affairs, rulers must organize handicrafts controlled by the state and force people to produce. This situation determines that the ancient official handicraft industry is huge in scale and complex in content.

As early as the Zhou Dynasty, there was an official handicraft industry. According to "Zhou Li East View", the technology at that time was divided into six categories and 30 majors, and each major had an official to manage production. The titles of officials are "Ren", "Shi" and "Shi", such as "Wheel Man", "Craftsman", "Ye Shi" and "Zi Shi". "Ren" and "Shi" are lower-level workers (foremen with similar functions), who understand technology and directly manage craftsmen who make utensils. "Teacher" is a senior industrial official, ranking above "person" and "surname", with greater authority, not only supervision, but also punishment. Then there is "Sikong", which is the highest technical management position.

With the evolution of society and the increase of technical categories, the scale of official handicrafts is also expanding. Taking the official handicraft organization in Ming Dynasty as an example, it can be divided into six parts according to the different leading institutions: 1, the official handicraft organization under the leadership of the Ministry of Industry; 2. The official handicraft organization under the leadership of Neifu; 3. The official handicraft organization under the leadership of the Ministry of Housing; 4. Official handicraft organizations under the leadership of Dusiwei Institute; 5. Official handicraft organizations under the leadership of local governments (divisions); 6. In order to ensure the production of official handicrafts, the supervision organizations with the six imperial supervision departments as the backbone and the criminal organizations with the punishments as the center also cooperate with each other.

The Ministry of Industry is one of the six central departments, and it is the main department in charge of official handicrafts. The Ministry of Industry consists of four subordinate departments, which were called Headquarters, Tun Department, Security Department and Water Department in the early Ming Dynasty. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, it was renamed as British Jianqing Government Office, Yuhengqing Government Office, Dushui Government Office and Tuntian Government Office. All departments directly lead or supervise the administrative affairs of official handicrafts. For some particularly heavy tasks, set up another branch with specialized officials present to strengthen leadership and supervision. There are probably two kinds of such branches: first, the "division", that is, the division of various departments of the Ministry of Industry, is usually held by senior officials such as foreign ministers and principal responsible persons, and has a higher status and can be compared with other departments, so it is called the division; The other is the "subordinate yamen", which has a low status and obeys the leadership of the company. The general official in charge is the ambassador.

Our subordinate departments, taking the official and Qing department of Yuheng as an example, are respectively: (1) Baoyuan Bureau-headed by Commissioner Yuheng, and the relevant defense and drum casting departments are supervised by the ambassador of Baoyuan Bureau. (2) Tannery Bureau-one ambassador and one deputy ambassador of Tannery Bureau, and all the solved hides are handed over to local cooking or boiling. (3) Quartermaster Equipment Bureau-Central Quartermaster Equipment Bureau under the leadership of Yu Heng. Due to the supervision of Yu Heng, envoys and ambassadors also belong to this department. The Military Equipment Bureau has jurisdiction over the Armor Factory and the Prince Factory. At the peak of the two factories, there were nearly 10,000 people. (4) Inspection room-responsible for the acceptance of materials and some finished products.

The official handicraft industry has been refined layer by layer for effective management, thus forming a number of official positions.

3. Scientific and technological posts make scientific and technological experts.

There were two famous scientific and technological figures in ancient China. First, craftsmen or ordinary people have accumulated rich experience and made important technological innovations due to long-term production practice. For example, Yu Hao, an architectural expert in the Northern Song Dynasty, is a carpenter (a carpenter in charge of design and construction). Because of his long-term architectural practice and diligent thinking, he has accumulated rich technical experience in wood structure construction and made outstanding achievements in building multi-storey pagodas and pavilions. Another example is Huang Daopo, an innovator of textile technology. She used to be an ordinary peasant woman. With many years of textile experience and the technology she learned in Hainan, she transformed the cotton spinning tools in her hometown and spread them, which had a great influence. In another case, this person is an official and holds a position of science and technology management. He is diligent in studying and is good at summarizing in words, and as a result, he has made important scientific and technological achievements. There are many such examples.

In the seventh year of Zongyuanyou in the Song Dynasty (1092), Li Jie began to serve as the governor's office for a period of 13. Successive directors, directors, junior directors and chief supervisors have presided over the construction of many famous large-scale civil construction projects such as doors, palaces, houses and temples. Born four years less (1097), Li Jie was ordered to compile French for Architecture. On the one hand, he extensively consulted the history books and architectural monographs of the previous generation and carefully absorbed the achievements of predecessors; On the other hand, we attach great importance to the practical experience of craftsmen, discuss with craftsmen at the construction site, analyze and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various construction methods, and find out the proportional relationship between component sizes in order to formulate reasonable and scientific specifications. After hard work, I finally finished the editing work of "Building French Style".

Construction method, with its rigorous system, rich content and high scientific value, plays a connecting role in the history of ancient architecture in China, and has a far-reaching impact on the development of architectural technology in later generations. "French Architecture" is a valuable material for the study of ancient architecture in China. Because of this, it has been highly valued by the architectural circles at home and abroad, and Li Jie has also been appreciated as a famous ancient scientific and technological figure.

The case of Guo Shoujing, a famous astronomer and water conservancy expert in Yuan Dynasty, is also typical. Guo Shoujing was the first deputy canal ambassador, water supervisor, water supervisor and doctor of the Ministry of Industry. During his tenure, he presided over the construction of water conservancy projects in North China and repaired the ancient irrigation canals along the Yellow River in Xixia. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (1276), Kublai Khan ordered the establishment of Taishi Bureau, and Guo Shoujing was transferred from the Ministry of Industry. Wang Xun and others were responsible for making the new calendar. Guo Shoujing seriously investigated and studied, and first concentrated on developing new astronomical instruments. Under his leadership, he developed nearly 20 kinds of astronomical instruments. Since then, large-scale astronomical observation activities have been organized, and Guo Shoujing personally participated in astronomical observation at some stations and obtained many important observation data. Guo Shoujing, Wang Xun and others compiled a new calendar-time calendar on the basis of a large number of observation data. The service calendar has been used for 363 years, which is the most used in Chinese history.

The longest and most accurate calendar. In 10 year after the completion of the service calendar, Guo Shoujing presided over the construction of the Metropolitan Water Transport River in the capacity of Taishiling and Jingshui Supervisor, which not only enabled the southern water transport ships to reach Beijing directly along the Grand Canal, but also solved the water source problem in Beijing, which had a far-reaching impact on the future development of Beijing's construction.

Of course, in ancient China, there were also some people who held important positions and were keen on scientific research in their spare time and made important contributions.

The above is a brief talk about some situations of ancient science and technology post stations in China. Some important scientific and technological achievements in ancient China were related to the political system, economic conditions and social background at that time. We should treat history correctly, inherit the essence of traditional culture, conform to the trend of world development and achieve new and greater achievements.

1, ancient Yao period

Sikong is an official in charge of water conservancy and construction.

An official in charge of agriculture in Hou Ji.

An official in charge of making utensils.

The official in charge of Yamazawa is in danger

An official in charge of education and music.

2. Qin dynasty

Doctor Gong Men (Qin)

An official in charge of official grain (Qin)

Judicial officials who formulate and abide by laws and decrees (Qin)

3. Han and Three Kingdoms Period

An official in charge of literature, history and ephemeris.

An official in charge of salt and iron affairs.

An official in charge of the emperor's attendants.

An official in charge of minority affairs in a typical country.

Empress Dachangqiu's assistant is an official who is used to announce the queen's will and manage the palace affairs.

Wuqi often served the emperor's attendants.

A surname is a county commandant and military attache. In charge of a county's military affairs, the rank is slightly lower than that of the prefect, and the rank is 2000 stone.

A Lang, who is riding a horse, will be the general officer in charge of cavalry, ranking higher than Qianshi.

Xiao Qi guard captain, general officer.

Guards of Weiyang Weiwei Palace

Changle Weiwei Changle Palace Guard Officer

The positions of former, rear, left and right generals are second only to Shangqing.

The general who arrived without pomp was one of the miscellaneous generals in the Han Dynasty.

In ancient times, the title of a general was only one level lower than that of a general.

Secretary-General Chang Shi.

Zhang Jian supervises the officers of Zhang Jian Palace Royal Guard.

Commander Yu, riding a captain, ranks two thousand stones.

An official who serves the emperor's side is a special title in the original official position.

The national phase is equivalent to the satrap.

He often served the emperor's attendants, and after Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he used eunuchs.

A military attache of a captain in the Canon Army was the chief officer in charge of the imperial army. Zhong Ping, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, set up eight generals in Xiyuan for five years, namely 188. A captain of the canon army is one of them.

An official in charge of the palace library in Han Dynasty.

Lantian Shilin arranges books in the collection office, and manages files such as illegal play.

The satrap is in charge of a county and holds the power of life and death.

4. Song Dynasty

Tong Zhilang served as the attendant of the prince.

Cheng Xinlang's military attache is the last level, and Song Wuzhi has 52 levels.

Cheng Zhonglang is the forty-eighth product of a military official, serving as a bodyguard officer before the left shift.

Official Decree No.45 of Bing Ichiro Takeshi

Wu Ichiro Wu Zhiguan No.41Order

Ambassador Fu Xuan is in charge of supervising the army, and his position is higher than that of Ambassador Anfu.

The monitor of the archer class controls the archers and accepts the orders of the county commandant.

Patrol training is a higher-level official position, which governs the patrol and arrest of thieves in various States and cities.

Judges are directly dispatched by the central government of the imperial court and have the right to handle affairs and supervise actions with the magistrate.

Cao Shi joined the army as one of the six Cao Cao, the state capital, and was in charge of marriage, land property, fighting and other lawsuits.

The company records full-time officials who joined the army to write official documents of Cao Liu.

An official in charge of supervising the salt and iron industries.

County officials in charge of cashier's official duties, account book cancellation, annotation, etc. Second only to Xi 'an City.

County officials responsible for training soldiers, preventing rape and violence, and cracking down on smuggling.

Cao Cao, one of the six soldiers, joined the army to be responsible for military affairs, arrest and other things.

All the military forces are in charge of the horse department.

There are two kinds of army supervisors, one is the road supervisor, who is responsible for the garrison, training and border defense of the imperial army on the road. The other is the governor of the state capital, who is in charge of the garrison, training, armor and errands of the troops in the city.

Supervise the officials set up by the state government to collect taxes on tea, salt and wine.

An official in charge of the etiquette system.

A small official who handles paperwork.

They all control the military attaché s belonging to the ambassadors of the imperial camp and are responsible for supervising the coordinated operations of the generals.

Controlling the official position in the same capital is equivalent to controlling the deputy capital.

The imperial camp ambassador is in charge of the national military.

Bao Ichiro is a bodyguard in front of the right class hall.

Military attaché s should be permanently stationed at the state level, starting from the fifth level.

An official in charge of banning soldiers in important States, counties or roads. There are highways under state and state jurisdiction.

Wu, also known as the deputy envoy of Xijing Zuoku, is the deputy military attache of Xijing (Luoyang) Supply Reserve.

Chao, also known as the left and right remonstrance officer, is an remonstrance officer, ranking second only to the remonstrance officer.

Letters and petitions made the central government send people to check people's feelings, deal with unjust imprisonment and deal with the prison officials who cultivated land, that is, the so-called "imperial envoys."

Zhong Xunlang is also called "Zuo Shi Ban", that is, the bodyguard officer of Neigong.

A temporary official appointed by the central government is responsible for the military defense of a region or several state capitals. Responsible for military and national defense, civil affairs, finance and other affairs within the jurisdiction.

The appropriate abbreviation "jiyi" is like a secretary or a confidential secretary.

The honorary title of Emperor's Attendant of Bachelor of Longtuge, in charge of imperial books, imperial collections, ancient books, membership system, genealogy and other affairs.

I will be promoted to management, be in charge of specialized affairs, and be promoted to the palace view. It is set for retired ministers and only receives salary.

The highest military official in charge of national military aircraft, border defense and campaigns.

Judge Dali, the Beijing official in charge of the prison.

Governors and assistant prime ministers who participate in politics are generally called "envoys".

The head of the mansion, also known as the right envoy, is the emperor's trusted minister and is responsible for recording the emperor's words and deeds.

The position of the Chinese Book Sheren is higher than that of the living Sheren, and he is responsible for drafting the imperial edict.

Gu Men, the closest secretary of Emperor Hanlin Bachelor, has great power, and is called "the inner phase", which is often the "general's store".

5. Tang Dynasty

A local administrator or inspector in charge of one or more States.

About, Shaanxi army lieutenant, the highest general of Shaanxi army of Central Guard.

The chief executive in charge of tribute and etiquette.

Chang' an CEO Jing

A local governor in charge of military affairs in one or more States.

A military official who suppressed a peasant uprising or crusaded against rebellion.

An agent supervised by the army

The commander-in-chief of conscription was set up for repression and crusade.

An official in charge of picketing.

General Youwei, one of the officers of the Central Guard.

General Zuo, the military leader of the Central Guard.

Collating classic officials in the school library of Prince Edward's East Palace.

Shangshu right servant shot the chief executive of Shangshu province, the highest administrative organ of the central government.

Leading the government and the guards of the Prince's East Palace, sir.

General Jin Wu, one of the officers of the Central Guard.

Shangshu left and right servants to shoot the chief executive in charge of administrative affairs.

The CEO of the Secretariat said

Defeat a military leader named Fu. There are 2,000, 1,800 troops.

A military officer of the first regiment of the captain. There are 300 soldiers

Officers of the first team. Fifty soldiers

The driving school inspector is responsible for the safety of the emperor after driving.

Transfer and lease salt and iron envoys to set up shipyards to ensure water transport (Tang, the same below).

Guang Luqing's chief in charge of food affairs

Will be a master in charge of construction affairs.

The minister of war is in charge of national military affairs.

The principal official in charge of agricultural affairs.

An honest official in charge of receiving guests.

The officer in charge of forest greening in the danger department

The Minister of Civil Affairs is the chief executive in charge of finance.

The highest administrative officer in charge of personnel in a government department

Sang Ji, the official in charge of the royal vehicle.

Zhonglang Zheng Jiang Sipin

Lang will be a general from the five local officers and men.

The child will be under grade five.

The book order is a civil history, and the highest assistant official.

Right pickup staff

Zong Zhengqing's official in charge of royal affairs

Right Vacancy Advisory and Counseling Officer

Forward patrol officer

Zuo Sanqi, one of the officials who often participate in the discussion.

6. Song Dynasty